NOS在大鼠Vcx内的分布及其与牙齿移动诱发FOS表达的关系

利用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）组织化学和核磷蛋白（ＦＯＳ）免疫组织化学技术观察了一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）在对牙齿加力刺激时三叉神经感觉核簇（Ｖｃｘ）内的分布情况；ＮＯＳ阳性结构与牙齿移动诱发的ＦＯＳ蛋白表达之间的关系。结果表明，ＮＯＳ阳性结构和ＦＯＳ阳性神经元（ＦＬＮ）在Ｖｃｘ内的分布有一定的特点，两者之间又有重叠。表明ＮＯ参与了牙齿移动过程的中枢调控，进一步阐明了牙齿移动性刺激在中枢内的调控机制。     

牙髓炎性和机械损伤性伤害刺激诱导大鼠Vc内Fos表达的比较研究

目的：探讨并比较急性牙髓炎和牙齿开髓刺激后不同时间点,三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ）内兴奋神经元的分布。方法：分别制备大鼠急性牙髓炎和牙齿开髓模型,应用免疫组织化学染色方法观察大鼠牙齿开髓后１、２、４ｈ 和急性牙髓炎２ 、４ｈ 组Ｖｃ 内Ｆｏｓ 免疫阳性神经元的分布。结果：开髓各组Ｆｏｓ 免疫阳性神经元集中分布在Ｖｃ 浅层背侧区;急性牙髓炎２ｈ 组,主要分布在Ｖｃ 浅层背侧区;４ｈ 组,Ｖｃ 各层内可见Ｆｏｓ 免疫阳性神经元的分布。结论：牙齿次机械损伤和炎症刺激可以兴奋Ｖｃ 内不同区域的神经元,牙髓炎组Ｖｃ 内神经元兴奋有时间上的相继性。     

大鼠实验性牙齿移动诱导中枢c-fos表达

原癌基因家族中的ｃ－ｆｏｓ在中枢神经系统中的表达与痛觉调节有关。本文利用免疫组织化学技术检测了在单侧移动大鼠磨牙时，三叉神经感觉核簇及延髓某些区域ＦＯＳ阳性神经元（ＦＬＮ）的分布，时程变化等。结果表明，ＦＬＮ密集分布于刺激同侧Ｖｃ的Ⅰ，Ⅱ层，在外侧网状核（ＬＲＴ）、孤束核（ＳＯＬ）等处也有较多的ＦＬＮ分布，ＦＩＮ在１ｈ组内开始出现、２ｈ达到高峰、４ｈ后开始减少、至１２ｈ、２４ｈ仍有少量表达。说明牙齿移动引发的疼痛不适在延髓的一些脑区得到调控，如何减轻这种疼痛不适值得进一步研究     

YDM—1牙科电子麻醉仪诱发Vc内Fos表达

目的：探讨面部ＴＥＮＳ后,三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ） 内兴奋细胞的分布。方法：利用免疫组织染色化学方法观察正常以及面部ＴＥＮＳ后１ 、２、４ｈ 大鼠Ｖｃ 内Ｆｏｓ 免疫阳性神经元的分布。结果：ＴＥＮＳ后１ｈ,Ｆｏｓ 免疫阳性神经元集中分布在Ｖｃ 浅层背侧区,ＴＥＮＳ后２ｈ ,内层也出现少量Ｆｏｓ 免疫阳性神经元,ＴＥＮＳ后４ｈ ,Ｖｃ 各层内可见Ｆｏｓ 免疫阳性神经元的分布。结论：Ｖｃ 浅层和内层的神经元均参与ＴＥＮＳ反应,早期主要是Ｖｃ 浅层背侧区神经元。     

牙髓损伤性刺激诱导大鼠三叉神经脊束尾侧亚核内P物质等多肽的表达

目的：比较、分析急性牙髓炎和牙齿开髓刺激后,三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ）内Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）的变化。方法：利用免疫组织化学染色方法观察大鼠牙齿开髓后１ｈ、２ｈ、４ｈ和急性牙髓炎２ｈ、４ｈ组Ｖｃ内ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ免疫阳性纤维的变化。结果：开髓１ｈ组实验侧与对照侧相比,ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ免疫阳性纤维减少,其余各组的实验侧与对照侧无显著差异。结论：两种刺激均引起Ｖｃ内三叉神经末梢释放ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ。     

