广东省2009年副溶血弧菌暴发与散发菌株的病原学特征分析

目的 了解2009年广东省副溶血弧菌食物中毒分离株和腹泻患者监测分离株的血清分型、毒力基因携带情况及分子特征.方法 对95株副溶血弧菌食物中毒分离株和15株腹泻患者分离株进行血清分型,耐热直接溶血素相关基因(trh)和耐热直接溶血素基因(tdh)PCR检测以及选取不同血清型副溶血弧菌81株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型.结果 从监测腹泻患者分离的15株副溶血弧菌,血清型以O3:K6(46.67％)和O4:K8(33.33％)为主;从11起副溶血弧菌食物中毒分离的95株菌,血清型以O3:K6(44.21％)和O4:K8(28.42％)居多;7株食品分离株都不是O3:K6血清型;93株(84.54％)为tdh+ trh-菌株,13株(11.81％)为tdh-trh菌株,3株(3.65％)为tdh+ trh+菌株.81株副溶血弧菌的PFGE相似值为57.7％～100.0％,被分为36种不同的PFGE型别,PFGE001型和029型为2009年广东省副溶血弧菌优势PFGE型别.结论 2009年广东省引起感染性腹泻和食物中毒的副溶血弧菌以O3:K6和O4:K8型为主要血清型,多数菌株携带tdh基因,存在优势PFGE型别菌株不断引起各地区的散发和暴发.     

成都市91株副溶血性弧菌血清型、 耐药性及毒力基因检测

摘要:目的　了解成都市副溶血性弧菌食物中毒疫情分离菌株和生鲜冻水产品分离菌株血清型分布、耐药性及毒力基因携带状况,为成都市副溶血弧菌疾病防治提供科学依据。方法　对检出的91株副溶血性弧菌采用血清凝结实验血清分型;采用E-test药敏试验进行耐药性检测;用荧光PCR检测菌株的tdh、trh、tlh毒力基因。结果　91株菌分属于8个群26个血清型,主要为O1群（36.26%）,其次是O4群（23.07%）和O2群（16.48%）;46株疫情患者肛拭分离株O4群（48.71%）、O1群（35.89%）为主;22株鲜冻海产品分离株O1群（45.45%）为主;18株生鲜淡水产品分离株O2群（55.55%）为主。91株副溶血性弧菌均检出tlh,检出tdh基因均为食物中毒患者肛拭菌株,仅有1株食物中毒患者肛拭菌株检出trh基因。E-test实验结果显示,除青霉素和氨苄西林外的其他12种试验抗生素均敏感。结论　成都市引起食物中毒疫情的副溶血性弧菌主要为携带tdh基因的O4、O1群菌株。     

长沙地区8起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的病原学特征分析

目的了解长沙地区副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的病原学特征,为预防和控制由副溶血性弧菌引起的食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法对2015年长沙地区8起食物中毒事件中分离的21株副溶血性弧菌进行血清学分型,PCR检测毒力基因tdh和trh,微量肉汤稀释法测定抗生素敏感性,脉冲场凝胶电泳进行分子分型。结果 21株副溶血性弧菌均为O3∶K6血清型;tdh携带率为100%,未检测到trh阳性菌株;分离菌株对氨苄青霉素耐药率为14.29%,对四环素、氯霉素等其他7种抗生素均敏感;分离株PFGE带型相似度高(85%)。结论长沙地区引起食物中毒的副溶血性弧菌主要为O3∶K6血清型,菌株都携带tdh毒力基因且相似度高。     

食品中副溶血弧菌PFGE分子分型及三种毒力基因的测定

目的:了解食品中分离的副溶血弧菌菌株之间及其与病人分离菌株的关系,了解食品中分离菌株的毒素基因携带情况。方法:对食品中分离的副溶血弧菌进行PFGE分子分型;并应用PCR法进行3种毒力基因(tdht、rh和tlh)测定。结果:55株O1～O4群副溶血弧菌的PFGE图谱分为50型别;三种毒力基因检测结果为:12株菌tdh检测阳性、55株菌trh检测均为阴性5、5株菌tlh检测均为阳性。结论:食品中分离的副溶血弧菌PFGE型别多,且相互之间关系分散;所有被检测副溶血弧菌均携带tlh基因,没有检测到携带trh基因的菌株,不同来源的菌株TDH基因携带情况差异较大。     

