选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）与传统开腹胆囊切除术（open cholecystectomy,OC）相比,具有患者创伤小、痛苦轻、住院时间短等优点,已被广大患者所接受。术中胆道造影（intraoperative cholangiography,IOC）是常规应用还是选择性应用的争议,     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的 评价术中胆道造影技术在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法 腹腔镜胆囊荨除术中经胆囊管插管行胆道造影共１４６６例,１３８２例造影成功,成功率为９４．２７％。结果 术中造影发现胆总管结石９２例,胆管损伤８例,副肝管１例。结论术中造影操作迅速,安全,显影清晰成功率高,能降低胆管损伤发生率;提高腹腔胆囊切除术的质量,值得推广应用。     

选择性胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用体会

目的 评价选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管插管行胆道造影共88例。结果 造影均成功。术中造影发现胆总管结石5例,无胆管损伤。结论 选择性术中胆道造影,对降低胆总管结石残留,避免胆管损伤,提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的疗效有重要价值。     

选择性术中胆管造影在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的应用

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的方法和价值。方法 :回顾分析 6 0例选择性术中胆道造影的临床资料。结果 :造影有阳性发现 19例 ,阳性率为 31 6 7% ;手术探查有阳性发现 18例 ,阳性率为30 %。结论 :制定合适的标准行选择性胆道造影明显提高了造影的阳性率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影52例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中选择性经胆囊管胆道造影的应用价值。方法回顾性分析52例LC中经胆囊管胆道造影者的临床资料。结果除1例患者因胆囊管过细,过短及急性胆囊炎致Calot三角粘连、解剖不清而致插管失败外,余51例(98.1%)均插管成功。术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石4例,其中3例术中经纤维胆道镜取石成功,1例因结石嵌顿中转开腹行胆总管切开取石;胆囊管过长或变异3例,在造影片指导下成功完成LC;胆道损伤2例,转开腹行胆总管修补,T管引流术后痊愈出院,术后随访未见明显手术相关并发症。结论 LC术中选择性经胆囊管胆道造影简单易行,能显著降低胆道结石残留和及时发现胆道损伤等严重并发症,值得推广应用。     

选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

我院1992年2月至2006年4月间为315例病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管造影，有效的预防胆管结石的漏诊，提高胆道疾病的术中诊断率取得了良好的效果，现报道如下。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

2001年9月～2005年3月，我院行术中胆道造影（intraoperative cholangiography，IOC）86例，采用尼龙注射针头穿刺胆囊管，造影成功84例，成功率97.7％，术中发现胆总管结石3例，胆管变异2例，胆管损伤1例。我们认为IOC操作简单、安全、迅速，显影清晰，能降低胆道损伤的发生率，发现胆总管残石，提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的质量。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影100例临床分析

目的:探讨并总结术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值、适应证及操作技巧。方法:回顾分析2011年4月至2015年2月为100例胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中施行胆道造影的临床资料,其中急性胆囊炎43例,非急性胆囊炎57例。结果:100例均成功完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,无一例中转开腹。术中胆道造影均顺利完成。8例患者术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石,行腹腔镜胆囊切除术、胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。手术时间65~140 min,平均(75.6±12.5)min;术中出血量10~120 ml,平均(30.6±11.7)ml;术后住院3~9 d,平均(4.3±0.8)d。术后均未出现出血、胆漏等并发症。结论:在严格掌握胆道造影适应证及腹腔镜操作技术的基础上,腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中行胆道造影是安全、可行的,可提高手术安全性,减少胆管残余结石的发生,值得大力推广。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发现胆道损伤的作用

目的：评估术中胆道造影（IOC）在早期发现腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术中胆道损伤的作用。方法：回顾分析31例LC术后胆道损伤的部位，机理，诊断时间，治疗方法及结果，并对是否行IOC进行评估。结果：胆道错认引起胆道损伤共19例，其中12例IOC显示胆道错认，致胆道部分切开损伤，腹腔镜下行I期修复或开腹修复，T管引流，但无并发症。19例中3例IOC误读及4例未行IOC患者中发生迷走胆管损伤2例，胆总管完全离断1例，胆总管完全离断合并胆道缺损2例，本组有2例损伤发生于IOC后，结论：行IOC并正确阅读可及时发现腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道错认所致的胆道损伤，从而防止随之可能发生的严重并发症。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的应用价值

