乳头状肾细胞癌的CT和MRI诊断

【摘要】目的：报道乳头状肾细胞癌的CT和MRI表现。方法：回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实的乳头状肾细胞癌的CT、MRI表现,并与80例肾透明细胞癌的CT、MRI表现相对比。结果：肿瘤直径为2.5～8.0cm,乳头状肾细胞癌CT、MRI表现的特点为平扫肿瘤密度、信号较均匀或不均匀,增强扫描肿瘤呈较均匀或不均匀强化,肾皮髓期强化程度明显弱于肾皮质,有完整的包膜。结论：乳头状肾细胞癌与肾透明细胞癌在CT、MRI上有不同的表现,有助于鉴别诊断。     

肾颗粒细胞癌的CT、MRI诊断

报道肾颗粒细胞癌的CT、MRI表现.材料和方法:回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的肾颗粒细胞癌的CT、MRI表现,并与40例透明细胞癌的CT、MRI表现相对比.结果:肿瘤直径为2～5em.颗粒细胞癌CT、M RI表现的特点为:平扫肿瘤密度、信号较均匀,有完整的包膜;增强扫描肿瘤呈较均匀强化,肾皮髓期强化程度均明显弱于肾皮质.结论:肾颗粒细胞癌与肾透明细胞癌在CT、MRI上有不同的表现,有助于鉴别诊断.     

肾皮髓期增强扫描对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值

目的　评价CT、MRI肾皮髓期增强扫描对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值。方法　对 96例肾细胞癌患者的肾脏行CT和 /或MRI肾皮髓期增强扫描。结果　肿瘤直径为 2~9cm,经手术病理证实为肉瘤样肾细胞癌 1例、透明细胞癌 78例、颗粒细胞癌 5例、混合细胞癌 8例和乳头状癌 4例。肾皮髓期增强扫描,肉瘤样肾细胞癌、混合细胞癌、97. 4% (76 /78)的透明细胞癌和 75. 0% (3 /4)的乳头状癌呈不均匀强化,而颗粒细胞癌强化较均匀。51. 3% (40 /78)的透明细胞癌及 37. 5% (3 /8)的混合细胞癌强化程度强于邻近肾皮质;肉瘤样肾细胞癌、44. 9% (35 /78)的透明细胞癌和 50. 0% (4 /8)的混合细胞癌强化程度与邻近肾皮质相仿; 3. 8% (3 /78)的透明细胞癌、12. 5% (1 /8)的混合细胞癌及所有乳头状癌和颗粒细胞癌强化程度明显弱于邻近肾皮质。结论　各型肾细胞癌在CT/MRI肾皮髓期增强扫描上有不同的表现,有助于鉴别诊断。     

肾癌亚型的CT表现与病理对照分析

目的 探讨肾癌亚型的影像学特征,提高诊断的准确率.方法 回顾性分析37例肾癌亚型的CT表现,其中透明细胞癌25例,嫌色细胞癌5例,乳头状癌5例,多房囊性肾细胞癌2例.所有病例均进行了SCT多期扫描.结果 25例肾透明细胞癌平扫表现为肾实质均匀或不均匀的等、稍低、稍高或混杂密度肿块,增强皮质期明显不均匀强化,强化程度等或高于肾皮质,髓质期强化程度迅速下降;出血、坏死及囊变23例,肿瘤内钙化3例.5例乳头状肾细胞癌平扫为均匀或不均匀类圆形肿块,呈轻中度较均匀或不均匀强化,皮质期密度低于肾皮质,瘤内出血3例,囊变2例.5例肾嫌色细胞癌平扫为位于肾髓质的类圆形肿块,4例呈均匀密度,1例呈混杂密度,增强后呈轻到中度均匀强化,皮质期密度低于肾皮质.2例多房囊性肾细胞癌表现为中心位于肾皮质的椭圆形囊性肿块,可见少量的实性部分及分隔,增强后间隔呈中度进行性延迟强化,实性部分强化与肾皮质等同.结论 不同的肾癌亚型影像学表现具有一定的特征性,螺旋CT动态增强扫描对诊断有帮助.     

乳头状肾细胞癌的影像学表现

目的：研究乳头状肾细胞癌（RCC）的影像学表现,以提高对其诊断的准确性。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的8例乳头状肾细胞癌的患者的影像资料。结果：8例患者共13个肿瘤病灶,7例12个病灶位于右肾,1例位于左肾。肿瘤均呈膨胀性生长,最大径为0．2～8．0cm,8个病灶≤4cm者。CT、MRI表现为平扫肿瘤密度／信号较均匀,内有灶状出血（4／13）、坏死（4／13）和钙化（1／13）,增强扫描肿瘤呈较均匀或不均匀强化,肾皮髓期、实质期和排泄期强化程度明显弱于肾皮质,弱于或相仿于肾髓质。4个病灶显示完整或较完整的假包膜。结论：乳头状肾细胞癌的影像学表现有一定特征性,膨胀性生长方式,瘤内可有灶状出血、坏死和钙化,CT和MRI增强扫描肿瘤边缘清楚,持续轻度强化,增强三期扫描中其强化程度均弱于或相仿于肾髓质,有助于同其它类型RCC鉴别。     

