Effects of magnesium sulfate on traumatic brain edema in rats

svarietyofneuroprotectiveagentshavebeensynthesized .However ,besidessomeagentspresentlybeingevaluatedinclinicaltrails ,mostofthesecompoundshavelimitedclinicalusebecauseofneurotoxicityandbehavioralsideeffects .Recently ,severalstudiesdemonstratedthattraumaticinjurytothebraincausesadecreaseinmagnesiumconcentrationcorrelatedwithinjuryseverity .1Sincethen ,moreandmoreattentionhasbeen paidtoMgSO4 foritsneuroprotectiveeffects .Magnesiumsulfatehasbeenwidelyusedinclinicalpracticeforalmost 10 0 years.…     

Neuroprotective effects of nimodipine and MK-801 on acute infectious brain edema induced by injection of pertussis bacilli to neocortex of rats

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Neuroprotective effects of citicoline on brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown after traumatic brain injury

OBJECT: Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDPC), or citicoline, is a naturally occurring endogenous compound that has been reported to provide neuroprotective effects after experimental cerebral ischemia. However, in no study has such protection been shown after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study the authors examined the effect of CDPC on secondary injury factors, brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, after TBI. METHODS: After anesthesia had been induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by using 1.5% halothane, an experimental TBI was created using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device with a velocity of 3 m/second, resulting in a 2-mm deformation. Four sham-operated control animals used for brain edema and BBB breakdown studies underwent the same surgical procedure, but received no injury. Brain edema was evaluated using the wet-dry method 24 hours postinjury, and BBB breakdown was evaluated by measuring Evans blue dye (EBD) extravasation with fluorescein 6 hours after TBI. The animals received intraperitoneal injections of CDPC (50, 100, or 400 mg/kg two times after TBI [eight-10 animals in each group]) or saline (eight animals) after TBI. Traumatic brain injury induced an increase in the percentage of water content and in EBD extravasation in the injured cortex and the ipsilateral hippocampus. No significant benefit from CDPC treatment was observed at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine at a dose of 100 mg/kg attenuated EBD extravasation in both regions, although it reduced brain edema only in the injured cortex. In both regions, 400 mg/ kg of CDPC significantly decreased brain edema and BBB breakdown. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report in which dose-dependent neuroprotective effects of CDPC have been demonstrated in the injured cortex as well as in the hippocampus, a brain region known to be vulnerable to injury, after experimental TBI. The results of this study suggest that CDPC is an effective neuroprotective agent on secondary injuries that appear following TBI.     

Attenuation of brain edema, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and injury volume by ifenprodil, a polyamine-site N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats

OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been shown to induce a significant change in polyamine metabolism. Polyamines and polyamine-dependent calcium influx play an important role in mediating the effects of excitotoxic amino acids at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor site. We studied the effects of ifenprodil, known as a noncompetitive inhibitor of polyamine sites at the NMDA receptor, on brain edema formation, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and volume of injury after TBI. METHODS: Experimental TBI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by a controlled cortical impact device, functioning at a velocity of 3 m/s to produce a 2-mm deformation. Ifenprodil or saline (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the cortical impact injury and then every 90 minutes until 6 hours after TBI. Blood-brain barrier breakdown was evaluated quantitatively 6 hours after injury by fluorometric assay of Evans blue extravasation. Brain water content, an indicator of brain edema, was measured with the wet-dry method 24 hours after TBI. Injury volume was quantitated from the brain slices stained with 2% cresyl violet solution 7 days after TBI. RESULTS: Blood-brain barrier breakdown was significantly lower in the traumatic cortex of the ifenprodil-treated group than in the saline-treated group (84.4 +/- 26.8 microg/g versus 161.8 +/- 27 microg/g, respectively, P < 0.05). Brain edema was significantly reduced in the cortex of the ifenprodil-treated group relative to that in the saline-treated group (80.9 +/- 0.5% versus 82.4 +/- 0.6% respectively, P < 0.05). Ifenprodil treatment reduced injury volume significantly (14.9 +/- 8.1 mm3 versus 24.4 +/- 6.7 mm3, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The polyamine-site NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil affords significant neuroprotection in a controlled cortical impact brain injury model and may hold promise for the discovery and treatment of the mechanism of delayed neurological deficits after TBI.     

戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛对窒息性心跳骤停大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤的影响

目的 比较戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛对窒息性心跳骤停大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤的影响,为心肺复苏后脑保护的实验选择适宜的麻醉药物.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠160只,日龄70～95 d,体重300～400 g,随机分为2组(n=80):水合氯醛麻醉组(CH组)和戊己比妥钠麻醉组(P3组).各组再分为2个亚组(n=40):无心跳骤停对照组(CH-NR组或PB-NR组)和心跳骤停后心肺复苏组(CH-R组或PB-R组).CH组腹腔注射5%水合氯醛0.35 g/kg诱导麻醉,气管插管后行机械通气,每隔1 h腹腔注射5%水合氯醛0.1 g/kg维持麻醉;PB组腹腔注射0.35%戊巴比妥钠35 mg/kg诱导麻醉,气管插管后行机械通气,每隔1 h腹腔注射0.35%戊巴比妥钠10 mg/kg维持麻醉.CH-R组和PB-R组麻醉后建立窒息性心跳骤停后心肺复苏模型.于自主循环恢复后0.5、3、6、9、24 h(T1～5)时各处死8只大鼠,处死前15 min左侧股静脉注射2%伊文氏蓝(EB)2 ml/kg,处死后取脑组织测定脑组织含水量和EB含量.结果 与CH-NR组相比,CH-R组各时点脑组织含水量和EB含量增加(P<0.05);与PB-NR组相比,PB-R组各时点脑组织含水量和EB含量增加(P<0.05);与CH-R组相比,PB-R组T<2～5>时脑组织含水量降低(P<0.05),EB含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 心跳骤停后心肺复苏可导致大鼠脑水肿和血脑屏障通透性增加.戊巴比妥钠较水合氯醛抑制脑水肿的程度大,而二者对血脑屏障通透性的影响无差异.     

氟比洛芬酯预先给药对全脑缺血再灌注大鼠血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的 探讨氟比洛芬酯预先给药对全脑缺血再灌注大鼠血脑屏障通透性的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠45只,体重300～350 g,随机分为3组(n=15):假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)和氟比洛芬酯预先给药组(F组).采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉联合低血压法建立全脑缺血再灌注模型.S组仅分离双侧颈总动脉,不结扎;IR组、F组于脑缺血前15 min经右颈总静脉分别注射氟比洛芬酯空白乳剂1 ml/kg(容量与F组一致)、氟比洛芬酯10 mg/kg.再灌注24 h时,静脉注射伊文思蓝(EB)3 ml/kg.取脑组织,观察病理学结果,测定神经元凋亡率、脑含水量、脑组织EB、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-10的含量.结果 与S组比较,IR组和F组神经元凋亡率、脑含水量、脑组织EB、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-10含量升高(P＜0.05或0.01);与IR组比较,F组神经元凋亡率、脑含水量和脑组织EB、TNF-α和IL-1β的含量降低,IL-10含量升高(P＜0.05或0.01).F组脑组织病理学损伤较IR组减轻.结论 氟比洛芬酯预先给药可降低全脑缺血再灌注大鼠血脑屏障通透性,减轻脑损伤,其机制可能与抑制炎性反应有关.     

Effects of magnesium sulfate on traumatic brain edema in ats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate on traumatic brain edema and explore its possible mechanism. METHODS: Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control, Trauma and Treatment groups. In Treatment group, magnesium sulfate was intraperitoneally administered immediately after the induction of brain trauma. At 24 h after trauma, total tissue water content and Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+) contents were measured. Permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) was assessed quantitatively by Evans Blue (EB) dye technique. The pathological changes were also studied. RESULTS: Water, Na(+), Ca(2+) and EB contents in Treatment group were significantly lower than those in Trauma group (P<0.05). Results of light microscopy and electron microscopy confirmed that magnesium sulfate can attenuate traumatic brain injury and relieve BBB injury. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with MgSO4 in the early stage can attenuate traumatic brain edema and prevent BBB injury.     