一起食物中毒患者粪便与可疑食品中副溶血性弧菌血清分型与毒力基因检测分析

目的 进一步了解副溶血弧菌性食物中毒患者粪便与可疑食物中的副溶血弧菌血清型和毒力基因分布.方法 细菌分离改用L棒推涂其余参照GB/T4789.7-2003方法,对鉴定为副溶血性弧菌菌株做血清分型和毒力基因(tdh和trh)检测.结果 从4份粪便样品和2份从可疑食品中共检出副溶血弧菌28株可分15个血清型,来源于粪便样本的17株副溶血弧菌tdh阳性、trh阴性,来源于可疑食品中的11株副溶血弧菌tdh与trh均阴性.结论 该次食物中毒是由一组携带tdh毒力基因多种血清型混合的副溶血弧菌污染引起.     

副溶血性弧菌临床分离株血清型、毒力基因和PFGE分子分型特征分析

目的分析从2007-2012年腹泻病例标本中分离的168株副溶血性弧菌血清型分布、毒力基因携带情况和PFGE分子分型特征。方法采用血清学凝集实验,检测菌株的血清型别;采用实时荧光PCR方法,检测耐热性溶血毒素基因(tdh)和耐热性溶血毒素相关溶血毒素基因(trh);采用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术(PFGE),分析56株O3∶K6型副溶血性弧菌的基因分型特征。结果 (1)168株菌可分为14种血清型,主要血清型为O3∶K6(114,67.9%)、O4∶K8(25,14.9%)、O3∶K29(6,3.6%);食物中毒分离株与腹泻门诊分离株血清型构成不同,但优势血清型均为03∶K6。(2)168株菌可分为4种毒力基因类型,分别为tdh+trh-(161,95.8%)、tdh+trh+(3,1.8%)、tdh-trh+(1,0.6%)、tdh-trh-(3,1.8%);食物中毒分离株与腹泻门诊分离株毒力基因类型构成不同,但优势毒力基因类型均为tdh+trh-。(3)56株O3∶K6型副溶血性弧菌共有15种PFGE带型(P1～P15),相似度>86%,有10个带型分别有多株菌处于同一聚类(P1～P4、P6、P7、P9、P10、P12、P15)。结论副溶血性弧菌临床分离株以tdh+trh-的O3∶K6为主;O3∶K6型副溶血性弧菌临床分离株的PFGE条带型相似性度高,菌株间亲缘关系较近。     

甬沪两地海产品中副溶血性弧菌携带与分型

目的:了解宁波和上海两地市售海产品中副溶血性弧菌污染情况以及菌株的流行优势型和毒力等.方法:用PCR快速筛检与GB法相结合方法分离海产品中副溶血性弧菌;用血清学和PFGE方法对菌株进行分群和基因分型;用PCR方法检测tdh和trh毒力基因;结果:从3 740份海产品中分离出1 507株疑似副溶血性弧菌,检出率为40.29％,其中宁波地区检出率为41.42％,上海地区检出率为21.86％;菌株的生化反应典型,560株副溶血性弧菌分出10个血清群,有30株VP未被分型,分型率为95.06％,377株副溶血性弧菌分出29个PFGE型;497株副溶血性弧菌检出7株带tdh毒力基因的副溶血性弧菌,均未检出trh毒力基因,检出率为1.41％.结论:宁波、上海海产品中副溶血性弧菌携带率较高,是诱发副溶血性弧菌疾病的原因食品.菌株的血清型和PFGE型较分散,其流行优势群与致病性副溶血性弧菌的相关性不明显;菌株带tdh和trh毒力基因较低,与病人分离株有明显差别,根据该特征,可将副溶血性弧菌分为致病的和非致病两类,便于分析和检测.     

