慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎的概念和早期诊断以及治疗

目的 探讨慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎(chronic invasive funsal rhinosinusitis，CIFRS)的概念、早期诊断与治疗。方法 以最终病理学诊断为依据，总结分析48例真菌性鼻一鼻窦炎(funsal rhinosinusitis，FRS)的病程、临床表现、鼻窦CT、窦内病变特征、窦黏膜表现、组织病理学和真菌学特征、以及2种治疗方式的疗效。结果 18例为CIFRS，早期在病程、临床表现、真菌种类和鼻窦CT特征与非侵袭型真菌性鼻窦炎(noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis，NIFRS)相似；其中16例(88．9％)窦内病变为泥石样物，15例(83．3％)窦黏膜表现为Ⅲ度以上；窦内病变为泥石样物、同时窦黏膜Ⅲ度以上者与病理真菌的符合率为83．3％(15／18)；鼻窦清创术加抗真菌药物治疗治愈率达81．8％。结论 CIFRS进展缓慢，临床并非少见，早期临床表现缺乏特异性，窦内为泥石样物和窦黏膜表现为Ⅲ度以上是其主要鉴别特征，早期诊断和鼻窦清创术联合抗真菌药物治疗可望提高治愈率。     

早期慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻窦CT特征及其诊断意义

目的 :探讨早期慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻 鼻窦炎 (CIFRS)鼻窦CT特征及其诊断意义。方法 :以病理学诊断为依据 ,对 18例诊断为早期CIFRS的鼻窦CT影像学表现进行回顾性分析 ,并与 35例非侵袭性真菌性鼻 鼻窦炎 (NIFRS)进行比较。结果 :早期CIFRS鼻窦CT表现为 :14例 (77.8% )为单窦病变 ,多见于上颌窦 ,其次是蝶窦、筛窦 ;多窦病变为 4例 (2 2 .2 % ) ;病变鼻窦内表现为密度不均匀不透光影 ;单窦病变者窦腔均不同程度向邻近鼻窦、鼻腔或眼眶膨出 ;12例 (6 6 .7% )病变鼻窦内可见钙化斑或点 ,CT值为 80～ 16 0Hu ;7例 (38.9% )病变鼻窦显示窦壁骨质破坏 ,其中 2例同时有中鼻甲大部分破坏 ,1例同时有鼻中隔破坏。与NIFRS鼻窦CT比较 ,CIFRS多窦病变比例和骨质破坏比例较高 ,且破坏程度较大。结论 :早期CIFRS鼻窦CT表现病变多窦侵犯、病变鼻窦骨质破坏的机率略高 ,但总体特征与NIFRS基本相似 ,因此鼻窦CT对早期CIFRS的诊断无特异性意义。     

158例非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的临床分析

目的分析非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的临床特点、影像学特征、治疗方法及预后。方法收集郑州大学第一附属医院2019年10月至2021年10月收治的158例非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎患者的临床资料, 所有患者均行鼻内镜手术, 经病理明确真菌感染, 术后给予规范化药物治疗及鼻内镜检查随访。结果非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎主要侵犯上颌窦(67.72%)、蝶窦(23.42%), 以头痛(61.39%)、鼻塞(41.77%)为主要临床表现, 鼻窦CT主要表现为软组织影内可见钙化点, 病理可见真菌菌丝, 鼻内镜手术是目前主要的治疗方法。结论非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎临床症状不典型, 诊断依据影像学检查及病理结果, 鼻内镜手术可以彻底治疗, 预后好, 复发率不高。     

鼻内镜手术治疗慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎45例

目的探讨鼻内镜下治疗慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的疗效。方法在鼻内镜下对45例慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎患者行鼻窦清创术,部分病例加行下鼻道开窗术,彻底清除鼻窦病变组织及鼻病变黏膜和骨质,充分开放鼻窦,术后应用大扶康冲洗术腔,并定期行鼻内镜检查。结果随访6个月至6年,治愈41例,复发4例。复发病例经再次鼻内镜手术后治愈,无手术并发症。结论鼻内镜下鼻窦清创术是治疗侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的重要手段,术后定期复查并辅以大扶康术腔冲洗,疗效良好。     

真菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断

目的探讨真菌性鼻窦炎的CT影像学特点。方法回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的23例真菌性鼻窦炎的CT表现。结果本组23例真菌性鼻窦炎中真菌球20例,CT表现为受累鼻窦密度增高,内充以软组织影,18例中央可见点状、不规则细条状或云絮状高密度影,融合成团块状,边缘欠清楚,受累窦壁骨质有不同程度增生肥厚,3例上颌窦内壁可见骨质吸收,但残存骨端伴有骨质硬化。变应性真菌性鼻窦炎3例,均为全组鼻窦受累。所有被累及的鼻窦黏膜增厚,窦腔实变,CT表现为鼻窦腔散在均匀高密度影,呈磨玻璃样特征,周边为软组织影。受累鼻窦膨胀2例,窦壁骨质侵蚀1例。病变延伸到邻近结构2例。结论真菌性鼻窦炎具有CT特征表现,如病变鼻窦内团块状高密度影、斑点样钙化影或气泡影,病变常膨入附近鼻窦或鼻腔,鼻窦骨壁可伴有压迫性破坏或吸收等。其中以鼻窦病变内钙化斑最具特异性。CT扫描结合鼻内镜检查是诊断本病的重要手段。     

真菌性鼻窦炎CT的非特征性表现

目的：回顾分析真菌性鼻窦炎患者术前CT,提出非特征性的临床表现,以提高术前诊断的准确性。方法：术后病理诊断为真菌性鼻窦炎患者CT176例,术前均行鼻窦CT检查及鼻内镜检查。所有患者均经鼻内镜下鼻窦开放术,术中清理窦内病变并经病理检查证实为真菌感染。其中单纯蝶窦35例,单纯上颌窦84例,筛窦上颌窦49例,全组鼻窦3例,筛窦蝶窦5例。观察以上各组术前CT除病变钙化特征以外的非特征性表现。结果：本组患者共176例179侧,其中单侧173例,双侧3例（全组鼻窦感染）。CT的非特征性改变包括：窦内病变密度均匀增高,窦内病变密度不均匀增高,受累鼻窦内侧壁可有骨质吸收。病理证实179侧中,单纯蝶窦组CT病变钙化27侧,CT病变非特征性改变8侧,其中窦内均匀密度增高5侧,不均匀密度增高3侧;单纯上颌窦组病变钙化72侧,病变非特征性改变12侧,其中窦内均匀密度增高8侧,不均匀密度增高4侧,伴有骨质吸收5侧;筛窦上颌窦组病变钙化36侧,病变非特征性改变13侧,其中窦内均匀密度增高9侧,不均匀密度增高4侧,伴有骨质吸收6侧;全组鼻窦组病变钙化6侧;筛窦蝶窦组病变钙化5例。窦内病变钙化达81.56％。结论：窦内病变的钙化被视为真菌性鼻窦炎CT的特征性表现,但在临床工作中可观察到部分真菌性鼻窦炎术前CT的非特征性改变。当缺乏CT的特征性表现时,仅通过CT尚不能作出真菌性鼻窦炎的术前诊断,需其他检查手段来做鉴别诊断,甚至需经手术探查后的病理诊断来确诊。     

26例变应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎临床分析

目的:分析变应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎(AFRS)的临床特点及以鼻内镜手术为主的综合治疗的作用.方法:对26例AFRS患者术前常规进行鼻窦CT扫描,血清总IgE及特异性IgE检测,术中取窦内分泌物及受累鼻窦黏膜行真菌学及组织病理学检查.26例患者均行鼻内镜手术,术前及术后配合抗生素、皮质类固醇激素和局部抗真菌药鼻腔冲洗治疗.术后随访至少1年.结果:26例患者中有21例伴变应性疾病史,临床表现无特异性,鼻窦CT多表现为受累鼻窦腔内中间呈斑片状或条索状高密度影,在软组织窗表现更为典型,部分患者窦腔扩大、窦壁变薄甚至骨质吸收;血清总IgE阳性22例,真菌SIgE阳性20例.窦内分泌物涂片均可见真菌菌丝,真菌培养阳性14例,以曲霉菌多见.分泌物及黏膜苏木精-伊红染色可见大量嗜酸细胞浸润,8例分泌物内可见Charcot-leyden结晶.术后1年有19例术腔黏膜完全上皮化,其余7例有不同程度的黏膜肿胀、息肉样变或黏脓性分泌物.结论:AFRS诊断主要依据病史、鼻窦CT扫描、组织病理学、真菌学和免疫学检测.鼻内镜手术结合全身和(或)局部激素以及局部抗真菌药鼻腔冲洗是治疗AFRS的有效手段.     

