人参糖肽降血糖机制(英文)

目的:研究人参糖肽(GGP)降血糖机制。方法:为了观察GGP对胰岛素分泌和糖酵解的影响,给予GGP后,测定血糖(BG)和肝糖元(LG)含量,及胰岛素、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乳酸(LC)水平。通过测定给予GGP前后肝组织柠檬酸合成酶(CTS)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)活性变化,推测对糖有氧氧化过程的影响。通过测定肝组织腺苷酸环化酶(AC)活性和cAMP水平,研究人参糖肽对糖代谢的影响及与第二信使cAMP的关系。通过检测肝组织磷酸化酶(PP)活性推测药物对肝糖元代谢的影响。检测药物对细胞膜受体的影响,观察了β-受体阻滞剂普萘洛尔和α-受体阻滞剂酚妥拉明对GGP作用的影响。为了证明GGP与β-受体的结合,观察了GGP与[~3H]DHA对北京鸭红细胞膜β-受体的竞争性结合。结果:GGP在降低血糖和肝糖原的剂量下(100,200mg/kg,ip或50,100mg/kg,iv),仅于给药后20分钟,小鼠血浆胰岛素水平即升高,且GGP降低血糖作用可持续16小时;同时,血中LC含量及血和肝组织LDH活性降低。而肝组织AC、CTS、MDH、SDH、COO、PP活力和cAMP水平升高,β-受体阻滞剂普萘洛尔可阻滞GP降低肝糖元作用,GGP可竞争性抑制放射配基[~3H]DHA与红细胞膜β-受体的结合,其IC_(50)为63nmol·L~(-1)。结论:GGP为β-受体激动剂,通过第二信使cAM     

人参糖肽的降血糖作用(英文)

目的:研究人参糖肽降血糖作用。方法:观察人参糖肽对正常小鼠或家兔以及由四氧嘧啶和链尿菌素引起高血糖大鼠或小鼠的降血糖作用。血糖和肝糖元含量分别用显色剂邻甲苯胺和碘试剂呈色后,用分光光度计测定。结果:给正常小鼠ip或sc人参糖肽(50,100和200mg/kg)或按30和60mg/g剂量给正常家兔im人参糖肽,能明显降低正常动物的血糖和肝糖元,并且有剂量依赖关系;人参糖肽降血糖作用可持续16h;其次,人参糖肽对实验性高血糖动物也有明显的降血糖活性。结论:注射人参糖肽无论对正常动物还是高血糖动物都有明显的降低血糖和肝糖元作用。     

Red American ginseng: ginsenoside constituents and antiproliferative activities of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius roots

Red Asian ginseng ( Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is used in many Oriental countries. In this study, the saponin constituents and anticancer activities of steamed American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) roots were evaluated. The contents of 12 ginsenosides in the roots were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After the steaming treatment (100 - 120 degrees C for 1 h and 120 degrees C for 0.5 - 4 h), the quantity of 7 ginsenosides decreased and that of 5 others increased. The content of ginsenoside Rg3, a previously recognized anticancer compound, increased significantly when the root was steamed at 120 degrees C for 0.5 - 3 h. The antiproliferative effects of unsteamed and steamed (120 degrees C for 1 h and 2 h) American ginseng root extracts were assayed by the modified trichrome stain (MTS) method using three cancer cell lines (SW-480, HT-29, NSCLC). Heat-processing increased the antiproliferative effect of American ginseng significantly, and the activity of the extract from roots steamed for 2 h was greater than that of roots steamed for 1 h. Chemical constituents and antiproliferative activities of white and red Asian ginseng have also been evaluated. Five representative ginsenosides, Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg2 and Rg3, were studied. Ginsenoside Rg3 had the most potent effect. The antiproliferative activities of red American ginseng are augmented when ginsenoside Rg3 is increased.     

西洋参与籽播参的傅里叶变换红外光谱法鉴别

目的 为了建立西洋参与籽播参有效的鉴别方法。方法 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）仪并借助OMNI采样器直接测定了样品的FTIR。结果 西洋参及籽播参外表皮及木质部的傅里叶变换红外光谱吸收差别较大。结论 可以采用FTIR直接测定法鉴别籽播参与西洋参，本法简便、快速、准确，而且不需制备样品。     

Antiplatelet components in Panax ginseng

Panaxynol and ginsenosides Ro, Rg1, and Rg2 were found to be the main antiplatelet components in the diethyl ether and 1-butanol fractions, respectively, during the activity-guided fractionation of Panax ginseng, Panaxynol inhibited the aggregation, release reaction, and thromboxane formation in rabbit platelets while ginsenosides Ro, Rg1, and Rg2 suppressed the release reaction only.     

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定人参与人参果中的无机元素

目的：测定人参和人参果中9种无机元素的含量。方法：将人参和人参果粉碎后置于锥形瓶中,分别在电热板上经硝酸-高氯酸（4∶1）消解体系小火加热消解后,采用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定。结果：人参和人参果样品中Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Ca、Mg、Cd、K、Na 9种无机元素含量测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.53%-3.4%,加样回收率分别为90.59%-110.00%和90.00%-114.29%。结论：该方法简单、快速,可用于人参和人参果中9种无机元素含量的测定,为其临床疗效研究提供了实验依据。     

Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium

Medical application of Panax ginseng was first found in "Shen-Nong Herbal Classic"around 200 AD Panax quinquefolium was first introduced in "Essential of Materia Medica" in 1694 in China. The most important bioactive components contained in P ginseng and P quinquefolium are ginseng saponins (GS). The contents of ginsenoside Rb1, Re, and Rd in P quinquefolium are higher than they are in P ginseng. In P ginseng, the contents of Rg1,Rb2, and Rc are higher than they are in P quinquefolium. P ginseng had a higher ratio of Rg1: Rb1, and which was lower in P quinquefolium. After steaming for several hours, the total GS will decrease. However, some ginsenosides (Rg2, 20R-Rg2, Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2) increase, while others (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) decrease. However, variation, especially in P quinquefolium, is high. P ginseng and P quinquefolium are general tonics and adaptogens. Rg1 and Rb1 enhance central nervous system (CNS) activities, but the effect of the latter is weaker. Thus, for the higher contents of Rg1, P ginseng is a stimulant, whereas the Rb1 contents of P quinquefolium are mainly calming to the CNS. Re, Rg1, panaxan A and B from P ginseng are good for diabetes. Re and Rg1 enhance angiogenesis, whereas Rb1, Rg3 and Rh2 inhibit it. Rh2, an antitumor agent, can be obtained from Rb1 by steaming. The content of Re in P quinquefolium are higher than in P ginseng by 3-4 times. The vasorelax, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and angiogenic effects of Re are reported. Thus, for the CNS "hot," wound healing and hypoglycemic effects, P ginseng is better than P quinquefolium. For anticancer effects, P quinquefolium is better.     

人参叶中Ocotillone-型人参皂苷的分离

从人参叶中分离得到一个Ocotillone 型人参皂苷和两个已知人参皂苷 ,通过化学和理化性质鉴定方法 ,此Ocotil lone 型人参皂苷被鉴定为假人参皂苷 RT5,它是迄今为止在人参中发现的第一个Ocotillone 型人参皂苷 ,同时也讨论了其可能的生物转化途径     

人参皂苷类成分的化学分析

目的:建立测定人参样品中3个主要活性成分人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1含量的方法,并分析不同部位及不同生长年限的人参样品中皂苷类成分的差异。方法:应用RP-HPLC法检测83批样品的主要化学成分,并应用系统聚类分析法对收集的样品皂苷类成分信息进行分析。Alltech 100A氨基柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2％磷酸(83:17),流速1.0mL·min-1,柱温35℃,检测波长203 nm。结果:人参须根与主根、芦头和全须生晒参明显聚为两类,但主根与芦头和全须生晒参划分的界限不明显。2-6年生人参须根聚为-类,3-6年生人参主根聚为一类。首次应用模糊聚类分析法对人参样品质量进行了计算机快速鉴别分类。结论:本法重现性好,灵敏度高,能够较科学、客观、综合地评价人参药材的质量。     

Biotransformation of Korean Panax ginseng by Pectinex

Ginsenosides comprise the major component of ginseng exhibit various types of biological activity, including antiinflammatory and antitumor effects. In these pharmacological actions, it is thought that these activities are carried out by the metabolites of ginsenosides metabolized by human intestinal microflora. It has also been reported that their clinical efficacy varies with the hydrolyzing potential of the components of the intestinal microflora. We tried to develop a process for metabolizing ginsenosides to compound K using food-grade enzymes, which can be used commercially. Among these, Pectinex proved to be the most effective mediator of the catabolism of ginsenosides to compound K. The optimal conditions for this biotransformation were determined to be as follows: 10 to 15% rootlet ginseng, pH 5, 50 degrees C, and 2 to 3 d of incubation, to yield 20.0 mg of compound K/g of rootlet ginseng. We suggest that the metabolism of ginseng to compound K in the presence of Pectinex has many advantages over previous methods, in respects of use of raw, non-extracted rootlet ginseng, which do not require more organic solvents and evaporation apparatus. Potential metabolites PG1, PG2, PG3, and PG4 were detected in Pectinex-treated rootlet ginseng using by TLC and HPLC and, among them, PG4 was identified as compound K by TLC, HPLC, and MS. Additional studies will be carried out to determine the structure of these metabolites of ginseng and to understand the relationship between their structures and activities.     

Ocotillone—type Ginsenoside from Leaves of Pannax ginseng

An ocotillone-type ginsenoside,together with 2 known ginsenosids was isolated from leaves of Panax ginseng and identifed as psudoginsenoside-RT5 on the basis of chemical and physicohemical evidences.It has been so far the first example of ocotillone-type ginsenoside disicovered in Panax giunseng and its plausible biotransforrnation athway also discussed.     

人参的分析——Ⅳ.人参皂甙的高效液相色谱测定

本文报道了人参中六种主要皂甙(Rb₁,Rb₂,Rc,Rd,Re,Rg)的HPLC测定法,用氨基键合相柱,示差折光检测,流动相为甲醇中乙腈—乙二醇—醋酸铵(0.14 mol/L)(30:70:5:10.6),同时还改进了纯化方法,此法快速、重现性好,与薄层比色法比较结果基本一致。     

Predicting color kinetics during red Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) preparation

A red Asian ginseng preparation was prepared as follows: fresh Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots were first steamed for half an hour to several hours, and then the steamed roots were dried into died roots (red Asian ginseng, 10% moisture content, on a dry basis). During steaming, the color of ginseng (white) turned yellow and brown during subsequent steaming. Color is an important index for grading red Asian ginseng. In this study, the effects of drying time and temperature on the surface color formation (L, a/b) of the Asian ginseng, and the color formation (L, a/b) of the red Asian ginseng powder were investigated. The value of L decreased, while the value of a/b increased as drying proceeded; the value of L was slightly influenced by the drying temperature, but the value of a/b was markedly influenced. With respect to the color of the final product (red ginseng), the value of L was slightly influenced by steaming time and temperature, while the value of a/b was increased as steaming time and drying temperature increased. Based on the nth-order rate equation and Arrhenius equation, a kinetic model for describing these effects was established, and the results were satisfactorily fitting.