氢生理盐水对对乙酰氨基酚致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 观察氢生理盐水对对乙酰氨基酚致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法 30只雄性BALB/C 小鼠随机分成3组：对照组、模型组和治疗组,每组10只。治疗组和模型组同时给予对乙酰氨基酚500 mg/kg 腹腔内注射诱发小鼠急性肝损伤,1 h后治疗组每3 h腹腔注射氢生理盐水6 mL/kg,模型组给予相同剂量的生理盐水;对照组各时间点均腹腔注射相同剂量的生理盐水。所有动物在给予对乙酰氨基酚后24 h处死,测定血浆谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-6（IL-6）水平,以及肝组织匀浆丙二醛（MDA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量,TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡指数,观察肝组织病理学改变和肝细胞坏死程度。结果 氢生理盐水能显著降低对乙酰氨基酚致小鼠急性肝损伤的血浆ALT [（816.3±300.2）U/L vs （3 933.0±1 112.0）U/L,P＜0.01]、AST[（403.8±83.6）U/L vs （2851.0±992.9）U/L,P＜0.01]水平,显著抑制炎症因子TNF-α[（3.54±0.42）pg/mL vs（6.58±0.72）pg/mL,P＜0.01]、IL-6[（350.20±66.67）pg/mL vs （553.10±67.73）pg/mL,P＜0.05]的生成和MDA[（5.89±0.81）nmol/mL vs  （8.26±0.60）nmol/mL,P＜0.05]的含量,并增加GSH[（362.8±37.9）μg/mL vs （230.8±53.1）μg/mL,P＜0.05]储备,明显降低肝细胞凋亡指数[（5.67%±2.28%） vs （1.93%±0.82%）,P＜0.01],显著改善肝组织病理学变化和降低肝细胞坏死的严重程度[（2.9±0.74） vs （1.7±0.82）,P＜0.01]。结论 氢生理盐水对对乙酰氨基酚致小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

An experimental study on the occurrence of brain edema after retrograde cerebral perfusion

To assess the safety of retrograde cerebral perfusion, the occurrence of brain edema after this procedure was investigated. Twenty-eight adult mongrel dogs were divided into three groups that underwent the following treatments: antegrade perfusion (group 1, n=9); retrograde perfusion alone (group 2, n=11); or tetrograde perfusion with drugs (manuitol, thiopental sodium, and methylprednisolone; group 3, n=8). After 90 minutes of cerebral perfusion at 20°C of the pharyngeal temperature, evans blue (EB) was administered to check for disruptions of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and brain tissue water content was measured. Intracranial pressure after cerebral perfusion was markedly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (26.4 ± 9.4 vs. 11.2 ± 3.6 mmHg), and brain tissue water content was also significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (80.7 ± 2.0 vs. 77.8 ± 0.9%). these data suggested that brain edema was more prominent after retrograde perfusion than after antegrade perfusion. The extent of EB to brain tissue was greater in group 2 than in group 1 (169.8 ± 97.7 vs. 54.7 ± 31.5 μg/dl). The BBB was highly disrupted in group 2 and vasogenic edema appeared after retrograde cerebral perfusion. Maximum intracranial pressure, brain tissue water content and EB concentration were significantly lower in group 3 than in group 2, and did not differ significantly between group 3 and 1. Administration of pharmacologic agents suppressed edema formation and extravasation of EB. We conclude that 90 minutes of retrograde cerebral perfusion at 20°C of the pharyngeal temperature causes brain edema and disrupts the BBB in a manner different from that associated with antegrade perfusion. Mannitol, thiopental sodium, and methylprednisolone prevent these phenomena, indicating that pharmacologic intervention may improve the safety of retrograde cerebral perfusion.     