鼻内镜手术治疗非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎

真菌性鼻窦炎的主要致病菌为曲霉菌,在临床上有增多趋势,据报道占各类慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的6%~13%〔1〕,过去多采用上颌窦根治术或Li ma手术来清除病灶。随着鼻内镜技术的发展,此类疾病现在倾向于采用鼻内镜下清除病灶。现将我科采用鼻内镜手术治疗非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎34例的完整资料报告如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料临床经病史、CT及术后病理检查确诊非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎34例,其中男28例,女6例;年龄36~68岁。按1997年海口标准,慢性鼻-鼻窦炎Ⅰ型2期4例,Ⅱ型2期26例,Ⅲ型4例。真菌感染的鼻窦:右上颌窦20例,左上颌窦14例,累及筛窦12例。伴鼻中隔偏曲19例。1.2治疗方法34例患者均在局部麻醉下行患侧鼻内镜下鼻窦手术,行钩突切开,开放中鼻道,咬除筛泡,行上颌窦窦口扩大,用筛窦钳、筛窦刮匙和吸引管清除真菌团块及炎性息肉,上颌窦内下角病灶较难清除,采用自制的弯度较大的吸引管(利用吹张管做成“?”型)将真菌团块破碎后吸出,其中12例筛窦发现有真菌团块,行前筛或全筛切除,均能彻底清除窦内真菌团块、炎性息肉。术后第3天开始用生理盐水冲洗鼻腔2~3个月,冲洗后,鼻内镜下用10ml氟康唑冲洗窦腔1周。同时,采用氟...     

鼻内镜下治疗真菌球型上颌窦炎术式的探讨

<正>真菌性鼻窦炎(fungal rhinosinusitis,FRS)是真菌在鼻窦内引起的一种特异性疾病。FRS分为侵袭性和非侵袭性,非侵袭性可以表现为真菌球和变态反应性两大类[1]。真菌球型鼻窦炎以单侧单窦发病为主,其中单侧上颌窦为最好发部位。真菌球型鼻窦炎的治疗原则是手术,通过彻底清除鼻窦内真菌团块,建立鼻窦通气引流。真菌球型鼻窦炎的手术目前多采用鼻内镜下手术治疗。临床上我科采用     

侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎引发颅脑并发症的临床诊治

目的 探讨侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎(IFRS)引发颅脑并发症的临床表现、诊断、鼻内镜手术治疗及预后的可行性。方法 报道3例侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎引发颅脑并发症的病例，包括额叶脑脓肿、脑膜炎、海绵窦血栓性静脉炎，并总结相关文献报道。结果 本组3例患者均行鼻内镜手术，病理确诊为毛霉菌感染，术后与神经内科协作进行规范的抗真菌药物治疗及定期鼻内镜复查，局部换药、鼻腔深海盐水冲洗等治疗后，均治愈。结论 侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎引发颅脑并发症临床罕见，易漏诊、误诊，治疗十分棘手，鼻内镜手术彻底清除鼻窦原发灶，结合全身抗真菌治疗是非常有效的治疗策略。     

