Primary Gastric Lymphoma with Spontaneous Perforation: Report of a Case

Primary gastric lymphoma with spontaneous perforation is rare. We report herein the case of a 53-year-old-man who was admitted to our hospital with severe epigastralgia. Emergency endoscopic examination showed a perforated gastric tumor in the lower body of the greater curvature, and a distal subtotal gastrectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. The resected tumor measured 10.0 × 8.0 cm and was associated with an area of ulceration, 8.0 × 6.0 cm in size, and perforation, 1.0 × 0.5 cm in size. Pathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of B-cell malignant lymphoma of the diffuse, medium-sized cell type. According to the Ann Arbor and Naqvi classifications, the lymphoma was stage II and stage III, respectively. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy comprising cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP) was given. The patient is currently well with no signs of recurrence, 2 years 4 months after his operation. Received: May 21, 1999 / Accepted: May 30, 2000     

Double Closed Loop Obstruction and Perforation in a Previous Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

A healthy 45-year-old woman with a previous Rouxen-Y gastric bypass presented with the signs, symptoms and blood analysis results consistent with acute pancreatitis. She was initially treated nonoperatively and subsequently went into circulatory shock. Computerized tomographic scan and exploratory laparotomy revealed a volvulus of the afferent jejunal limb with secondary obstruction, necrosis, and perforation of the bypassed stomach.     

Omental Chemotherapy Effects as a Prognostic Factor in Ovarian Cancer Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Delayed Primary Surgical Debulking

Background We sought to assess the prognostic significance of chemotherapy effect on upper abdominal metastatic disease. Methods Retrospective chart reviews were carried out from 1997 to 2005 to identify ovarian cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Pathologic examinations of resected omental and ovarian tumors for the presence of chemotherapy effect were performed. Cox proportional hazard models were built to model time to progression and death by using predictor variables of age, tumor grade, amount and location of largest residual disease, and the presence of chemotherapy effects on resected tumors. Results Sixty-six patients with available slides and clinical information were identified. The presence of omental chemotherapy effects was observed in 58 patients (88%). Identified independent statistically significant predictors for progression-free survival included presence of omental chemotherapy effect (hazard ratio [HR], .38; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], .17–.89; P = .026) and suboptimal tumor residuals in upper abdominal location compared with pelvic location (HR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.06–5.48; P = .035). The presence of omental chemotherapy effect was the only statistically significant predictor of disease specific survival (HR, .21; 95% CI, .068–.639; P = .006). The estimated median survival for the group with positive omental chemotherapy effect was 84.45 months (95% CI, 69.63–99.28). The corresponding statistic in patients with no observed response to chemotherapy was 31.15 months (95% CI, 21.84–40.47). Conclusions Upper abdominal disease location and its response to chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival. Aggressive upper abdominal debulking procedures are recommended to improve oncologic outcomes.     

甲硫氨酸缺乏及联合化疗对人原代胃癌细胞的影响

目的 :探索人原代胃癌细胞和胃黏膜上皮原代细胞在体外缺乏甲硫氨酸 (Met)的培养基中能否正常生长 ;并评价去Met状态能否增强化学药物对胃癌细胞的杀伤作用。方法 :将新鲜人胃癌及胃黏膜组织制成单细胞悬液 ,分别置于不含Met、但含同型半胱氨酸 (Met-Hcy+ )和含Met、不含Hcy(Met+ Hcy-)的培养基中培养 ,或联合应用不同化学药物 ,利用细胞计数、流式细胞仪 (FCM)和MTT法检测各组细胞增殖状态。结果 :①人原代胃癌细胞在Met-Hcy+ 培养基中生长受抑制 ,表现为细胞总数减少 ,G0 、G1期细胞比例下降 ,S期细胞比例升高 ;而胃黏膜细胞生长正常。②Met-Hcy+ 培养基与不同化学药物联合应用时 ,胃癌原代细胞明显减少。结论 :①人原代胃癌细胞在体外培养中表现出对Met的依赖性 ,而胃黏膜细胞则未见类似现象。②Met-Hcy+ 培养环境联合化学药物 ,可提高对人原代胃癌细胞的杀伤作用。     

