儿童心脏瓣膜置换手术技巧及效果

目的总结14例儿童心脏瓣膜置换术的经验,探讨儿童瓣膜置换的手术指征、瓣膜选择、手术技术和术后抗凝治疗等问题。方法全组14例中10例为先天性心脏瓣膜病变,3例风湿性病变,1例先天性室间隔缺损致心内膜炎、主动脉瓣膜菌栓。在中低温体外循环下手术,二尖瓣置换7例,主动脉瓣置换6例,二尖瓣置换 主动脉瓣置换1例。均采用机械瓣。若合并其它先天性心脏畸形或三尖瓣关闭不全,同期矫治。术后常规应用华法林抗凝。结果本组手术死亡1例,12例心功能恢复至I级,1例心功能II级。发生1例感染性心内膜炎,治愈。均坚持采用华法林抗凝,无血栓栓塞及抗凝相关并发症发生,瓣膜功能良好。结论儿童心脏瓣膜置换术采用机械瓣效果较好;应用低强度的华法林进行抗凝治疗安全可靠。     

生物瓣膜置换三尖瓣13例临床观察

目的探讨应用生物瓣膜置换三尖瓣的手术治疗效果。方法回顾分析2006年1月～2009年2月间我院13例三尖瓣置换患者的临床资料，其中风湿性心脏联合瓣膜病5例，Ebstein畸形4例，先天性三尖瓣发育不良4例，均接受了生物瓣膜置换三尖瓣手术。结果无死亡病例，患者术后服用华法林3～6个月，随访2个月～3年3个月，瓣膜功能良好，心功能均得到不同程度的改善，未发现瓣周漏、感染性心内膜炎和血栓、出血等并发症。结论应用生物瓣膜进行三尖瓣置换，对于无法成形或既往成形失败的患者，是较为理想的治疗方法。     

冠状动脉旁路移植与同期心脏瓣膜置换

背景：心脏瓣膜置换或成形同期行冠状动脉旁路移植手术的选择已成为目前治疗冠状动脉粥样化性心脏病合并心脏瓣膜病的发展趋势。目的：回顾性总结51例心脏瓣膜替换或成形同时行冠状动脉旁路移植手术的经验。方法：回顾性分析同期施行心脏瓣膜置换或成形及冠状动脉旁路移植患者51例临床资料,共移植旁路血管109支,同时行主动脉瓣置换10 例,二尖瓣置换14例,二尖瓣置换联合三尖瓣成形8例,主动脉瓣联合二尖瓣双瓣置换4例,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣联合三尖瓣成形3例,二尖瓣成形7例,二尖瓣成形联合三尖瓣成形5例。结果与结论：置换生物瓣膜者9例,机械瓣膜者31例,二尖瓣成形11例,三尖瓣成形16例;共移植旁路血管109支,冠状动脉旁路移植平均搭桥(1.92±0.73)支;术后30 d内死亡4例。47例顺利出院,其中2例失访,45例随访3-48个月,1例半年后脑梗死,1例于术后1年多死于心脏功能不全,存活的43例心功能改善明显,均可进行一般的生活与活动。综合分析得出彻底解除瓣膜病变,充分保障心肌再血管化,保护心肌,尽量缩短主动脉阻断时间是手术成功的关键因素。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

联合心脏瓣膜病101例外科治疗分析

目的:总结二尖瓣主动脉瓣双瓣置换术(DVR)治疗联合心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验.方法:2008年1月~2011年12月,我科室应用 DVR术治疗联合心脏瓣膜疾病101例,其中男46例、女55例,年龄32~63岁,体重45.2~68kg.风湿性心脏瓣膜病81例,退行性变瓣膜病变14例,感染性心内膜炎6例.NYHA心功能 II级16例,III级74例,IV级11例.结果:全组体外循环时间(107.8±34.4) min,主动脉阻断(78.5±27.2)min,术后呼吸机辅助(10.5±4.8)h,术后监护(61.2±15.5)h,术后住院(10.4±4.3)d.手术死亡6例(5.94%),各类手术并发症22例(21.78%).术后84例随访时间4~48月,11人失访.随访患者心功能都有不同程度好转,活动能力显著改善;术后2年出现左房血栓1例,脑栓塞致左侧肢体瘫痪1例,二尖瓣轻度瓣周漏1例,尚未发现死亡病例.结论:充分的术前准备,术中良好的心肌保护,主动脉瓣间断缝合、二尖瓣连续缝合、保留二尖瓣后瓣及三尖瓣环缩等外科技术的改进和加强术后处理可降低双瓣膜置换术的风险,提高疗效.     