目的 评价术中胆道造影技术在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管插管行胆道造影共1226例,其中1180例造影成功,成功率为95．5％。结果 术中造影共发现胆总管结石78例,胆管损伤7例,副肝管2例。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影简单易行,显影清楚,能提高手术质量,降低胆管损伤发生率。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的：研究对于有胆总管探查指征的病人行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)时手术中胆道造影（intraoperative cholangiography,IOC)的应用价值。方法：收集我院外科1991－1999年2395例腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人中有选择性行手术中胆道造影的201例病人资料。分析术前术中存在的胆总管探查原因，手术中通过经胆囊管插管造影的结果对比，评估腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆道造影的应用价值。结果：在所有201例手术前或手术中有总管探查指征的病人行LC手术时，术中经胆囊造影，共有65例病人有阳性发现，其中只有21例行中转开腹手术，结论：腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆道造影有很好的实用价值，正确使用可扩大腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术适应症。     

Routine versus selective intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background Routine use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a matter of debate. Methods Data from 2,130 consecutive LCs and patients’ follow-up during 9 years were collected and analyzed. During the first 4 years of the study, 800 patients underwent LC, and IOC was performed selectively (SIOC). Thereafter, 1,330 patients underwent LC, and IOC was routinely attempted (RIOC) for all. Results In the IOC group, 159 patients met the criteria for SIOC, which was completed successfully in 141 cases (success rate, 88.6%). Bile duct calculi were found in nine patients. All other patients with no criteria or failed SIOC were followed, and in nine patients retained stones were documented. Thus, the incidence of ductal stones was 1.1% and sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) for the detection of ductal stones were 50, 100, 98.6, and 100%, respectively. In the RIOC group, IOC was routinely attempted in 1,330 patients and was successful in 1,133 (success rate, 90.9%; p = 0.015). Bile duct stones were detected in 37 patients (including 14 asymptomatic stones). In two cases, IOC failed to reveal ductal stones (false negative). There was no false-positive IOC. Therefore, with RIOC policy, the incidence of ductal stones, sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV were 3.3, 97.4, 100, 99.8, and 100%, respectively (significantly higher for success rate, incidence, sensitivity, and NPV; p < 0.05). Abnormal IOC findings were also significantly higher in the RIOC group. Common bile duct injury occurred only in the SIOC group [two cases of all 2,130 LCs (0.09%)]. Conclusion RIOC during LC is a safe, accurate, quick, and cost-effective method for the detection of bile duct anatomy and stones. A highly disciplined performance of RIOC can minimize potentially debilitating and hazardous complications of bile duct injury.     

选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的价值

目的:探讨选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析231例术前诊断为胆囊结石、胆囊息肉样病变的患者于LC术中经胆道造影发现胆道病变、变异的临床资料。结果:225例造影成功,成功率97.4%。术中胆道造影发现胆囊管残石3例,胆总管结石12例,胆管损伤4例,胰胆管汇合异常14例,胆囊管异常开口12例,右侧副肝管4例,胆总管憩室1例,十二指肠乳头旁憩室6例,Mirizzi综合征5例,右肝内钙化灶2例。结论:LC术中行胆道造影不仅能发现术前未确诊的胆总管结石、胆囊管结石,而且利于胆管变异、胰胆管汇合异常及乳头旁憩室的诊断。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影的价值

目的　探讨在腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中经胆囊管胆道造影的价值。方法　分析 5 1例因慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石、急性胆囊炎胆囊结石、胆囊息肉和胆源性胰腺炎行LC的患者 ,在术中经胆囊管插管行胆道造影的结果。结果　 5 1例中 ,插管成功 4 7例 ,成功率为 92 .2 % ,其中 4 6例显影满意 ,显影率为 97.9%。术中造影发现胆总管结石 3例 ,中转开腹行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术 ,发现胆囊管走行异常 2例 ,插管造影过程中发现胆囊管结石 4例 ,造影平均时间为 (16 .7± 2 .7)min。结论　LC术中胆道造影操作简便安全 ,显影清晰 ,成功率高 ,能发现胆总管结石、胆囊管结石及胆道解剖变异 ,可降低胆道残留结石和胆管损伤的发生率 ,并能及时发现胆道损伤 ,提高LC的质量和安全性     

胆道镜联合术中胆道造影在困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的 探讨胆道镜联合术中胆道造影(intraoperative cholangiography,IOC)在困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中的应用价值,并分析影响术后并发症发生的相关因素.方法 前瞻性选取2019年6月至2020年9月温州市中西医结合医院收治的符合困难LC诊断的患者186例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各9...     