胃癌区域动脉置泵化疗及外周静脉化疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群及免疫球蛋白的变化

目的　观察胃癌根治术后肿瘤区域动脉置泵化疗及外周静脉化疗对患者免疫功能的影响。方法　 83例行胃癌根治术患者术后 2周开始化疗 ,按化疗方法不同分为 :外周静脉化疗组 (静化组 ,n =4 2 )、泵内化疗组 (泵化组 ,n =4 1) ,两组均在化疗前及化疗结束后 1～ 4d内抽外周静脉血检查T淋巴细胞亚群及免疫球蛋白含量 ,另设对照组 (n =32 )作相同检查。结果　静化组化疗后的CD3和CD4、CD4 /CD8比值及IgG、IgA、IgM含量均明显低于化疗前 (P<0 .0 5 ,P<0 .0 1) ,并明显低于泵化组化疗后 (但CD4、IgM除外 ) ,P <0 .0 5 ;而泵化组化疗前、后CD3、CD4和CD8、CD4 /CD8比值及IgG、IgA含量比较差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　胃癌根治术后肿瘤区域动脉置泵化疗较外周静脉化疗对机体的免疫功能影响较小。     

CHOP方案术前动脉介入化疗治疗胃恶性淋巴瘤的回顾性临床研究

目的探讨CHOP化疗方案行术前区域性动脉灌注治疗原发性胃恶性淋巴瘤(PGML)的可行性。方法回顾性研究1995～2010年期间我院收治的74例PGML患者,其中41例术前接受胃区域性动脉灌注化疗即术前动脉介入化疗组,方案选用CHOP联合化疗方案:环磷酰胺600mg/m2,第1天;表阿霉素50mg/m2,第1天;长春新碱1.4mg/m2,第1天;强的松60mg/m2口服,第1～5天。14～21d后接受手术。同期33例PGML患者行常规手术治疗即常规手术组。比较动脉介入化疗后肿瘤的缓解情况、毒副反应及2组间的疗效差异。结果常规手术组24例(72.7%)获得根治性切除,5年生存率为58.3%(14/24)。术前动脉介入化疗组全部完成术前区域性动脉化疗,毒副作用主要为胃肠道反应22例(53.7%)和骨髓抑制14例(34.1%),均属可控范围内(Ⅰ～Ⅱ级);其中37例(90.2%)获得根治性切除,较常规手术组提高17.5%(P=0.041);5年生存率为67.7%(21/31),与常规手术组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.517,P=0.471)。结论针对PGML患者,术前以CHOP方案行动脉介入化疗是安全、有效的,它能提高根治手术切除率,提高近期疗效,但并不改善远期生存。     

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma in the Ampulla of Vater Causing Obstructive Jaundice: Report of a Case

We report a case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the ampulla of Vater, causing painless obstructive jaundice in a 78-year-old woman. Duodenal endoscopy revealed a mass in the ampulla of Vater and narrowing of the second portion of the duodenum, although diagnosing DLBCL from an endoscopic biopsy was impossible because there were several kinds of leukocytes in the infiltrate. We performed pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy to establish a histological diagnosis, relieve the obstructive jaundice, and remove the narrowed second portion of the duodenum. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the surgically resected specimen confirmed a diagnosis of DLBCL. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for DLBCL; however, surgery still plays an important role when the histological diagnosis cannot be established preoperatively and when complications are not amenable to nonsurgical therapy.     

Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Oral Cavity: Germinal Center Classification

Primary lymphomas of the oral cavity are rare and the most frequent type is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Recently, several reports have highlighted the value of classifying DLBCL into prognostically important subgroups, namely germinal center B-cell like (GCB) and non-germinal center B-cell like (non-GCB) lymphomas based on gene expression profiles and by immunohistochemical expression of CD10, BCL6 and MUM-1. GCB lymphomas tend to exhibit a better prognosis than non-GCB lymphomas. Studies validating this classification have been done for DLBCL of the breast, CNS, testes and GI tract. Therefore we undertook this study to examine if primary oral DLBCLs reflect this trend. We identified 13 cases (age range 38–91 years) from our archives dating from 2003–09. IHC was performed using antibodies against germinal center markers (CD10, BCL6), activated B-cell markers (MUM1, BCL2) and Ki-67 (proliferation marker). Cases were sub-classified as GCB subgroup if CD10 and/or BCL6 were positive and MUM-1, was negative and as non-GCB subgroup if CD10 was negative and MUM-1 was positive. Immunoreactivity was noted in 2/13 cases for CD10, in 12/13 for BCL6, in 8/13 for MUM-1, and in 6/13 for BCL2. Therefore, 8/13 (58%) were sub-classified as non-GCB DLBCLs and 5/13 (42%) as GCB subgroup. All tumors showed frequent labeling with Ki-67 (range 40–95%). Four of the 8 patients with non-GCB subgroup succumbed to their disease, with the mean survival rate of 16 months. Two patients in this group are alive, one with no evidence of disease and another with disease. No information was available for the other 3 patients in this group. Four of the 5 patients in the GCB subgroup were alive with no evidence of disease and one patient succumbed to complications of therapy and recurrent disease after 18 months. In conclusion, our analysis shows that primary oral DLBCL predominantly belongs to the non-GCB subgroup, which tends to exhibit a poorer prognosis. These findings could allow pathologists to provide a more accurate insight into the potential aggressive behavior and poorer prognosis of these lymphomas.     

