糖尿病足的护理进展

糖尿病足主要是糖尿病的血管病变、神经病变引起下肢血液循环不足、缺血、溃疡、坏死甚至并发感染的一种足部病变[1].临床资料[2]显示:糖尿病患者约有12％～15％会发生足溃疡,其中约85％的患者最终下肢截肢,高龄、病程长的糖尿病足的患者,易发生猝死[3].国外的研究资料显示,在因糖尿病而住院的患者中,糖尿病足约占47％;在美国,每年的非创伤性截肢中约50％以上由糖尿病引起.在我国患病率为0.9％～14.5％,是严重的糖尿病慢性并发症之一[4].     

糖尿病足患者的临床观察与护理

糖尿病足是糖尿病患者周围血管病变、神经病变的严重并发症之一,临床主要表现为足部疼痛、皮肤溃疡、肢端坏死等,严重影响患者的生活质量[1].据统计,因糖尿病足而被截肢者占了非外伤性下肢截肢患者的50%[2].……     

糖尿病足的预防及保健

糖尿病足是糖尿病严重的并发症之一,是在糖尿病外周血管病变、周围神经病变的基础上,由于足外伤、感染、溃疡和深层组织破坏等引起的严重下肢病变的总称.它是糖尿病患者因病致残的主要原因之一[1].加强对糖尿病患者足部观察与保健,可明显降低糖尿病足发生率与截肢比例.     

糖尿病足部病变

<正>糖尿病足部病变(又称糖尿病足)是糖尿病最常见而又严重的并发症之一,主要表现为足部溃疡、感染和坏疽,每年有大约l%的糖尿病患者因此而需要下肢截肢.在美国住院的糖尿病患者中20%是由于足部病变而住院的,在英国则达50%,糖尿病足部病变和下肢截肢给患者、家庭和社会造成沉重负担.本文就目前对糖尿病足部病变特点和发病机制的认识及治疗进展介绍如下.1糖尿病足部溃疡足部溃疡是糖尿病足部病变最常见的临床表现,糖尿病患者一生中大约有15%的患者发生足部溃疡,足部溃疡久治不愈,继发感染,发生坏疽,最终导致大约85%的糖尿病下肢截肢.糖尿病周围神经病变(Pe-ripheral neuropathy,PN)和周围血管病变(periPheralvascular disease,PVD)均为足部溃疡的病变基础,但以     

糖尿病足的临床护理体会

糖尿病足(diabetic foot)是导致糖尿病患者致残致死的严重慢性并发症之一[1].糖尿病病人因末梢神经病变,下肢动脉供血不足以及细菌感染等各种因素,引起足部疼痛、皮肤深溃疡、肢端坏疽等病变,统称为糖尿病足.好发于足部和下肢各关节,受累关节有广泛骨质破坏和畸形.     

难治性糖尿病足溃疡1例多学科协作救治体会

糖尿病足溃疡是指糖尿病患者在下肢血管和(或)神经病变的基础上,足部踝关节以下出现的溃疡、感染或骨、软组织的破坏.在我国,50岁以上糖尿病患者糖尿病足溃疡的年发病率高达8.1％[1].糖尿病足溃疡发病机制复杂,合并症、并发症多,患者就诊时往往不知首诊哪个专科,因此延误病情,故加强糖尿病足多学科协作(multi-disci...     

糖尿病足的预防与自我管理

糖尿病足是一类在糖尿病患者中因周围神经病变和外周血管病变,由于足部受力、外伤或感染等引起的足部疼痛、皮肤溃疡及肢体坏疽等病变.是糖尿病患者截肢残废的主要原因,截肢率是非糖尿病者的20倍[1]：在非创伤性截肢中糖尿病患者占50%以上[2].我科自2003年1月开始定期为糖尿病患者开办健康教育讲座,至2005年12月已有1 000人次参加健康教育讲座,使糖尿病患者充分了解糖尿病足的预防知识和自我管理的方法,提高糖尿病患者自我管理的能力,减少糖尿病足的发生.     

综合性健康干预在老年糖尿病足护理中的观察

糖尿病足是由于糖尿病所至下肢远端神经异常及周围血管病变所致的足部感染、溃疡和深层组织坏死,是糖尿病最严重的慢性并发症之一,也是糖尿病患者致残、致死的重要原因 [1].综合性 健康干预可以预防和延缓糖尿病病人足部血管的进一步损坏,增强患者自我防范意识,主动配合治疗.     

中药外洗方治疗早期糖尿病足35例

糖尿病患者因末梢神经病变,下肢动脉供血不足以及细菌感染等多种因素,引起足部疼痛、皮肤深溃疡、肢端坏疽等病变,统称为糖尿病足（diabeticfoot,DF）。根据Wagner分级,国内学者习惯将具有神经和（或）血管病变而未出现足部溃破的0级糖尿病足称为早期或糖尿病高危足,早期目标是预防足溃疡的发生,避免截肢以及防止、延缓缺血性病变的发生。笔者采用中药外洗治疗早期糖尿病足,疗效满意,报道如下。     

糖尿病患者足部护理行为测量工具的研究进展

2015年联合国峰会数据显示全球糖尿病患者已经接近4亿,且仍在加速增长,因糖尿病造成的花费高达6 120亿美元[1].糖尿病足是下肢远端神经异常和下肢远端外周血管病变相关的足部感染、溃疡和(或)深层组织破坏[2],是糖尿病最常见、花费最大且最为严重的慢性并发症之一[3].糖尿病患者中糖尿病足的患病率高达25％[4],5年病死率超过40％[5].     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.