Confirmation of a ``safety zone' by intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Creating a safety zone during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is defined as dissection of the cystic duct as close as possible to the gallbladder. Methods: In 29 out of 802 cases in which laparoscopic cholecystectomy was difficult to perform due to uncertainty about the orientation of Calot's triangle, intraoperative cholangiography was performed, using a titanium clip as a marker that designated the safety zone. The distance between the clip and the common hepatic duct or the common bile duct could be determined by evaluation of two intraoperative cholangiograms taken in different orientation. Results: If the clip was located in the safety zone, and was distant from the common hepatic duct or common bile duct, the safety of preparation around the clip was ensured. No complication was encountered in these cases with this method. Eventually, no biliary tract injury was experienced, and the overall conversion rate to open cholecystectomy was only 0.4% (3 of 802 consecutive cases). Conclusions: This method of confirming the safety zone by intraoperative cholangiography is a useful procedure for avoiding inadvertent injury to the biliary tract.     

Routine laparoscopic ultrasound can significantly reduce the need for selective intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy

Background The use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), routinely rather than selectively, during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is controversial. Recent findings have shown laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) to be safe, quick, and effective not only for screening of the bile duct for stones, but also for evaluating the biliary anatomy. This study aimed to evaluate, on the basis of the LC outcome and the cost of LUS and IOC, whether and how much the routine use of LUS would be able to reduce the need for IOC. Methods During LC, LUS was used routinely to screen the bile duct for stones and to evaluate the biliary anatomy, whereas IOC was used selectively only when LUS was unsatisfactory or unsuccessful. Results For 193 (96.5%) of 200 patients, LUS was completed successfully, whereas IOC was needed for 7 patients (3.5%). Bile duct stones were identified in 20 patients (10%). For the detection of bile duct stones, LUS yielded 19 true-positive, 175 true-negative, 0 false-positive, and 1 false-negative results. It had a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 99.4%. The postoperative complications included bile leaks from the liver bed in two patients and a retained bile duct stone in one patient. If IOC had been used selectively in a traditional manner on the basis of preoperative risk factors, IOC would have been needed for 77 patients (38.5%). The total cost of LUS plus IOC for the current 200 patients was $26,256. The total estimated cost of selective IOC, if it had been performed for the 77 patients, would have been $31,416. Conclusions Routine LUS accurately diagnosed bile duct stones and significantly reduced the need for selective IOC from a potential 38.5% to an actual 3.5% without adversely affecting the outcome of the LC or increasing the overall cost. The routine use of LUS during LC is accurate and cost effective.     

Intravenous cholangiography,ERCP, and selective operative cholangiography in the performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Between March 1990 and March 1993 some 822 consecutive patients underwent an attempt at laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intravenous cholangiography (IVC), ERCP, and selective intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) were used in the evaluation of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Two hundred thirteen patients (26%) were identified preoperatively with either abnormal liver functions or a dilated common bile duct suggestive of CBD stones. IVC was performed in 143 patients (67%). Choledocholithiasis was identified in 14 patients (10%). Preoperative therapeutic ERCP was successful in all 14 patients (100%). Diagnostic ERCP was attempted in 61 patients and successful in 59 (97%). Choledocholithiasis was identified in 25 patients (41%). Successful extraction was accomplished in 23 patients (92%). Transcystic common bile duct exploration was used effectively in the patients with an unsuccessful ERCP. IOC was attempted in 50 patients and successful in 48 (96%). Choledocholithiasis was identified in three (6%). A retained CBD stone was present in eight patients (1%). There was one level I CBD injury (0.122%). The use of IVC, selective ERCP, and selective IOC is a reasonable approach in the performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.