联合心脏瓣膜病101例外科治疗及疗效分析

目的：总结二尖瓣主动脉瓣双瓣置换术（DVR）治疗联合心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验。方法：2008年1月-2011年12月,我科室应用DVR术治疗联合心脏瓣膜疾病101例,其中男46例、女55例,年龄32～63岁,体重45．2～68k。风湿性心脏瓣膜病81例,退行性变瓣膜病变14例,感染性心内膜炎6例。NYHA心功能Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级74例,Ⅳ级11例。结果：全组体外循环时间（107．8±34．4）min,主动脉阻断（78．5±27．2）rain,术后呼吸机辅助（10．5±4．8）h,术后监护（61．2-．I-15．5）h,术后住院（10．4±4．3）d。手术死亡6例（5．94％）,各类手术并发症22例（21．78％）。术后84例随访时间4—48月,11人失访。随访患者心功能都有不同程度好转,活动能力显著改善;术后2年出现左房血栓1例,脑栓塞致左侧肢体瘫痪1例,二尖瓣轻度瓣周漏1例,尚未发现死亡病例。结论：充分的术前准备,术中良好的心肌保护,主动脉瓣间断缝合、二尖瓣连续缝合、保留二尖瓣后瓣及三尖瓣环缩等外科技术的改进和加强术后处理可降低双瓣膜置换术的风险,提高疗效。     

50例老年心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗分析

目的总结老年心脏瓣膜病患者的外科治疗经验。方法对50例老年患者（60-72岁）施行瓣膜置换术，其中行二尖瓣置换（MVR）27例，二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换（BVR）8例，主动脉瓣置换（AVR）15例，同时行三尖瓣成形术（TVP）30例，冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）4例。结果本组围手术期死亡4例；出院后随访1-48个月，心功能恢复至Ⅰ级18例，Ⅱ级30例，Ⅲ级2例。结论随着体外循环心肌保护技术的发展，手术技术和外科监护技术的成熟完善，加强围手术期的处理，老年瓣膜置换术是安全有效的。     

保留二尖瓣瓣下结构的瓣膜置换可促进瓣膜有效愈合

背景:保留全瓣瓣下结构在瓣膜置换手术中争议不断,对于瓣膜疾病术式的选择尚无统一且可靠标准。目的:探讨分析保留二尖瓣瓣下结构的瓣膜置换促进瓣膜有效愈合的效果。方法:选取2018年1-12月十堰市太和医院收治的因二尖瓣关闭不全为主要病变合并或不合并主动脉瓣疾病,行保留二尖瓣瓣下结构二尖瓣膜置换、二尖瓣及主动脉瓣双瓣置换的患者68例,其中保留全瓣瓣下结构11例、保留后瓣瓣下结构35例、二尖瓣及瓣下腱索全切22例。术后6个月进行超声心动图复查,比较3组患者左房舒张期末前后径、左室舒张期末横径、左室射血分数、左室短轴缩短率等心功能指标,以及左室流入道及流出道、各瓣膜功能、瓣周愈合情况;并记录术后3年内患者并发症情况。结果与结论:(1)保留全瓣瓣下结构组和保留后瓣瓣下结构组患者体外循环时间、阻断时间、ICU停留时间、术后住院时间均低于二尖瓣及瓣下腱索全切组(P <0.05);(2)3组患者左房舒张期末前后径、左室舒张期末横径、左室射血分数、左室短轴缩短率等心功能指标水平差异无显著性意义(P> 0.05),但保留全瓣瓣下结构组左房舒张期末前后径和左室舒张期末横径低于保留后瓣瓣下结构组和二...     