A Review of Primary Thyroid Lymphoma: Molecular Factors,Diagnosis and Management

Purpose/aim: To focus on current aspects of primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL), which is a rare clinical entity usually manifested by a rapidly growing mass in the neck that can cause pressure symptoms.

Materials and Methods: Relevant papers in PubMed published through June 2017 were selected to track updated information about PTL with an emphasis on diagnosis and novel therapeutic management.

Results: The most frequent cases include non-Hodgkin lymphoma derived from B-cells, mainly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) followed by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma or a mixed type. Other subtypes are less common. Lymphomas derived from T-cells and Hodgkin lymphomas are extremely rare. Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis has been implicated as a risk factor for lymphoma. At the molecular level, the Wnt5a protein and its receptor Ror2 are involved in the course of the disease. Ultrasonography, fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, and core or open biopsy combined with new diagnostic facilities contribute to an accurate diagnosis. An increased potential exists for a cure without the need for a radical surgical procedure. Modern chemoradiation therapy plus the monoclonal antibody rituximab, which acts against CD20, have limited the need for surgical interventions and provide an excellent outcome in most cases. However, some cases have resulted in treatment failure or recurrence.

Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach must be used to define the management policy in each case. Future efforts by researchers are likely to be focused on the molecular level.     

Combined Modality Management of Sinonasal Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in a Geriatric Patient-Report of a Rare Case

Sinonasal anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma(ALCL) without nodal involvement is exceedingly rare and the rarity of this tumor often engenders diagnostic dilemma. It has been mostly reported in pediatric, adolescent and young adult patients, mostly of Asian origin. A 70-year-old female patient presented with a mass in the left nasal cavity causing nasal obstruction for 5 months. On clinical and radiological examination, there was a 5.7 cm mass in the left nasal cavity, completely obliterating the left ethmoid sinus. Biopsy from the nasal mass showed a poorly differentiated malignant tumour with large cells arranged in sheets. On immunohistochemistry, the tumour cells were positive for leukocyte common antigen(LCA), CD30, CD43, BCL6 and focally for CD5, TIA1, granzyme B and epithelial membrane antigen(EMA), and were negative for CD56, EBV-LMP1, CD79a, PAX5, myeloperoxidase, CD34, CD7, CD4, CD8, CD138, ALK and p63, suggestive of ALK-negative ALCL. Rest of the lymphoma work-up was essentially normal and she had stage IE disease. She was treated with prephase chemotherapy (Vincristine and Prednisolone) followed by 4 cycles of CEOP[Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide (from 2nd cycle onwards), Vincristine and Prednisolone] regimen and local radiotherapy (36 Gy/20 fractions/4 weeks) by intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) technique resulting in complete clinical and radiological response. At last follow-up visit, 15 months from the initial diagnosis, she was alive and disease free. Sinonasal ALK-negative ALCL is a rare tumor which can be effectively treated with a combination of multi-agent CHOP/CHOP-like regimen and local conformal radiotherapy in geriatric patients.     

Mucormycosis Resulting in Gastric Perforation in a Patient with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: Report of a Case

Mucormycosis is an uncommon opportunistic fungal infection that may develop in immunocompromised patients with conditions such as diabetes mellitus, leukemia, lymphoma, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or after transplantation with immunosupperessive therapy. We report a case of gastric perforation caused by a mucormycosis infection in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The patient was treated successfully with gastrectomy and the aggressive use of intravenous amphotericin B. He is still alive 1 year after his operation.     

Comparisons of Surgery and/or Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Primary Pulmonary Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma

Background/Aims: To investigate the clinical features, imaging characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of primary pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.Methods: We retrospectively analysed the clinical, imaging, and follow-up data of 13 patients (median age, 59 years; range, 21–67 years) with primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma.Results: The main clinical manifestations were chest discomfort (six patients), cough (two), fever (two), chest pain (one), and no obvious symptoms (two). Six patients underwent surgery; three had postoperative chemotherapy; four had chemotherapy alone; and three only had symptomatic and supportive treatment. The follow-up duration was one to 11 years, with one patient lost to follow-up. Two patients died (two years and 11 years post-diagnosis). As of this report, the remaining 10 patients were alive with no disease progression.Conclusions: Pulmonary MALT lymphoma has atypical clinical manifestations and non-specific imaging changes, and the diagnosis depends on a pathological examination. For patients with confined lesions for which conventional biopsy cannot be performed, surgical excision plays an important role in clarifying the diagnosis and obtaining good therapeutic results and a good prognosis.     

