犬胆管壁的应力-应变性扩张构建宽口径胆管的实验研究

目的 探索短期内以持续渐增的局部胆管内压构建局部宽口径胆管的可行性及形态特征.方法 杂交犬12只随机分配到A、B两组中,A组仅在胆总管内放置胆管扩张器作胆汁外引流,B组在胆总管内放置胆管扩张器引流并分别在手术后的第1、8、15、22天向扩张球囊注水,注水容积分别为0.1、0.15、0.2、0.25 ml,扩张球囊以渐增的压力持续扩张1个月.观察两组手术前后血清总胆红素(TB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(ALT)及胆管直径(BDD)、胆管壁及肝组织学病理变化、术后X线胆道造影检查.结果 A、B两组扩张前后及组间比较在TB、ALT、AST及肝组织学方面差异不明显;BDD在A、B两组扩张前后及组间比较差异明显;B组胆管壁增厚,管腔增粗,管壁柔韧性好,肝外胆管以扩张处为中心向邻近胆管方向扩张,胆管壁特殊染色示胶原及弹力纤维排列致密,无断裂.结论 以持续渐增的局部胆管内压扩张局部胆管,构建的胆管管壁厚,管腔粗,胆管壁胶原及弹力纤维排列致密.扩张的局部胆管为犬胆管损伤早期胆肠重建及制备宽大的胆肠吻合口创造了条件.     

Clinical and experimental studies on the etiology of congenital biliary dilatation (CBD)--with special reference to relationship between elastic fibers in the wall of the bile duct and type of CBD

The purposes of this study are to clarify the correlation between the morphological differences in congenital biliary dilatation (CBD) and elastic fibers in the wall of the bile duct. Using forty-three patients with CBD and fifty-seven autopsy cases in which history of biliary disease had not demonstrated, histopathological studies have been performed. In addition, experimental models of anomalous choledocho-pancreatico ductal junction were created in twenty-two young sheep and nine neonatal lambs, and the differences in morphological change were studied in two groups. The results are as follows. 1) Elastic fibers were not seen in the wall of the common bile duct of neonate or infant. So it suggests that the ductal wall was extremely weak in this period and increased intraluminal pressure of the biliary system, induced by distal obstruction, caused the cystic dilatation easily. 2) Fusiform dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct was produced in all experimental models. The reason why cystic dilatation was not caused in these models is that elastic fibers were abundant in just ductal wall of neonatal lambs. From these results, aging factors may play an important role in the formation of CBD.     

Laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct: experience in 16 selected patients.

The authors' initial experience with transcystic duct and direct laparoscopic approaches to the exploration of the common bile duct is reported. The technique requires standard laparoscopic equipment, specialized endoscopes, and instruments developed for urologic stone manipulations. After cholangiography confirmed the presence of common bile duct stones, common duct stone extraction was performed in 16 selected patients age 20-88 years. Stones ranged in size from 1 mm to 30 mm and they were unsuspected in 60% of the patients. Five patients had normal liver function tests and only 3 had clinical evidence of jaundice. Ductal exploration and stone extraction was successful in all 16 patients. One patient required a direct laparoscopic ductal exploration due to the presence of a common hepatic duct stone and the anatomy of the cystic duct. No major complications or deaths were observed in this series. Appropriately trained surgeons can safely and effectively perform laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and stone extraction in selected patients.     

局部胆管内压大小及持续时间对犬胆管壁的影响

目的探讨局部胆管内压大小及持续时间对犬胆管壁的影响。方法设计并自制一内置入式胆管扩张器,体外测试扩张气囊内压力与注水容积及囊径的关系。将20只杂交犬随机分为五组,A组为假手术组仅在胆总管内放置胆管扩张器;B、C组分别向扩张气囊内注水0.1ml、0.2ml（球囊压力分别为0.24Kpa、0.58Kpa）扩张胆总管10min后抽空气囊并留置胆管扩张器作胆汁引流;D、E组分别向扩张气囊内注水0.1ml、0.2ml扩张胆总管后,不抽空气囊并留置作胆汁引流。各组分别术后7天再次剖腹。观察各组扩张前后血清总胆红素（TB）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）值及胆管直径（BD）变化、胆管壁及肝组织学改变。结果与A组比较,C组扩张后BD增宽（P〈0.05）。D组扩张后BD显著增宽（P〈0.01）,E组扩张后TB、ALT、AST均增高（P〈0.01）。A、B组胆管壁组织学无明显变化,C组胆管壁粘膜充血水肿,部分粘膜脱落,D组胆管直径增粗及胆管壁增厚,E组胆管壁部分坏死,与网膜或十二指肠粘连。结论局部胆管内压大小及持续时间对犬胆管壁的影响存在双向互变关系,正常胆管壁在一定的时间内可承受一定的局部胆管内压而不致发生胆管壁的病理变化,适宜的局部胆管内压可引起局部胆管及其上游胆管壁扩张,反之,胆管壁可出现破坏性改变。     

