水飞蓟素缓释滴丸的研制及其体外释放特性

目的:研究水飞蓟素缓释滴丸的处方和工艺,并对其体外释放特性进行了评价.方法:采用联合载体材料即聚乙二醇6000和泊洛沙姆188为速释性固体分散体载体材料,硬脂酸为缓释性骨架材料;熔融法制备水飞蓟素缓释滴丸,考察了滴丸成型的影响因素;并与市售片剂进行了释放度比较.结果:选择处方组成为水飞蓟素:聚乙二醇6000:泊洛沙姆188:硬脂酸(1:2:1:1.5);滴头直径为2.3 mm/4.1 mm,滴距为6 cm,滴速为40滴·min-1;该缓释滴丸10 h的最大累积溶出百分率可达92.5%.结论:所制得水飞蓟素缓释滴丸具有良好的缓释效果,为研发水飞蓟素新制剂提供参考.     

共研磨法改善水飞蓟素固体分散体的溶出度

目的:通过共研磨技术改善水飞蓟素固体分散体的体外溶出度。方法:设计单因素试验考察溶出度的影响因素,如共研磨载体材料的种类及与共研磨药物的比例,研磨的时间等因素。结果:以甘露醇与PVP K30为混合亲水性载体材料,与药物的比例为1∶1∶1,研磨6 h,以pH7.4的磷酸盐缓冲溶液为溶出介质。结论:共研磨法制备水飞蓟素固体分散体能显著提高药物的体外溶出度,且制备工艺简单易行。     

水飞蓟素-聚乙二醇6000固体分散体系的制备及其特征考察

目的制备水飞蓟素固体分散体，加快药物的溶出，并进行特征考察。方法以聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)为材料，采用熔融法将难溶性药物水飞蓟素制成固体分散体，通过体外释药试验考察固体分散技术对水飞蓟素的增溶作用，并以X-射线粉末衍射、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)考察水飞蓟素固体分散体的特性。结果与原药比较，固体分散体中药物的释放速率明显增大，PEG6000固体分散体系能显著加快水飞蓟素的溶出。X-射线粉末衍射分析表明，PEG6000及药物在固体分散体中的晶格点阵面间距离、衍射峰位移及其相对强度等均发生了规律性变化，FT-IR分析表明PEG6000与药物间无相互作用。结论PEG6000固体分散体系的对难溶性药物溶出和扩散的加快，与载体材料和药物的晶格参数的改变密切相关。     

复方水飞蓟素丹参素自乳化半固体胶囊的制备及性质考察

目的：制备复方水飞蓟素丹参素自乳化半固体胶囊剂,以期提高水飞蓟素和丹参素溶出度及生物利用度。方法：通过测定溶解度和绘制三元相图对自乳化处方进行筛选,应用单纯形网格法进行处方优化;采用熔融法制备半固体胶囊并对该半固体胶囊进行稳定性影响因素考察及药物溶出度测定。结果：制备了高载药量的水飞蓟素丹参素自乳化半固体胶囊剂,自制制剂中水飞蓟素和丹参素的溶出度超过80%,而市售参比制剂中水飞蓟素和丹参素的溶出度不超过50%。结论：复方水飞蓟素丹参素自乳化半固体胶囊剂能够显著提高水飞蓟素和丹参素的溶出度。     

基于固体分散技术的山楂叶总黄酮缓释胶囊的研制及释药机制研究

目的 研制山楂叶总黄酮缓释胶囊,并考察其释药机制。方法 采用喷雾干燥法制备山楂叶总黄酮缓释固体分散体,以乙基纤维素等为载体,以2,6,12 h的释放度为指标,筛选最佳缓释固体分散体处方;采用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜和红外光谱法考察固体分散体中药物分散状态;拟合川北方程,以粉体流动性参数为指标,筛选缓释胶囊的处方辅料,制备山楂叶总黄酮缓释固体分散体胶囊,考察缓释胶囊释药机制,拟合释放动力学方程。结果 山楂叶总黄酮缓释固体分散体最佳处方组成为山楂叶总黄酮：乙基纤维素：卡波姆940P=4：1：0.5;X-射线衍射和扫描电镜结果表明,药物以无定形或分子形式分散于固体分散体中;红外光谱法结果表明,乙基纤维素峰强度增强;缓释胶囊最佳处方组成为固体分散体：微粉硅胶=1：0.3%,所制备缓释胶囊释放度2,6,12 h分别为27.56%,69.50%和96.78%。结论 该缓释胶囊在12 h内呈现良好缓释特征,释放行为符合一级动力学方程,释放机制为扩散和溶蚀相结合机制,且为降解控释型。     

球晶制粒技术制备水飞蓟宾缓释微球

目的提高水飞蓟宾的生物利用度。方法采用固体分散载体和阻滞性高分子材料,使用固体分散与球晶制粒相结合的技术制备水飞蓟宾缓释微球。运用差示热分析及X-射线粉末衍射检测水飞蓟宾在微球中分散状态,采用扫描电子显微镜观察微球的形态、表面结构和内部结构,并对微球的特性如平均粒径、粒径分布、松密度进行评价。结果研制微球的大小可由搅拌速度来控制,水飞蓟宾从缓释微球中的释放速度随分散剂的量的增加而增加,阻滞剂可延缓药物的释放。微球中药物的释放速度能够通过调节分散剂和阻滞剂的比例来控制。X射线衍射与差示热分析结果表明:水飞蓟宾以无定型高度分散在微球中。在40℃,相对湿度75%条件下,加速三个月,药物释放与含量不会改变。结论水飞蓟宾缓释微球可通过采用固体分散与球晶制粒相结合的技术一步制成。该制备过程简便、重现性好、成本低,是水不溶性药物制备缓释微球的有效方法。     