牙髓损伤性刺激诱导大鼠三叉神经脊束尾侧亚核内P物质等 …

目的 比较，分析急性牙髓炎和牙齿开髓刺激后，三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ）内Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）的变化。方法 利用免疫组织化学染色方法观察大鼠牙齿开髓后１ｈ，２ｈ４ｈ和急性牙髓炎２ｈ，４ｈ组Ｖｃ内ＳＰ，ＣＧＲＰ的免疫阳性纤维的变化，结果 开髓１ｈ组实验侧与对照侧相比，ＳＰ，ＣＧＲＰ免疫阳性纤维减少，其余各组的实验侧与对照侧无显著差异，结论：两种刺激均引起Ｖｃ的三叉神经末梢释放     

大鼠牙髓伤害性刺激诱导延髓内Fos表达

目的：研究牙髓伤害性信息在延髓传入的相关部位。方法：用抗Ｆｏｓ蛋白的免疫组织化学方法,对大鼠牙齿机械穿髓后诱导的延髓内Ｆｏｓ表达部位进行了观察。同时结合酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）免疫组化方法,观察ＦＯＳ阳性神经元与ＴＨ阳性神经元的关系。结果：Ｆｏｓ样免疫反应神经元主要分布在同侧三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ）、双侧延髓内脏带（孤束核、腹外侧区及二者之间的网状结构）。在抗Ｆｏｓ和抗酪氨酸羟化酶的双重免疫染色切片上,见到延髓内脏带内许多Ｆｏｓ阳性神经元的胞浆同时呈ＴＨ样免疫反应（Ｆｏｓ－ＴＨ双重阳性细胞）。结论：三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核在牙髓伤害性信息传递过程中具有重要作用;延髓内脏带可能参与了调控牙髓暴露所致的疼痛应激反应。     

牙髓炎性和机械损伤性伤害刺激诱导大鼠Vc内Fos的表达 …

目的：探讨并比较急性牙髓炎和牙齿开髓刺激后不同时间点，三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核（ＶＣ）内兴奋神经元的分布。方法：分别制备大鼠急性牙髓炎和牙齿开髓模型，应用免疫组织化学染色方法观察大鼠牙齿１、２、４ｈ和急性牙髓炎２、４ｈ组ＶＣ内Ｆｏｓ免疫阳性神经元的分布。结果：Ｇ工髓各组Ｆｏｓ免疫阳性神经元集中分布在ＶＣ支背侧区；急性牙髓炎２ｈ组，主要分布在ＶＣ浅层背侧区，４ｈ组，ＶＣ各层内可见Ｆｏｓ免疫阳性神经元的     

NOS在大鼠Vcx内的分布及其与牙齿移动诱发FOS表？…

利用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核酸脱氢酶组织化学和核磷蛋白免疫组织化学技术观察了一氧化氮合酶在对牙齿加力刺激对三叉神经感觉核簇的分布情况；ＮＯＳ阳性结构与牙齿移动诱发的ＦＯＳ蛋白表达之间的关系。结果表明，ＮＯＳ阳性结构和ＦＯＳ阳性神经元在Ｖｃｘ内的分布有一定的有特点，两者之间又有重叠。     

YDM—1牙科电子麻醉仪引起Vc内SP,CGRP的变化

目的： 分析面部ＴＥＮＳ后,三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ）内Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）的变化。方法：利用免疫组织化学染色方法观察大鼠面部ＴＥＮＳ后１、２、４ｈ,Ｖｃ 内ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ免疫阳性纤维的变化。结果：面部ＴＥＮＳ后１ｈ 实验侧与对照侧相比,ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ免疫阳性纤维减少,甚至有脱失现象,２ｈ组呈恢复趋势,４ｈ 组与对照侧无显著差异。结论：面部ＴＥＮＳ引起Ｖｃ 内三叉神经末梢大量释放ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ。     

Effects of conditioning periaqueductal gray stimulation on responses of thalamic nociceptive neurons to tooth pulp stimulation

Nociceptive neurons receiving afferent input from the tooth pulp (TP) were recorded from the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis proper (VPM) and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus in cats anesthetized with urethane and chloralose. The effects of stimulating the periaqueductal gray (PAG), or the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) on responses of thalamic nociceptive neurons were investigated. Eight tooth pulp specific (TPS) and 7 wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons with TP input were observed around the periphery (shell region) of the posterior half of VPM. Following electrical stimulation of either the ventral PAG or the NRD, responses to TP stimulation were inhibited in all TPS and WDR neurons tested. Responses of these neurons to electrical stimulation of trigeminothalamic tract (TTT) fibers in the trigeminal medial lemniscus were also inhibited following PAG/NRD stimulation. These results suggest that PAG/NRD stimulation-produced inhibition of both TPS and WDR neurons may be partially mediated by an ascending antinociceptive mechanism. Intralaminar nociceptive neurons with TP input were observed in the nucleus centralis lateralis (CL), and parafascicularis (Pf). The effects of conditioning electrical stimulation of either the ventral PAG or the NRD on responses of intralaminar nociceptive nerons were studied. Of 15 intralaminar nociceptive neurons tested, 6 neurons were inhibited, 5 neurons were excited and 4 were unaffected following the conditioning stimulus. In neurons in which responses to TP stimulation were inhibited, responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) were also inhibited. These data suggest that although there is an ascending inhibitory pathway from PAG/NRD to intralaminar nuclei, this system is far less potent compared with the ascending inhibitory system acting upon the VPM.     