人工心脏瓣膜置换术76例术后护理体会

人工心脏瓣膜置换术是通过置换受损的瓣膜，恢复瓣膜启闭功能，从而改善心功能，提高生活质量。临床主要用于治疗先天性心脏病、后天性心脏病如风湿性心脏病、部分感染性心内膜炎等疾患所致的心脏瓣膜病变。我院心胸外科自2005年6月至2006年12月共开展此类手术76例，现将护理体会介绍如下。     

小主动脉瓣环188例患者人工机械瓣换瓣术后疗效观察

目的回顾性分析188例成年人小主动脉瓣环(瓣环直径≤21 mm)人工机械瓣膜置换术后患者的疗效及心功能的变化,探讨3种机械瓣替换术后是否存在植入瓣膜与患者不匹配(PPM)现象。方法选择南京中医药大学附属医院心胸外科188例植入小主动脉瓣环(直径16~21 mm)成年患者(占所有主动脉瓣置换患者的45.83%),其中男性96例,女性92例;年龄17~72岁,平均年龄51.12岁。主动脉瓣二叶畸形10例,单纯主动脉瓣狭窄27例,单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全46例,二尖瓣联合主动脉瓣病变96例,感染性心内膜炎9例;其中20例置换17 mm SJ Regent机械瓣,45例置换19 mm SJ Regent机械瓣,30例置换21 mm SJ Regent机械瓣,31例置换Carbio-S 19 mm机械瓣,20例置换Carbio-S21 mm机械瓣,10例置换16 mm over-line Sorin机械瓣,16例置换18 mm over-line Sorin机械瓣,16例置换20 mm overline Sorin机械瓣。采用彩色多普勒超声心动图分别于术前、术后1周、术后3个月和1年,检测患者的左心室舒张末期内径、收缩末期内径、室间隔及左心室后壁厚度、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)和主动脉瓣跨瓣压差的变化,观察左心室质量指数变化情况,并进行各组比较分析。结果全组患者无手术死亡,围术期死亡2例,术后1年内不明原因猝死3例,其余183例患者均随访1年以上。参考各瓣膜厂家提供的有效瓣口面积指数(EOAI),该研究组无重度PPM,所有患者EOAI均大于0.65 cm~2/m~2,EOAI在0.65~0.85 cm~2/m~2(中度PPM)患者占35.14%,EOAI0.85 cm~2/m~2占64.86%,EOAI与主动脉瓣跨瓣压差之间无明显相关性;术后所有患者心功能均较术前提高2~3级。术后3个月至1年内平均LVEF和LVFS均在正常范围。术后各组患者3个月至1年左心室平均内径均恢复至正常范围。术后1周平均左心室质量指数为90.35 g/m~2,较术前(101.48 g/m~2)下降显著(P0.05),随访3个月到1年无显著变化;所有患者术后1周~1年内主动脉瓣跨瓣平均压差2.92 k Pa(21.92 mm Hg),各组患者术后1周随访至术后1年,主动脉瓣跨瓣压差均无显著变化。5组患者(16 mm over-line Sorin机械瓣组、20 mm over-line Sorin机械瓣组、17 mm SJ Regent机械瓣组、Carbio-S 19 mm机械瓣组、Carbio-S 21 mm机械瓣组)术后1年内主动脉瓣跨瓣压差与其他3组相比明显增大,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其中16 mm over-line Sorin机械瓣组跨瓣压差最大。所有患者均未发现有PPM现象发生。结论采用中国市场上来自不同厂家的各种直径的主动脉瓣机械瓣膜置换术后未见明显PPM现象,左心室质量指数及主动脉跨瓣压差术后均在比较理想的范围;不同厂家的各种型号的人工主动脉机械瓣可以满足绝大多数成年小主动脉瓣环患者主动脉瓣置换的需求,大部分患者无须行主动脉瓣环扩大术或采用其他术式。     

巨大左心室心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗

目的：总结研究巨大左心室心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗经验。方法分析2012年10月~2013年10月就诊实施心脏瓣膜置换手术的20例患者。左室舒张末期平均内径在术前是(78.0±7.5)mm,收缩末期内径是(53.0±6.5)mm,而左室射血分数是(0.48±0.23)。20例患者中,心功能等级为IV级的有13例,I I级的有7例,主动脉瓣置换为4例,二尖瓣置换为10例,主动脉瓣置换加二尖瓣置换为6例。结果手术后心律失常患者为5例,死亡患者1例,呼吸不全者1例。手术后行超声心动图复查,发现LVESD和LVEDD相比之前缩小明显。结论巨大左心室心脏瓣膜病患者在较为充足的术前准备以后应该考虑实施手术治疗。加强室性心律失常的预防和围手术期心脏功能的支持是巨大左心室患者瓣膜置换疗效提高的重要方法。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.