东莞市不同来源副溶血性弧菌的病原学特征分析

目的了解东莞市不同来源的副溶血性弧菌的病原学特征,为疾病防控提供实验依据。方法实验菌株来源为2012—2013年分别从东莞市食品监测、食物中毒患者及散发病例中分离的43株副溶血性弧菌。根据GB 4789.7—2013对43株副溶血菌株进行生化鉴定及血清学分析;运用K-B纸片法对菌株进行12种抗生素药敏试验;应用实时荧光PCR扩增法检测菌株的tdh、trh基因;并经限制性内切酶NotⅠ酶切后进行脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分子分型。结果 43株副溶血菌株中,食物中毒患者、散发病例分离株血清型主要为O3∶K6,占所有病例分离株的83.3%（15/18）,25株食品分离株血清型呈多样化分布,无优势血清型;43株副溶血性弧菌对氨苄西林（敏感率为0.0%,0/43）和头孢噻吩（敏感率为20.9%,9/43）敏感率低,对环丙沙星、磺胺复合、亚胺培南完全敏感（敏感率为100.0%,43/43）;毒力基因结果显示,病例分离株均只携带tdh基因,食品分离株均不携带tdh、trh基因;PFGE分子分型结果显示,腹泻散发病例、食物中毒患者分离株带型相对集中,食品分离株带型相对分散,相同血清型的菌株同源性较高,不同食物中毒患者分离株PFGE带型一致。结论食品分离株种类繁多且致病性较低,病例分离株同源性较高且致病性较高。     

食物中毒中副溶血性弧菌的毒力基因及同源性分析

目的探讨无锡一起食物中毒事件中副溶血性弧菌分离株的毒力基因、耐药性及分子分型情况。方法对5份食品样品、8份环境涂抹样品、7份患者肛拭子、1份厨师肛拭子分别进行致病菌的分离鉴定、毒力基因检测、血清学分型、药敏试验以及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)图谱分析。结果分离自患者肛拭子的6株副溶血性弧菌血清型为O3∶K6型,毒力基因检测跨膜转录激活蛋白基因(tox R)阳性,耐热直接溶血素基因(tdh)阳性,耐热相关溶血素基因(trh)阴性,PFGE分型图谱一致;分离自食品和环境的2株副溶血性弧菌血清型为O4∶K42型,毒力基因检测tox R阳性,tdh阴性,trh阴性,PFGE分型图谱一致;两者之间的同源性50%。8株副溶血性弧菌对临床常用的8种抗生素均敏感。结论该起食物中毒由O3∶K6型副溶血性弧菌感染引起,排除了所采集食品和环境样品被污染作为传染源的可能。     

广州地区70株副溶血性弧菌病原学特征分析

目的 了解广州地区人源性和食源性副溶血性弧菌优势血清型、携带毒力基因和分子分型情况。方法 收集2014 - 2016年广州地区腹泻患者和食源性监测中分离到的副溶血性弧菌进行血清分型、毒力基因鉴定和脉冲场凝胶电泳分型（PFGE）。结果 70株副溶血性弧菌,临床分离株48株,血清型分别为O3∶K6、O4∶K8、O1∶K1、O4∶K9、O1∶K36,其中O3∶K6为主要型别（70.8%）,其次为O4∶K8（20.8%）。食品分离株22株,血清型分散无明显优势。毒力基因检测,临床分离株46株tdh、toxRS/new、orf8全部阳性。食品分离株6株tdh阳性,toxRS/new、orf8全部阴性。所有菌株均未检出trh基因。PFGE分析70株副溶血性弧菌可分为45种带型,2种聚类,菌株间的相似值为45.6 %～100 %。结论 副溶血性弧菌临床分离株与食品分离株在血清型和毒力基因分布上具有分离现象。引起广州地区食源性疾病的副溶血性弧菌株,是主要以携带tdh、toxRS/new、orf8基因的O3:K6型菌株。PFGE图谱显示,本区域70株副溶血弧菌呈现基因多样性。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.