区域胆管、肝动脉、门静脉联合阻断治疗肝内胆管良性疾病的初步应用

目的探讨区域胆管和供应血管联合阻断在难治性肝内胆管疾病治疗中的价值。方法2007年3月～2010年5月对17例右肝内胆管结石、7例肝内型先天性胆管囊肿开展区域胆管和供应血管阻断治疗。对肝内胆管结石行肝内胆管切开取石、胆管注入封闭胶和区域胆管、肝动脉、门静脉阻断;对肝内型胆管囊肿经肝门分离病变胆管开口注入封闭胶后行区域动脉、门静脉、胆管阻断。所有患者术后3d、1周、2周复查肝功能,术后2周、1月、6月、1年行肝脏B超或CT随访。结果所有病例无肝衰、大出血、胆漏、严重感染等严重围手术期并发症;术后2周行肝脏B超或CT检查示病灶明显缩小或消失;术后1月和6月复查肝脏CT示病灶完全消失,病灶所在肝脏萎缩消失,残余肝脏代偿增生。结论通过病变区域胆管、肝动脉、门静脉联合阻断治疗某些难治性区域性良性肝内胆管疾病,可以达到较彻底的治疗效果,且能有效降低对患者的创伤,减少围手术期严重并发症的发生,明显提高该类患者的手术安全性。     

Septum formation of the common hepatic duct associated with an anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system and gallbladder cancer: Report of a case

We herein describe a 48-year-old woman who developed a septum formation of the bile duct combined with an anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system in conjunction with gallbladder cancer. A preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram demonstrated a filling defect in the common hepatic duct which was misdiagnosed to be an elevated lesion. Further exploration revealed a septum formation of the bile duct along with gallbladder cancer. A resection of the dilated bile duct and gallbladder along with a dissection of the regional lymph nodes was performed. A histological evaluation showed the septum to consist of a normal bile duct wall while the tumor in the gallbladder was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient made an uneventful recovery. The septum formation was presumed to be congenital in origin.     

肝圆韧带修复肝门部胆管治疗右肝动脉骑跨引起的胆管狭窄

目的探讨带蒂肝圆韧带修复右肝动脉骑跨引起的肝门部胆管狭窄的效果。方法回顾性分析2007年1月～2011年2月利用带蒂肝圆韧带修复右肝动脉骑跨引起的肝门部胆管狭窄5例的临床资料。胆管狭窄处直径1.5～3 mm。5例均采用离断右肝动脉,游离带蒂肝圆韧带,将肝圆韧带覆盖于胆管缺损处,自上而下,以3-0血管缝合线间断全层缝合胆管切缘与肝圆韧带,重建胆管前壁,放置T管引流的方法。结果 5例手术均获成功,手术时间90～170 min,平均120 min。肠蠕动3～4 d恢复。无围手术期死亡。T管放置3～6个月,平均4.3月。5例随访8～26个月,平均18.8月,未发生腹痛、黄疸、发热等胆管狭窄、胆管炎症状。结论利用带蒂肝圆韧带修复右肝动脉骑跨引起的肝门部胆管狭窄,能有效地避免胆管再狭窄、逆行性胆道感染等手术并发症的发生。     

Bile duct patterns in the hilar region of the liver in two cases of biliary atresia

Bile duct patterns in the hilar region of the liver were demonstrated in two autopsy cases of biliary atresia by three-dimensional graphic reconstructions. In one case, jaundice had completely disappeared after successful hepatic portojejunostomy. However, at the age of 4 months, this patient died of cardiac failure caused by endocardial cushion defect. The histological reconstruction of this case showed that there were large patent bile ducts, 150 microns to 400 microns in diameter, and plenty of bile ductules surrounding the large ducts to form networks. The other patient died of hepatic failure at the age of 9 months. In this case, only a few large ducts ended in bile lakes that did not connect with the portojejunostomy, and only a few ductules were found around the large ducts. These results indicate that the existence of networks of bile ductules and the patency of large bile ducts at the porta hepatis contribute to good postoperative bile excretion.     