Multiorgan transplantation from a deceased donor with intravascular diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: transmission of the disease and results of treatment

This report presents the transplantation of two kidneys and the liver from a deceased donor with suspected autoimmune encephalomeningitis (ADEM). Due to an atypical post‐transplantation clinical course, the transplanted kidneys were biopsied and this disclosed diffuse large B‐cell (DLBC) lymphoma of the intravascular type in each kidney. The same malignancy was found in the postmortem donor brain examination. The renal allografts from the two recipients were removed: despite every effort, one patient died, while chemotherapy was successful in the second. No malignancy was observed in the liver transplant recipient, who received prophylactic chemotherapy. These cases highlight the occasional failure of organ donor disease screening and the consequent unforeseen complications.     

自体外周血造血干细胞移植对弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者PD-1、B7-H1表达及T细胞亚群的影响

目的研究自体外周血造血干细胞移植（auto-PBSCT）对弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）患者程序性死亡因子-1（PD-1）及其配体B7同系物1（B7-H1）表达及T细胞亚群的影响。方法选择浙江大学医学院附属第-医院血液科和温州市中心医院血液科2009年7月至2012年6月接受auto-PBSCT的27例DLBCL患者作为观察组,选择25例同期参加体检的健康人群作为对照组。流式细胞仪检测两组PD-1、B7-H1表达,并分析各组T细胞亚群。结果观察组移植后3个月PD-1阳性表达率低于初次诊断时[（4．6±1．0）％和（12．5±2．1）％],差异具有统计学意义（t=4．47,P〈0．05）。观察组两次检测结果均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=22．70和25．11,P均〈0．05）。观察组移植后3个月B7-H1阳性表达率低于初次诊断时[（5．7±1．4）％和（16．3±1．7）％],差异具有统计学意义（t=6．78,P〈0．05）。观察组两次B7-H1检测结果均高于对照组（t=25．15和38．06,P均〈0．05）。观察组移植后3个月CD3±T细胞百分比高于初次诊断时[（57±7）％和（44±4）％],差异具有统计学意义（t=6．29,P〈0．05）。观察组两次CD3±T细胞百分比检测结果均低于对照组（t=5．69和7．36,P均〈0．05）。观察组移植后3个月CD4＋T细胞百分比低于初次诊断时[（11±4）％和（29±3）％],差异具有统计学意义（t=5．47,P〈0．05）。观察组两次CD4＋T细胞百分比检测结果均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=4．61和7．11,P均〈0．05）。观察组移植后3个月CD8±T细胞百分比高于初次诊断时[（32．5±2．7）％和（16．4±3．2）％],差异具有统计学意义（t=9．73,P〈0．05）。与对照组相比,观察组初次诊断后CD8±T细胞百分比较低,而移植后3个月较高（t=10．62和14．71,P均〈0．05）。观察组初次诊断后CD4＋／CD8±比值高于移植后3个月（1．8±0．4和0．4±0．1）,差异具有统计学意义（t=8．57,P〈0．05）。移植后3个月CD4＋／CD8±比值明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=11．73,P〈0．05）。结论DLBCL患者存在细胞免疫功能紊乱,auto-PBSCT可以影响DLBCL患者的PD-1、B7-H1表达及T细胞亚群百分比,在-定程度上纠正细胞免疫功能。     

Epstein-Barr virus-associated primary central nervous system lymphoma in a patient with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis on long-term mycophenolate mofetil

BackgroundEpstein Barr virus (EBV)-associated primary central nervous system lymphoma (ePCNSL) is increasingly recognized in immunocompromised subjects, including patients receiving systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we report the first case of primary CNS lymphoma associated with EBV in a patient with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) receiving long-term mycophenolate mofetil (MMF).Case reportA 51-year-old female with dcSSc had been on MMF 2 grams daily, which was initiated for a rapidly rising modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS), severe pruritus, and progressive joint contractures. She had an impressive response to this therapy with a significant decrease in her mRSS. Her condition remained stable for the next five years, after which she developed worsening headaches for 2–3 weeks, associated with dizziness, gait instability, and left homonymous hemianopia. MRI scan of the brain revealed a solitary 2.4 cm peripherally enhancing right parietal lobe mass. Excised tissue from the right parietal lobe mass showed EBV-associated diffuse large B cell lymphoma. She received four cycles of chemotherapy (high dose methotrexate and rituximab). Currently, her condition is being monitored. Her left homonymous hemianopia persists.ConclusionBecause of a favorable toxicity profile, MMF is increasingly being used as long-term immunomodulatory therapy for a wide variety of autoimmune disorders. Nevertheless, patients on long-term MMF should still undergo regular CNS surveillance, not only for opportunistic infections but also for opportunistic malignancies such as PCNSL. Progressive focal or non-focal neurological deficits should always raise the alarm. Prompt evaluation and management can prevent irreversible neurological sequelae.     