Diagnostic accuracy in sinus fungus balls: CT scan and operative findings

A fungus ball may be characterized by its radiologic and operative gross findings. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a rim of soft tissue attenuation of variable thickening along the bony walls of the isolated paranasal sinus, or mottled hyperdense foci of variable size. A small amount of friable muddy mass surrounded by purulent secretions or dirty brown clay-like materials provide highly pathognomonic findings. However, these characteristics may induce clinical misdiagnosis. During the last four years we experienced 11 cases of chronic paranasal sinusitis in which pathologic examination failed to confirm fungal hyphae, despite clinical suspicion of a fungus ball based on operative or CT findings. During the same period, we also experienced another 52 patients who were diagnosed with fungus ball at pathologic examination. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CT scans and operative gross findings in sinus fungus balls, we reviewed the medical records of these 63 patients and also reviewed CT scans and operative records of another 1127 patients who received endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. The sensitivity of CT evaluation was 62%, and specificity was 99%. The false-positive and false-negative rate were 22% and 2%, respectively. With regard to operative findings, such as clay-like inspissated mucus, the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value positive rate were 100%, 99%, and 83%, respectively. To make a diagnosis of fungus ball, a high index of suspicion is necessary and a pathologic confirmation is mandatory.     

Aspergillosis: a nidus of maxillary antrolith

We present a case of polypoid sinusitis with maxillary sinus antrolith, which is composed of Aspergillus species. Unlike most muddy or necrotic fungal balls, this first reported fungal antrolith is solid and extremely hard. Aspergillus served as a central fungal nidus associated with long-standing sinusitis, and poor sinus drainage could be a possible pathophysiology for the formation of a sinus stone. Aspergillosis infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a radiopaque paranasal sinus lesion. The endoscopic sinus surgery can be a reliable and minimally invasive method not only for the removal of the stone, but also for the restoration of ventilation and drainage of the diseased sinus.     

真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎发病相关因素及临床特征分析

目的 探讨真菌性鼻．鼻窦炎发病相关因素及临床特征。方法 对110例真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎和慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性对照研究，对术前资料进行多因素Logistic回归分析和χ^2检验，以分析真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎发病相关因素和临床特征。采用真菌特异性六胺银染色方法，对110例真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎进行分型。结果 建立了以病程（x1）、涕血（x2）、头痛（x3）、钙化斑（x4）、年龄（x5）、单侧或双侧病变（x6）为变量的真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎发病Logistic回归预测方程：y=-8．713＋0．496x1＋4．575x2＋1．190x3＋4．119x4＋1．199x5＋2．698x6，P=exp（y）／[1＋exp（y）]，并与慢性鼻-鼻窦炎组相比。真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎的临床特征为女性患者、40岁以上、病程3年以内，以头痛、涕血为主要症状，影像学表现为单侧病变、有钙化斑出现（P〈0．05）。110例真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎患者中，34例为慢性侵袭性、76例为非侵袭性。结论 真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎的临床表现特征性明显，其发病可通过相关因素的Logistic回归预测方程进行预测。     

Value of investigation in the diagnosis of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis: results of a prospective study

The authors report a prospective study in which the aim was to analyse the usefulness of different criteria in optimizing the diagnosis of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. From 1995 to 1998, 165 patients were operated on for chronic rhinosinusitis. Investigations used in this study for the diagnosis of allergic Aspergillus rhinosinusitis consisted of an analysis of clinical, radiological, immuno-allergic criteria. Fourteen patients presented with allergic Aspergillus rhinosinusitis. One hundred and fifty-one patients did not present any of the necessary criteria for the diagnosis of allergic Aspergillus rhinosinusitis. The results show that the characteristic macroscopic appearance, the maxillary sinus localization, and the presence of positive specific IgE to Aspergillus fumigatus are arguments that reinforce the diagnostic certitude of allergic fungal sinusitis. No specific clinical or radiological criteria orients a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis toward that of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. The other immuno-allergic tests do not contribute to the diagnosis of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. pathological, mycological, and     

Some risk factors for refractory chronic sinusitis: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study