克罗卡林预处理对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠水通道蛋白4表达及血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的 研究ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)开放剂克罗卡林对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)后水通道蛋白4(aquaporin-4,AQP-4)表达及血脑屏障(blood-brain-barrier,BBB)通透性的影响. 方法 30只健康雄性Wistar大鼠参照随机数目表按三组安全随机分组法分为假手术组(A组)、脑I/R对照组(B组)、脑I/R+克罗卡林组(C组),每组10只.应用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,脑缺血2 h再灌注24h后,观察动物神经行为缺损,并取脑检查.Bederson法评价动物的神经行为功能,应用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察病理变化,干湿重法测定脑组织含水量,并通过免疫组织化学方法检测IgG及AQP-4的表达. 结果 与A组脑含水量(78.2±1.3)%,IgG、AQP-4蛋白表达(0.0±0.0,13.6±1.5)相比,B组脑含水量(81.3±1.2)%,IgG、AQP-4蛋白表达(2.4±0.4,19.8±1.9)均明显增高(P<0.05),而C组脑含水量(79.5±0.6)%变化则差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但IgG与AQP-4的表达(1.1±0.2,15.7±1.2)也明显升高(P<0.05);与B组相比,C组神经行为缺损评分明显减低(P<0.05),IgG、AQP-4(1.1±0.2,15.7±1.2)蛋白表达及脑组织含水量(79.5±0.6)%亦明显降低(P<0.05).结论 脑I/R损伤过程中,克罗卡林可能通过降低AQP-4的表达和BBB的通透性,减轻脑水肿,发挥脑保护作用.     

Effects of ganglioside GM1 on reduction of brain edema and amelioration of cerebral metabolism after traumatic brain injury

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Experimental investigations on a model of cryogenic edema

The role of mechanisms underlying formation and progression of vasogenic brain edema is investigated. On this purpose, cerebral edema was produced by cortical freezing in two different brain situations in rabbits (with or without replacement of bone flap). BBB (Blood-Brain Barrier) breakdown was evaluated by observation of Evans blue extravation, while a histopathological evaluation was carried out by light and transmission electron microscopy. Water content of brain tissue was determined by the wet/dry weight ratio method. Comparison of extension and intensity of cerebral edema between these two groups of animals shows a statistically significant difference: there was evidence of higher water content in the animals undergone replacement of bone flap. The Authors emphasize the importance of tissue pressure gradients in determining diffusion of cerebral edema.     

脂氧素A4对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的 探讨脂氧素A4对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠血脑屏障通透性的影响.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠54只,体重200～250 g,随机分为3组(n=18):假手术组(S组)、局灶性脑缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和脂氧素A4组(L组).采用改良线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,阻断右侧大脑中动脉缺血2 h后行再灌注.L组缺血即刻右侧侧脑室注射脂氧素A4 100 ng,S组和I/R组右侧侧脑室注射等容量生理盐水5 μl.于再灌注24 h时行神经功能缺陷评分,静脉注射2%伊文斯蓝4 ml/kg,1 h后处死大鼠取脑,测定右侧脑水含量和伊文斯蓝含量,检测脑皮质基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)的表达.结果 与S组比较,I/R组和L组神经功能缺陷评分、脑水含量和伊文斯蓝含量升高,脑皮质MMP-9表达上凋(P＜0.05或0.01);与I/R组比较,L组神经功能缺陷评分、脑水含量和伊文斯蓝含量降低,脑皮质MMP-9表达下调(P＜0.01).结论 脂氧素A4可降低血脑屏障通透性,减轻脑水肿,促进局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的神经功能恢复,其机制与抑制MMP-9表达上调有关.     

Locoregional opening of the rodent blood–brain barrier for paclitaxel using Nd:YAG laser‐induced thermo therapy: A new concept of adjuvant glioma therapy?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nd:YAG laser-induced thermo therapy (LITT) of rat brains is associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability changes. We address the question of whether LITT-induced locoregional disruption of the BBB could possibly allow a locoregional passage of chemotherapeutic agents into brain tissue to treat malignant glioma. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: CD Fischer rats were subject to LITT of the left forebrain. Disruption of the BBB was analyzed using Evans blue and immunohistochemistry (IH). Animals were perfused with paclitaxel, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the content of paclitaxel in brain and plasma samples. RESULTS: LITT induces an opening of the BBB as demonstrated by locoregional extravasation of Evans blue, C3C, fibrinogen, and IgM. HPLC proved the passage of paclitaxel across the disrupted BBB. CONCLUSIONS: LITT induces a locoregional passage of chemotherapeutic agents into the brain tissue. This is of potential interest for the treatment of brain tumors.     