300例肾细胞癌CT表现分析

目的分析肾细胞癌（RCC）的CT表现，以期提高对该病的诊断正确性。方法回顾性分析300例经病理证实的RCC的CT表现。结果肿瘤长径为1．5～16．0cm，平均4．8cm，左肾125例、右肾175例。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）2004年公布的肾肿瘤组织学分型，分为透明细胞癌238例、多房性透明细胞癌6例、乳头状癌23例、嫌色细胞癌14例、未归类癌19例。上述各型RCC有其特征性的CT表现，透明细胞癌呈不均匀（因出血、坏死、囊变）而富血供；多房性透明细胞癌呈多房囊性肿块，囊壁和间隔薄而均匀，且无膨胀性结节；乳头状癌呈不均匀而少血供；嫌色细胞癌呈较均匀而少血供，未归类癌与透明细胞癌相似，但更具侵袭性生长。结论常见RCC各亚型有其特征性的CT表现，有助于鉴别诊断。     

螺旋CT对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨CT动态增强扫描对肾细胞癌病理亚型的鉴别诊断价值。方法:87例经手术病理证实的肾细胞癌患者,包括50例透明细胞癌、17例乳头状癌、8例嫌色细胞癌和2例集合管癌,术前行CT平扫和双期动态增强扫描(肾皮髓期和肾实质期),测量肿瘤、腹主动脉及邻近正常肾实质的CT值,并计算肿瘤与主动脉、肾实质的强化比值,同时评价肿瘤的强化方式,对不同病理亚型肿瘤的各项指标进行统计学分析。结果:透明细胞癌在皮髓期和实质期增强扫描时肿瘤与主动脉、肾实质的强化比值均高于乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌(P<0.01),而乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不均匀强化常见于透明细胞癌(92%)、乳头状癌(82.4%)和集合管癌(100%);而均匀强化常见于嫌色细胞癌(62.5%),其与透明细胞癌(P=0.010)和乳头状癌(P=0.017)间差异有显著性意义。结论:CT增强扫描时分析肿瘤与主动脉和肾实质的强化比值及强化的均匀度对肾癌病理亚型的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

6例肾平滑肌瘤的CT、MRI表现分析

目的 分析肾平滑肌瘤的CT、MRI表现,以提高对其影像学表现的认识.方法 回顾性分析6例经手术病理证实的肾平滑肌瘤CT、MRI表现.所有患者均行CT检查,其中2例加行MRI.CT、MRI均为平扫加增强扫描.结果 肿瘤长径为2～7 cm,平均4.4 cm,均有完整包膜.5例肿瘤呈类圆形,1例呈浅分叶状.4例肿瘤较小者呈均匀或较均匀,2例肿瘤较大者不均匀.CT检查肿瘤实体部分平扫密度均稍高于肾脏(与肌肉密度相似),增强扫描皮髓期均呈轻中度强化,但欠均匀,其内未见粗大血管,排泄期均呈持续性强化且比皮髓期均匀.1例MR T1WI和T2WI均呈较均匀的低信号,与肌肉信号相似,另l例T1WI和T2WI呈不均匀等低信号,2例增强扫描皮髓期均呈不均匀中度强化,排泄期均呈持续性较均匀中度强化.结论 肾平滑肌瘤罕见,与良性肿瘤中的少脂肪血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,肾癌中的乳头状癌、嫌色细胞癌、平滑肌肉瘤等较难鉴别.本组半数以上肾平滑肌瘤有以下特点:患者多为青壮年女性,肿瘤包膜完整,大部分位于肾上部或下部的肾外,CT平扫呈较均匀的较高密度,增强扫描呈持续性轻中度强化,MRI平扫呈低信号,增强扫描呈中度持续性较均匀强化.     

肾癌不同亚型CT表现的对照研究

目的探讨肾癌亚型的影像学特征,提高诊断的准确率。方法回顾性分析48例经手术和病理证实的肾细胞癌,其中透明细胞癌28例,乳头状癌12例,嫌色细胞癌8例,均行多层螺旋CT平扫及增强检查,比较平扫、皮髓质期、实质期和排泄期各肾癌亚型坏死、囊变发生率及肿瘤的强化形式及强化幅度。结果透明细胞癌与乳头状癌、嫌色细胞癌在强化幅度上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而乳头状癌与嫌色细胞癌强化幅度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。透明细胞癌的坏死、囊变发生率显著高于其他两种亚型。动态增强各期透明细胞癌强化程度最高,强化形式呈"快进快出"表现,乳头状癌轻至中度强化,嫌色细胞癌强化最轻,两者均呈渐进性延迟强化;85%透明细胞癌显示不均匀强化或主要周边强化,而41%乳头状癌、87%嫌色细胞癌显示较均匀的强化,三者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同的肾癌亚型影像学表现具有一定的特征性,螺旋CT动态增强扫描对诊断有帮助。     

肾错构瘤与肾癌CT及MRI诊断的临床分析

目的探讨少脂肪肾错构瘤与肾透明细胞癌患者临床CT、磁共振成像(MRI)影像学表现特点。方法对经病理确诊34例肾错构瘤和26例肾透明细胞癌患者采用CT、MRI扫描检查。结果 1)少脂肪肾错构瘤(34例):CT扫描显示6例呈等密度、4例呈混杂低密度、24例呈稍高密度;10例MRI平扫:其中T2均表现均匀低信号、T1呈等信号;增强扫描:34例患者均表现均匀强化,皮质期中度强化者20例、明显强化8例、6例为一过性强化;2)肾透明细胞癌(26例):CT平扫:13例表现低密度、7例为等密度、6例为混杂低密度;呈类圆形或圆形,直径平均为(2.9±0.7)cm;7例MRI平扫:T2均表现混杂稍高信号、T1为等低信号,2例存假包膜;增强扫描:15例患者皮质期存不均匀强化、7例呈中度强化且实质期、肾盂期强化现明显减退现象。结论应用CT扫描检查少脂肪肾错构瘤具有一定特性,联合MRI扫描检查可提高对少脂肪肾错构瘤与肾透明细胞癌的鉴别诊断。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.