Association of Splenectomy With Postoperative Complications in Patients With Proximal Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer

Background: Splenectomy has been associated with increased morbidity after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Resection of proximal versus distal tumors is associated with a higher morbidity. Because splenectomy is more commonly performed in resection of proximal tumors, these analyses may be biased. The aim of this study was to describe the association of splenectomy with complications in patients undergoing resection of proximal gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers.Methods: From July 1985 to August 2001, 335 patients underwent resection of proximal gastric or GEJ (type II and III) cancers. Clinical and pathologic factors were retrieved from a prospective database.Results: Overall morbidity was 59% (infectious complications, 41%; noninfectious complications, 36%), and mortality was 4.5%. Splenectomy was associated with a higher rate of infectious complications (57% vs. 33%; P < .01) but not of noninfectious complications (39% vs. 34%; not significant) or mortality (4% vs. 5%; not significant). Splenectomy was also associated with a higher rate of infectious complications on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 2.4; P < .01).Conclusions: Morbidity after resection of proximal gastric and GEJ cancer is significant; splenectomy is associated with increased morbidity, but not mortality, in these patients. Because these complications can be managed without an increase in mortality, splenectomy should be performed when indicated by the extent of the tumor.     

B Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Presenting as a Tumor of the Nasopharynx in an Adult Patient

In adults, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is the second most common neoplasm found in the head and neck region after squamous cell carcinoma. Within this region, primary NHL of the nasopharynx is rare. We report the case of a 28-year-old male diagnosed with a B lymphoblastic lymphoma (CD20−; CD79a+; CD3−; CD10+; PAX5+, CyclinD1−; TdT+) of the nasopharynx extending to the deep and superficial structures of the right hemiface, to the skull base with an intracranial component and a small but detectable bone marrow involvement, who was started on chemotherapy with a complete response. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a primary nasopharynx B-LBL in an adult patient with such aggressive regional spread to be reported in the literature.     

Post Transplant T-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Series of Four Patients from a Single Unit and Review of the Literature

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) occur in approximately 1% of renal graft recipients. Of these, up to 15 percent are of the T-cell type. In this study, we present four cases of T-cell lymphoma from our renal transplant population, each of whom presented with non-specific symptoms, pancytopenia and/or liver dysfunction, with no obvious lymphadenopathy. They were all diagnosed with rare subsets of T-cell PTLD that included hepato-splenic T-cell lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). At the time of presentation, the patients were too ill for treatment to be initiated and succumbed to their illness. Increased awareness of this condition may allow for earlier diagnosis and improve its prognosis.     

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With P-ELF (Cisplatin, Etoposide, Leucovorin, 5-Fluorouracil) Followed by Radical Resection in Patients With Initially Unresectable Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Phase II Study

Background: Gastric cancer is the most frequent gastrointestinal cancer in Mexico. Only 33% of cases are resectable. Our aim was to determine the activity and toxicity of the cisplatin, etoposide, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil combination in initially unresectable tumors and to determine its ability to permit resection.Methods: Sixty patients with unresectable gastric adenocarcinoma were treated with cisplatin 80 mg/m2, etoposide 80 mg/m2, leucovorin 25 mg/m2, and 5-fluorouracil 800 mg/m2 by central intravenous catheter for 4 consecutive days. Two courses of this combination were followed by surgical resection.Results: The overall response rate was 36.8% (20 partial responses and one complete response). By using logistic regression analysis, the tumor, node, and metastasis stage (risk ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–4.02; P 5.039) was identified as the response determinant to chemotherapy. Major toxicity was grade 3 or 4 neutropenia in 67% of patients. Ten resections were performed (17.5%); five were curative and five palliative. Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 10%, respectively. The median length of survival was 7.46 and 13.3 months for nonresponders and responders, respectively (P 5.011).Conclusions: The cisplatin, etoposide, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil combination is active in advanced gastric cancer and the toxicity level is acceptable. This treatment permits a 17.5% resection rate in previously unresectable tumors. A randomized trial of surgery vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery is warranted.