右旋美托嘧啶对舒芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注效应的影响

目的 研究预先静注小剂量右旋美托嘧啶对舒芬太尼-丙泊酚联合靶控输注效应的影响.方法 选择甲状腺择期手术全麻女性患者40例(ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级),随机分成右旋美托嘧啶组(D组)和对照组(C组)两组.D组患者首先给予0.4μg/kg右旋美托嘧啶缓慢静注(5 min注射完毕),C组(对照)患者给予相同方法静注生理盐水;观察10 min之后开始诱导麻醉.记录给药前(T,0)、给药后1 min(T,1)、10 min(T,2)、诱导后插管前(T,3)、插管成功后即刻(T,4)、插管后1 min(T,5)、3 min(T,6)、10 min(T,7)患者心率(HR)、有创动脉血压(SBP、DBP、MAP)、BIS值、OAA/S镇静评分、Ramesay镇静评分;术中每15min记录患者心率(HR)、有创动脉血压(SBP、DBP、MAP)和BIS值;观察停止麻醉后患者自主呼吸恢复时间、初醒(呼之睁眼)时间及清醒拔管时间;计算各时点RPP值(收缩压与心率的乘积);随访术中知晓情况.结果 ①D组患者在静注右旋美托嘧啶后BIS值降低25.6%±4.8%(P<0.05),OAA/S和Ramesay评分也相应下降,与T0时程相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而C组患者则无明显变化;②与T0相比,C组患者SBP、MAP、HR及RPP值在T4时刻均呈明昆升高(P<0.05);D组无明显变化(P>0.05);与D组相比,在T4时刻C组SBP、HR表现出明显降低(P<0.05);③诱导所需丙泊酚靶浓度D组为(1.50±0.53)mg/L,C组为(2.55±0.50)mg/L,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);D组术中所需丙泊酚靶浓度为(1.43±0.56)mg/L,C组为(2.00±0.41)mg/L,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);④术中D组所需舒芬太尼效应室浓度为(0.15±0.5)μg/L,C组则为(0.30 4-0.5)μg/L,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 诱导前单次静注小剂量右旋美托嘧啶可以有效抑制国人全麻诱导心血管反应,并降低术中舒芬太尼TCI效应室浓度30.2%和丙泊酚TCl血浆浓度21.5%.     

Neutrophils do not mediate blood-brain barrier permeability early after controlled cortical impact in rats.

Controlled cortical impact (CCI) produces blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and an acute inflammatory response in injured brain, associated with upregulation of cell adhesion molecules and accumulation of neutrophils. Nevertheless, the role of acute inflammation in the pathogenesis of BBB permeability after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is undefined. The purpose of this study was to examine the time course of acute inflammation and BBB permeability after CCI in rats and to determine the effect of neutrophil depletion on BBB permeability early after CCI. In the first protocol, four groups of rats (n = 4-7/group) were subjected to CCI. Expression of endothelial (E)-selectin on cerebrovascular endothelium, accumulation of neutrophils, and BBB permeability were measured in brain at 1, 4, 8, and 24 hours after injury by immunohistochemistry or spectrophotometric quantification of Evans blue. E-selectin upregulation and neutrophil accumulation in injured brain occurred at later times than maximal BBB permeability. In a second protocol, rats made neutropenic with a murine monoclonal IgM antibody (RP-3) specific for rat neutrophils were subjected to CCI, given Evans blue at 3.5 hours, and sacrificed at 4 hours after injury. Neutrophil depletion did not affect BBB permeability at 4 hours after CCI. We conclude that events other than those mediated by neutrophils initiate BBB permeability early after CCI.     