The effect of inflammation on Fos expression in the ferret trigeminal nucleus

We have previously carried out detailed characterization and identification of Fos expression within the trigeminal nucleus after tooth pulp stimulation in ferrets. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pulpal inflammation on the excitability of central trigeminal neurons following tooth pulp stimulation. Adult ferrets were prepared under anesthesia to allow tooth pulp stimulation, recording from the digastric muscle, and intravenous injections at a subsequent experiment. In some animals, pulpal inflammation was induced by introducing human caries into a deep buccal cavity. After 5 d, animals were re-anaethetized, and the teeth were stimulated at 10 times the threshold of the jaw-opening reflex. Stimulation of all tooth pulps induced ipsilateral Fos in the trigeminal subnuclei caudalis and oralis. All non-stimulated animals showed negligible Fos labeling, with no differences recorded between inflamed and non-inflamed groups. Following tooth pulp stimulation, Fos expression was greater in animals with inflamed teeth than in animals with non-inflamed teeth, with the greatest effect seen in the subnucleus caudalis. These results suggest that inflammation increases the number of trigeminal brainstem neurons activated by tooth pulp stimulation; this may be mediated by peripheral or central mechanisms.     

大鼠三叉神经运动核-翼外肌投射通路的解剖学研究

目的通过对SD大鼠三叉神经运动核(trigeminal motor nucleus,Vmo)-翼外肌神经元投射通路的定性研究分析,揭示Vmo神经元轴突终末向翼外肌的投射通路,以确定翼外肌的开闭口作用。方法纳入8周龄SD大鼠10只,手术暴露SD大鼠左侧翼外肌,肌内注射荧光金3~5μl后,关闭并缝合伤口。术后7 d,实验动物灌注、取材、切片后免疫荧光染色,荧光显微镜下观察荧光金注入翼外肌后,在三叉神经运动核内荧光金的逆行标记情况。结果在荧光金注射侧的Vmo神经元内可见大量的荧光金逆标神经元的胞体和树突,这些神经元不仅分布于支配闭口肌的三叉神经运动核的背外侧部,也分布于支配开口肌的三叉神经运动核的腹内侧部。结论Vmo与翼外肌之间的神经元传导通路支配翼外肌,神经元既分布在背外侧部也分布在腹内侧部的核团内,推断翼外肌既在开口运动中发挥作用,又在闭口运动中发挥作用。     

Physiological properties of periodontal mechanosensitive neurones in the posteromedial ventral nucleus of rat thalamus

Unitary discharges of periodontal mechanosensitive (PM) neurones responding to mechanical tooth stimulation were recorded from the posteromedial ventral nucleus (VPM) of rat thalamus. PM neurones are distributed in the ventromedial area in the rostral two-thirds of the VPM nucleus. Maxillary and mandibular tooth-sensitive neurones are arranged in dorsoventral sequence. Of the PM neurones, 36% were slowly adapting to pressure applied to the tooth and 67% were rapidly adapting. The majority of PM units were sensitive to the contralateral incisor tooth. Response magnitudes of the slowly adapting neurones varied with stimulus direction and were directionally selective to mechanical tooth stimulation. The optimal stimulus direction was labiolingual or linguolabial. Rapidly adapting neurones were directionally non-selective to tooth stimulation. The threshold for mechanical stimulation was <0.05 N. Mean response latencies evoked by electrical stimulation of the peripheral receptive fields were 4.6 ms in the slowly adapting neurones and 5.8 ms in the rapidly adapting neurones.     