局部胆管内压大小及持续时间对犬胆管壁的影响

目的探讨局部肌管内压大小及持续时间对犬胆管壁的影响。方法设计并自制一内置入式胆管扩张器,体外测试扩张气囊内压力与注水容积及囊径的关系。将20只杂交犬随机分为5组,A组为假手术组仅在胆总管内放置胆管扩张器;B、C组分别向扩张气囊内注水0.1 ml、0.2 ml(球囊压力分别为0.24 kPa、0.58 kPa)扩张胆总管,10 min后抽空气囊并留置胆管扩张器作胆汁引流;D、E组分别向扩张气囊内注水0.1 ml、0.2 ml扩张胆总管后,不抽空气囊并留置作胆汁引流。各组分别于术后7 d再次剖腹。观察各组扩张前后血清总胆红素(TB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)值及胆管直径(BD)变化、胆管壁及肝组织学改变。结果与A组比较,C组扩张后BD增宽(P<0.05),D组扩张后BD显著增宽(P<0.01).E组扩张后TB、ALT、AST均增高(P<0.01);A、B组胆管壁组织学无明显变化,C组胆管壁黏膜充血水肿,部分黏膜脱落,D组胆管直径增粗及胆管壁增厚。E组胆管壁部分坏死,与网膜或十二指肠粘连。结论局部胆管内压大小及持续时间对犬胆管壁的影响存在双向互变关系,正常胆管壁在一定的时间内可承受一定的局部胆管内压而不致发生胆管壁的病理变化,适宜的局部胆管内压可引起局部胆管及其上游胆管壁扩张,反之,胆管壁可出现破坏性改变。     

Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the hilar bile duct mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: report of a case

We herein report a case of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the hilar bile duct. An asymptomatic 58-year-old male was noted to have mild liver dysfunction in March 2009 during the follow-up for angina pectoris. Abdominal-enhanced CT revealed wall thickening from the upper common hepatic bile duct to the left hepatic bile duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed stenosis at the junction of the left hepatic bile duct. Although the patient??s serum tumor markers were all within the normal ranges, the possibility of malignant disease of the biliary tree could not be ruled out. Left hepatectomy with the caudate lobe and resection of the extrahepatic bile duct were performed. Histopathologically, the resected specimen showed a polypoid lesion measuring 2 × 2 cm in size that projected into the lumen of the left hepatic bile duct. Microscopic examination revealed this polypoid lesion to be composed of mucous glands resembling gastric fundic glands, with parietal and chief cells. We also review eight other reports of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the biliary tree previously published in the English literature.     

Recurrent liver tumor with intrabiliary ductal growth after hepatectomy for metastatic rectal cancer: Case report

A case of recurrent tumor with intrabiliary ductal growth after hepatic resection for liver metastasis from rectal cancer is presented. The patient, a 55-year-old female, underwent subsegmentectomy of the anteroinferior and posteroinferior areas of the liver for metastatic liver cancer on August 29, 1988. Computed tomography in February 1990 showed dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct in the right anterosuperior subsegment (B8), in which a filling defect was detected by cholangiography through a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) catheter. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) revealed a protruding lesion without tumor vessels. Cholangioscopic biopsy revealed dysplasia, but not adenocarcinoma. However, recurrent tumor originating in the resected margin of the remnant liver was suspected, and resection of the right lobe of the liver and partial resection of the duodenum were therefore performed. The resected specimen showed a tumor, 4 cm in diameter, in the previous resected margin, forming a protruding lesion with a rough surface (measuring 10×20 mm) in the B8 bile duct. This case suggested the possibility of cancer recurrence in the resected margin of the liver after hepatectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer, with intrabiliary ductal tumor growth showing segmental biliary dilatation.     

A study on the histologic basis of human bile duct peristalsis

In 62 human cadavers, full length specimen of bile duct including right hepatic intersegmental duct (from fetus, infants, children and adult up to 74 yrs of age) was examined with light and electron microscopy. 1 for longitudinal maximum section, 61 for cross serial section of each of 6 selected tissue blocks stained with HE for general survey, Mallory, Van-Gieson stain and PAP anti-desmin for smooth muscle, Weigert stain for elastic fiber. No muscle bundles were found in the bile-duct. Some cases have scattered smooth muscle cells in the fibrous duct wall, with the frequency in pancreatic portion as 54/62, supraduodenal portion 33/62, common hepatic 15/62, right hepatic 2/61, and intrahepatic o/62, but never in full layers, circular or longitudinal, nor right joint of cell membrane existed. Total area of muscle cells measured in slide is less than 8% that of the fibrous wall. No myofibroblast was found. It is concluded that, there is no characteristic histologic structure of contractile potential and wave transmission. There is no other contractile element in intrahepatic duct capable of initiating propulsive movement. The so-called bile duct movement is most likely passive and should not be interpreted as peristalsis.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的术中镜下修复