The goal of the present work was to investigate possible risk factors for the poor response of some cases of chronic sinusitis to endoscopic sinus surgery in spite of the precision of the surgical technique. Eleven adult patients who were scheduled for revision endoscopic sinus surgery underwent a complete allergy workup. At the time of surgery, a tiny biopsy was taken from the maxillary sinus mucosa close to the middle turbinate. The specimens were processed for histochemical and transmission electron microscopic examination. Six patients (55 per cent) proved to be allergic. Their sinus mucosa showed eosinophilic infiltration (6.1 cells/mm(2)), and mast cell degranulation. This proves that allergens can reach the sinus mucosa and have a direct impact on it. Another three patients (27 per cent) were non-allergic but exhibited mucosal eosinophilia (5.0 cells/mm(2)), and two of them showed mast cell degranulation. These patients were diagnosed as having nonallergic rhinosinusitis with eosinophilia (NARSE). The nasal mucosa of the remaining two patients did not reveal any characteristic pathological findings, and no pathologic diagnosis could be established for them. None of the patients showed electron microscopic evidence of purulent inflammatory changes, and the bacterial cultures recovered normal respiratory flora in nine patients (82 per cent). The present research spotlights the importance of allergy and nonallergic eosinophilic infiltration of the mucosa as possible risk factors that may degrade the results of endoscopic sinus procedures and discusses some pertinent pathological and clinical aspects.     

Noninvasive fungal sinusitis (fungus ball)--diagnostic difficulties

Noninvasive fungal sinusitis (fungus ball) is usually found in one sinus and the most frequently is caused by Aspergillus. Diagnostic criteria are based on histopathology, and fungal cultures are frequently negative. The clinical symptomatology mimics chronic rhinosinusitis and radiology, specially CT and MRI are helpful for making decision of surgery. The authors present 4 cases of fungus ball of the paranasal sinus. In one case clinical symptoms, endoscopic examination of nasal cavity and CT scans suggested foreign body in the maxillary sinus. In other case clinical and radiological evidences made us to thing of neoplasmatic disease of the frontal sinus. In remaining two cases mycetoma was found in the sphenoid sinus. Surgical removal was the treatment in all cases and followed by systemic antifungal therapy in one case because of bone destruction. Histopathology revealed hyphae of Aspergillus without evidence of tissue invasion, fungal cultures in two cases were negative, an in other two Aspergillus fumigatus culture were obtained.     

Eosinophilia in the ethmoid mucosa and its relationship to the severity of inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze histopathologically mucosal inflammation in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. In addition, we assessed tissue eosinophilia in relation to the severity of inflammation and to the computer tomographic (CT) findings. METHODS: Forty-eight pathological sinus mucosa specimens obtained during functional endoscopic sinus surgery were stained by hematoxvlin and eosin. Total inflammatory cells and eosinophils were quantified. The preoperative CT scans were scored by the staging system of Lund-MacKay. RESULTS: The grade of the eosinophilic infiltration in the diseased sinus mucosa correlated significantly with the severity of the mucosal inflammation. Allergy or asthma had no effect on the proportion of the eosinophilic infiltrate. The CT scan scores assessed by the Lund-MacKay system correlated significantly with the severity of the inflammatory cellular infiltrate. The correlation between the CT scan scores and the eosinophilic infiltrate of the mucosa was close to significant. CONCLUSION: Eosinophilic mucosal inflammation represents the most severe inflammatory changes of the mucosa. Twenty to forty percent of the patients with chronic rhinosinusitis had no eosinophilic inflammation of the mucosa. The CT-staging system of Lund-Mackay correlated with the extent of mucosal inflammation.     

Fungus balls of the paranasal sinuses: a review

In the past 30 years, thanks in part to the advance of both endoscopic technology and imaging possibilities, the classification, diagnosis, and management of rhinosinusitis caused by fungi have been better defined. These are basically divided into invasive and non-invasive forms based on the presence or absence of microscopic evidence of fungal hyphae within the tissues. Among the non-invasive fungal sinus diseases, fungus ball has been increasingly reported and large published series have allowed better characterization of the disease and the treatment strategies. Fungus ball of the paranasal sinuses is defined as the non-invasive accumulation of dense fungal concrements in sinusal cavities, most often the maxillary sinus. To describe this entity, confusing or misleading terms such as mycetoma, aspergilloma or aspergillosis would be best avoided. Clinical presentation is non-specific and the diagnosis is usually suspected on imaging studies. Surgical treatment, usually through an endonasal endoscopic approach, is curative. In this paper, we review the clinical, radiological, and pathological presentation of the fungus ball of the paranasal sinuses as well as the surgical management with emphasis on the transnasal endoscopic approach.