牙髓炎不同阶段P2X受体家族在大鼠脑干中的表达变化研究

目的:研究牙髓炎不同阶段P2X受体家族在大鼠脑干中的表达变化。方法::本实验在大鼠左上颌第一磨牙颌面开髓,并暴露于口腔菌群环境,诱导牙髓炎症。取牙髓炎症第1天、第3天、第7天和第28天时,大鼠双侧脑干的三叉神经脊束核尾端亚核(Vc)和丘脑的腹后中核(VPM),采用免疫组化和免疫荧光方法观察P2X受体家族(P2X1-7受体)的表达模式。结果:实验观察到牙髓炎症第1、3、7天显示急性牙髓炎症的组织学表现,其中第3天最为典型,而第28天显示牙髓坏死和慢性根尖周炎的组织学表现;P2X1-6受体在Vc和VPM中均表达在神经元的胞浆中,而P2X7表达在Vc和VPM中在小胶质细胞中;P2X2,P2X4和P2X7受体在急性牙髓炎症期在同侧Vc中的表达增加;P2X1-5和P2X7的表达都在双侧VPM中均上升,开髓3 d时,对侧VPM中P2X1-5和P2X7的平均表达面积显著高于同侧。结论:除P2X6受体持续高表达外,P2X1-5和P2X7受体均可受到牙髓炎症的诱导,在Vc和VPM中表达增高。     

实验性牙移动过程中三叉神经节内神经生长因子受体TrkA的改变

目的观察实验性牙移动时,神经生长因子受体TrkA在三叉神经节内的改变。方法采用免疫荧光方法观察大鼠实验性牙移动后,三叉神经节内TrkA免疫阳性细胞的改变。结果实验性牙移动加力24 h组3、d组、1周组,实验侧三叉神经节内TrkA免疫阳性神经元较对侧增多;2周组实验侧三叉神经节TrkA免疫阳性神经元与对照组相比差异无显著性。结论实验性牙移动时,实验侧三叉神经节内TrkA免疫阳性神经元增多。     

实验性牙移动后三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核CGRP的研究

目的：研究实验性牙移动过程中，三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核(Vc)内降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的改变。方法：在大鼠左侧上颌第一、二磨牙间塞入一弹性橡皮圈模拟临床正畸加力状态。于不同加力时间点对三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核进行CGRP免疫组化染色。结果：加力后6h和24h，实验侧三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核CGRP样纤维明显少于对侧；施力3d后Vc浅层中CGRP样阳性终末与对照侧无明显差异，加力后1w大于对侧，2w时恢复至对侧水平。结论：实验性牙移动引起CGRP在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核释放。     

The distribution of nitric oxide synthetase in Vcx and its relation with the expression of FOS induced by teeth movement in rats]

It was studied the central role of nitric oxide(NO) during experimental teeth movement and the relation between nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) positive neurons and FOS like immunoreactivity (FLN) with the NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and immunocytochemical reaction method. Results indicated that NOS positive neurons and FLN showed typical distribution in Vcx and there was some overlap between them. It suggests that NO is involved in the central modulation of the stimulating message of teeth movement, and which further explains the central modulation mechanism of experimental teeth movement in rats.     

实验性牙移动三叉神经节内神经生长因子受体mRNA的改变

目的:观察实验性牙移动时,NGF受体-TrkA mRNA在三叉神经节内的改变,方法:采用RT-PCR方法研究实验性牙移动后,三叉神经节内TrkA mRNA表达的改变。结果:实验性牙移动后6 h,实验侧TrkA mRNA的表达开始增加;24 h、3 d,1周实验组三叉神经节内TrkA mRNA的表达强于对照组;2周组,实验侧TrkA mRNA的表达恢复至正常水平。结论:实验性牙移动时,三叉神经节内TrkA的表达升高。     

Effect of resveratrol on the hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurons associated with ectopic hyperalgesia induced by experimental tooth movement

The present study investigated whether, under in vivo conditions, systemic administration of resveratrol attenuates the experimental tooth movement-induced ectopic hyperalgesia associated with hyperexcitability of nociceptive trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) neurons. The threshold of escape from mechanical stimulation applied to the ipsilateral whisker pad in rats exposed to experimental tooth movement was significantly lower than seen in control rats from day 1 to 3 following movement of the right maxillary first molar tooth. The lowered mechanical threshold in the rats exposed to experimental tooth movement had almost returned to the level of sham-treated naïve rats at day 3 following administration of resveratrol. The mean mechanical threshold of nociceptive SpVc neurons was significantly lower after experimental tooth movement but the lower threshold could be reversed by administration of resveratrol. The higher discharge frequency of nociceptive SpVc neurons for noxious mechanical stimuli observed in rats exposed to experimental tooth movement was statistically significantly lower following resveratrol administration. These results suggest that resveratrol attenuates experimental tooth movement-induced mechanical ectopic hyperalgesia via suppression of peripheral and/or central sensitization. These findings support the idea that resveratrol, a complementary alternative medicine, is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of experimental tooth movement-induced ectopic hyperalgesia.