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）中胆管损伤的原因及术中镜下修复经验,探讨术中腹腔镜下修复胆道损伤的可行性。方法我院2001年7月～2012年9月共完成7例Lc术中胆管损伤的镜下修复,其中1例肝总管完全横断伤、1例胆总管完全横断伤及1例左肝管不完全横断伤、1例右肝管不完全横断伤、1例肝总管不完全横断伤采用胆管对端吻合T管引流术;1例左、右肝管汇合下方肝总管前壁直径10Inln缺损,采用转移胆囊管壁瓣修复肝管缺损T管引流术;1例肝总管不完全横断伤采用对端吻合,未留置T管。结果所有手术均获成功,无中转开腹。1例胆总管对端吻合病例术后胆漏,腹腔引流管引流20d愈合。余无并发症出现。6例放置T管引流者术后1年拔除T管。7例术后随访0．5～10年,平均3．2年,无腹痛、黄疸、发热,肝功能正常,B超未见胆管扩张。结论LC胆管损伤的术中修复可以在腹腔镜下顺利完成．     

腹腔镜在胆道损伤修复手术中的临床应用（附9例报告）

目的探讨应用腹腔镜技术修复肝外胆管不同部位、不同程度损伤的可行性。方法 2001年7月~2010年4月,采用如下三种腹腔镜下胆管修复方法治疗肝外胆管损伤9例：①1例左肝管不完全横断伤、1例右肝管不完全横断伤、2例肝总管横断伤、1例胆总管损伤修复后狭窄,采用对端结节外翻缝合左肝管、右肝管、肝总管或胆总管,T管引流术;②3例高位肝管损伤采用Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合,经左或右肝管或肠管放置T管支撑胆肠吻合口;③1例左、右肝管汇合下方肝管前壁10mm直径缺损,采用转移胆囊管壁瓣修复肝管缺损,T管引流术。结果 9例均获治愈,1例肝管对端吻合病例出现胆漏,腹腔引流管引流20 d后愈合。2例高位肝管损伤者行Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术后出现应激性溃疡和术后腹腔渗血。全组术后随访1~9年,平均4年,无吻合口狭窄。结论腹腔镜在肝胆管修复中有利于视野观察,并且放大较细的肝管,利于精准的缝合操作,从而可以达到最佳的吻合效果。再加上T管对吻合口的支撑作用,最大限度地避免吻合口狭窄的发生,为肝胆管损伤提供了一种精准的吻合方法。     

An unusual bile duct injury in a child after blunt abdominal trauma.

Bile duct injuries are rare in children after blunt trauma. This report describes a 3-year-old child who sustained a blunt abdominal trauma resulting in bile duct, liver, and small bowel injuries. The initial management at another hospital included recognition and repair of a small bowel perforation. However, the postoperative course was complicated by a large biliary leak. The child was transferred to our institution where radioisotope scanning and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography confirmed the extent of the ductal injury. At laparotomy there were injuries of both right and left hepatic ducts, and an anomaly of bile duct course was noted. The right hepatic duct was repaired primarily and the left one was repaired with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Postoperatively, normal bile drainage was documented by radioisotope scan and the patient remains symptom free at 1 year follow-up.     

胆囊后三角应用解剖及其在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床意义

目的探索胆囊后三角的解剖结构,为腹腔镜胆囊切除术提供胆囊后三角解剖学基础。方法2005年9月至2008年1月山东省泰安卫生学校、山东省立医院、泰山医学院附属医院、荣成市人民医院选用81例成人尸体标本,模拟腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊后三角入路,观察胆囊后三角的组成边界、穿行结构及毗邻关系。结果胆囊后三角由胆囊颈部后壁、胆囊管、胆总管上段和肝右叶脏面组成;胆囊管的长度(3018±219)mm,直径为(302±036)mm,其形状有直线型和弯曲型;胆囊动脉的直径为(168±035)mm;胆囊管较胆囊动脉粗,二者差异有统计学意义（P＜005）;6例（74%）于胆囊后三角后下方见异常胆囊动脉,自胆囊颈及胆囊体后方入胆囊,胆囊动脉自胆囊管后方走行进入胆囊8例（99%）,胆囊动脉走行于胆囊管前方5例（61%）;5例（61%）发自肝右叶脏面的副肝管通过胆囊后三角经胆囊管和肝总管汇合处后下方入胆总管。结论熟悉胆囊后三角的组成结构及毗邻关系,是避免手术时损伤血管和胆管的关键,对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的开展具有指导意义。     