肾移植稳定病人血清可溶性E-选择素与淋巴细胞L-选择素的关系

目的　探讨肾移植稳定病人血清sE-选择素（sCD62E）浓度与其淋巴细胞表面配体L-选择素（CD62L）表达的关系和意义。方法　利用单克隆抗体-流式细胞仪荧光免疫技术和双抗体夹心酶联免疫法,测定10例移植稳定病人术后不同时间CD62L表达及sCD62E浓度。结果　术后CD62L表达率由(31.5±14.5)%渐升至（53.8±15.7）%,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01),15d时明显高于术前和正常对照组（P＜0.05）;术后sCD62E浓度则由(31.7±10.0)μg/L渐降至(11.9±2.53)μg/L(P＜0.01),9d时明显低于术前组（P＜0.05）。sCD62E和CD62L之间呈负相关（r=-0.8183,P＜0.05）。结论　血清sCD62E浓度降低与淋巴细胞CD62L表达增加相关。术后监测sE-选择素浓度和CD62L表达将有助于肾移植受者免疫状态的判断。     

Cerebral edema induced by arachidonic acid: role of leukocytes and 5-lipoxygenase products

Arachidonic acid is released from cellular phospholipid membranes after brain injury associated with vasogenic edema. Intracerebral injection of arachidonic acid results in rapid breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, followed by an increase in brain water and sodium content. This effect is diminished by a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, but is unaffected by indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. Leukocytes are rich in 5-lipoxygenase and mediate posttraumatic extracellular edema in other tissues. We sought to determine whether leukocytes are necessary for arachidonic acid-induced vasogenic edema and whether they are the primary source of 5-lipoxygenase activity. Intracerebral injection of arachidonic acid (10 micrograms) was performed in 21 rats divided into three groups. One hour after injection, the area of Evans blue stain extravasation on the corona slice through the needle tract was quantitated by polar planimetry and taken as a measure of blood-brain barrier permeability. Control animals (n = 7) had a 3.44 +/- 0.19 mm2 area of Evans blue cortical stain. Rats (n = 7) pretreated with a lipoxygenase inhibitor (BW755C) had a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in the area of Evans blue extravasation was not significantly different from that seen in the control animals. Intracerebral injection of saline or eicosapentaenoic acid showed only minimal staining along the needle tract (0.14 +/- 0.08 mm2). We have confirmed the role of the 5-lipoxygenase products in arachidonic acid-induced vasogenic edema. The primary source of cerebral 5-lipoxygenase activity does not appear to be in leukocytes and is most likely within the brain parenchyma.     

Interstitial photoradiation injury of normal brain.

The effect on normal brain of continuous interstitial laser irradiation at 630 nm through an implanted cylindrical-shape, diffusion-tipped optical fiber was studied in the rat. Brain water content in the laser irradiation area (LIA) and Evans blue (EB) dye content in selected areas of the brain were measured for different laser power outputs from 0 to 250 mW after 5 minutes of photoradiation. The degree and nature of tissue damage was examined histologically and correlated with the laser power level. There is significant brain damage, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and brain edema in LIA for laser power outputs in excess of 100 mW from the diffusion tip (p less than 0.001). Brain edema in the LIA is strongly correlated with BBB disruption indicated by the presence of EB. Histologically, the cortical surface was more susceptible than deeper white matter regions to interstitial laser irradiation. Possible indirect mechanisms of brain injury from interstitial laser irradiation are discussed.     

高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液对大鼠全身高温模型血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的 观察高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液对大鼠全身高温模型血脑屏障(blood brain barrier.BBB)通透性的影响并探讨其作用机制.方法 成年雄性sD大鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组(C组),高温组(HT组),高温林格组(RL组),高温羟乙基淀粉林格组(HRL组),高温高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉组(HSH组),C组大鼠置:P(25-26)℃的环境中4 h,其余各组大鼠置于36 ℃具备生物氧供给的加温舱中3 h达到肛温(41.42)℃.加温开始30 min内根据实验分组输入相应的液体,3 h后出舱在室温下降温,加温期间监测肛温、平均动脉(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)和动脉血气.采用伊文思兰(evans blue,EB)法检测大鼠血脑屏障的通透性,干湿法检测大鼠脑组织的百分含水量.结果 与C组相比,其他各组大鼠的脑百分含水量、肛温和EB值均有显著的升高(P<0.01).但HSH组升高值较其余3组为低(P<0.01).各实验组大鼠的MAP、pH、PaO2、Pa-CO2、Hct与C组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Na+、K+在HT组和HSH组明显升高(P相似文献