肝门部血流对胆管腔内射频消融的影响

目的 观察活体时肝门部胆管腔内射频消融能否形成凝固区,探讨肝门部血流对凝固区大小的影响.方法 从6头健康家猪选取14个肝门部胆管靶点,分为非肝门阻断组和肝门阻断组,每组7个胆管靶点.将单极电极针13 mm裸露部分置入胆管腔内,输出功率5W,消融时间4min.病理检查胆管和邻近肝组织改变.结果 两组剖面均可见半椭圆形灰白色凝固区,凝固区周围有明显的暗红色环状带.光镜下凝固区胆管黏膜层和黏膜下层变性、坏死;肝组织变性;暗红色环状带为肝组织出血.非肝门阻断组和肝门阻断组凝固区平均长轴直径分别为(13.29±1.38)mm、(13.29±1.11)mm,差异无统计学意义(t=0.000,P>0.05);凝固区平均短轴直径分别为(3.14±1.07)mm、(4.57±0.98)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=2.611,P<0.05).结论 活体时肝门部胆管腔内射频消融可形成典型的射频消融区.肝门部血流影响凝固区短轴直径,不影响凝固区长轴直径.     

Anomalous insertion of the right hepatic duct into the cystic duct: report of a case diagnosed before laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Although an aberrant hepatic duct entering the cystic duct is not especially rare, the main right hepatic duct entering the cystic duct is extremely rare, with only six cases reported thus far. All of the reported patients underwent open cholecystectomy, during which one patient received a bile duct injury. The anomaly was unsuspected preoperatively in all of these cases. We report an additional patient with this anomaly, the first such case diagnosed before laparoscopic cholecystectomy using direct cholangiography. Cholangiography may be mandatory whenever biliary anomalies are suspected during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. As the right hepatic duct entering the cystic duct can lead to ductal injury, this anomaly should be kept in mind when performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Small pancreatic carcinoma misdiagnosed as superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma

We report a case of small pancreatic carcinoma misdiagnosed as superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma using percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS). The patient was a 72-year-old man admitted to a local hospital with obstructive jaundice. The patient underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and PTCS. He was referred to our hospital with a diagnosis of superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiography revealed a stenosis of the common bile duct, and also revealed some irregularities from the common hepatic duct to the left hepatic duct, suggesting a superficial spread of cancer. No pancreatic tumor was identified by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography or by enhanced computed tomography. Cholangioscopy disclosed an elevated tumor with torsional vessels and granular mucosal lesions, which were extended to the left hepatic duct. Repeated cholangioscopic biopsies of the bile duct mucosa revealed adenocarcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma extending to the left hepatic duct and the right anterior hepatic duct. Left trisectionectomy combined with pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. The cut surface of the resected specimen showed a pancreatic head tumor that was 8 mm in diameter. Histological findings of the resected specimen revealed adenocarcinoma arising from the pancreatic head with invasion in the common bile duct. Additionally, extensive inflammatory granulation tissue was observed along the surface of the bile duct, without any evidence of carcinoma. This case implies to us that the results of PTCS, even after repeated biopsies, should be interpreted with great caution.     

Double cancer of the gallbladder and common bile duct associated with an anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction without a choledochal cyst: Report of a case

We report herein the case of a 37-year-old woman found to have double cancer of the gallbladder and common bile duct associated with an anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction (APBDJ) without a choledochal cyst (CC). Abdominal ultrasonography showed an isoechoic mass in the gallbladder, and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage tubography revealed incomplete obstruction in the upper portion of the common bile duct and APBDJ. The patient underwent cholecystectomy, partial hepatic resection, pancreatoduodenectomy, and portal vein reconstruction. Pathological examination of the tumors from the gallbladder and bile duct revealed papillary carcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, respectively, and direct continuity was not observed between the tumors. A review of the literature on six cases of multiple primary carcinoma of the biliary tract associated with APBDJ without CC is presented following this case report. Double cancer of the biliary tract was found synchronously in five patients and metachronously in one. Gallbladder cancer showed subserosal invasion in four patients, while bile duct cancer invaded the pancreas in one patient and reached the serosa in two patients. Considering the potential for cancer to arise in the biliary tract and the difficulties associated with monitoring it, cholecystectomy and resection of the extrahepatic common bile duct may be the most appropriate treatment for patients with an APBDJ without a CC.