美拉托宁缓释胶囊的研制初探

目的：对美拉托宁的剂型进行改进，有效控制美拉托宁的药物释放速度，以产生预期药效。方法：对美拉托宁进行薄膜包衣，制成缓释小丸，制备缓释胶囊。并对其进行含量测定及释放度测定。结果：每粒胶囊含美拉托宁3mg，释药速度下降，基本符合预期设计。结论：本剂型可以延长药物作用时间。     

水飞蓟素磷脂分散物对四氯化碳致大鼠肝细胞损害治疗作用观察

目的 观察水飞蓟素大豆磷脂分散物灌胃对四氯化碳致大鼠肝细胞损害的治疗作用.方法 实验分7组,即空白对照组、模型对照组、西利宾胺对照组、益肝宁对照组(水飞蓟素组)、水飞蓟素大豆磷脂分散物小、中、大剂量组.除外正常对照组,其余动物造模,禁食12 h后,受试大鼠由腹腔注射10?I.植物油混合液,剂量5 ml/kg体重,空白对照组同法注射同容量生理盐水.染毒后24 h取血测AST,据升高情况随机分组.分组后给予药物治疗.1周后模型组及各治疗组再一次腹腔注射5?I1植物油混合液,剂量5 ml/kg体重,继续给药1周测各项指标.结果 水飞蓟素大豆磷脂分散物对CCI4致肝损伤具有较好的治疗作用,且具剂量依从性.从肝脏嚣系数、血生化指标及组织病学检查均提示作用强于阳性对照组水飞蓟素与西利宾胺组.结论 与等剂量的水飞蓟素与西利宾胺相比较,水飞蓟素大豆磷脂分散物对CCI4致肝损伤具有较好的治疗作用,可能与其生物利用度高有关.     

灯盏花素缓释固体分散体的制备及溶出度的研究

目的 制备灯盏花素缓释固体分散体.方法 以水不溶性聚合物乙基纤维素(EC)为载体,用固体分散技术(溶剂法)制备难溶性药物灯盏花素缓释固体分散体,并进行差热分析和体外释放度研究.结果 药物体外释药行为均符合Higuchi方程;缓释效果与EC用量和固体分散体的粒径有主要关系,药物释放速率随EC用量和黏度的增加而减小;固体分散体粒径越小,药物体外释放速率越快.结论 采用EC作载体,对灯盏花素可起到很好的缓释效果.     

水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物对水飞蓟素胶囊的相对生物利用度研究

目的:评价水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物对水飞蓟素胶囊的相对生物利用度。方法:选择22例20～40岁健康成年男性受试者,随机分为两组,自身前后交叉依次口服水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物胶囊8粒(相当于水飞蓟宾280mg)和水飞蓟素胶囊2粒(相当于水飞蓟素280 mg,含水飞蓟宾112 mg),应用高效液相色谱法测定各受试者给药后不同时间点的血药浓度,并用3P97软件计算药动学参数。结果:水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物和水飞蓟素胶囊的实测T_(max)分别为(1．53±0．68)和(1．51±0．84)h;实测C_(max)分别为(3525．2±1852．1)和(412．0±241．1) ng·mL~(-1);梯形法计算AUC_(0～11h)分别为(5064．1±1881．6)和(842．0±327．3)ng·h·mL~(-1);t_(1/2)β分别为(2．41±0．61)和(2．30±0．62)h。经统计学分析,两者的AUC_(0～11h)和C_(max)有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物对于水飞蓟素胶囊的相对生物利用度为(270．4±139．6)%。结论:水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物的生物利用度优于水飞蓟素胶囊。     

Preparation and evaluation of sustained-release solid dispersions co-loading gastrodin with borneol as an oral brain-targeting enhancer

Borneol is a traditional Chinese medicine that can promote drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and distribution to the brain. However, stomach irritation may occur when high doses of borneol are used. In the present work, gastrodin, the main bioactive ingredient of the traditional Chinese drug “Tianma” (Rhizoma Gastrodiae) was used as a model drug to explore reasonable application of borneol. Sustained-release solid dispersions (SRSDs) for co-loading gastrodin and borneol were prepared using ethylcellulose as a sustained release matrix and hydroxy-propyl methylcellulose as a retarder. The dispersion state of drug within the SRSDs was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffractometry. The results indicated that both gastrodin and borneol were molecularly dispersed in an amorphous form. Assay of in vitro drug release demonstrated that the dissolution profiles of gastrodin and borneol from the SRSDs both fitted the Higuchi model. Subsequently, gastric mucosa irritation and the brain targeting of the SRSDs were evaluated. Compared with the free mixture of gastrodin and borneol, brain targeting of SRSDs was slightly weaker (brain targeting index: 1.83 vs. 2.09), but stomach irritation obviously reduced. Sustained-release technology can be used to reduce stomach irritation caused by borneol while preserving sufficient transport capacity for oral brain-targeting drug delivery.KEY WORDS: Borneol, Gastrodin, Oral drug delivery, Brain-targeting, Gastric mucosa irritation, Sustained-release     

氧化苦参碱缓释胶囊的制备及体外释放特性研究

目的制备氧化苦参碱24h缓释胶囊并对其体外释放特性进行研究。方法采用流化床包衣法,先将氧化苦参碱与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶于85%乙醇中,喷于空白丸芯制成含药微丸,再以乙基纤维素水分散体（Surelease）作为主要包衣材料进行包衣,得微丸装胶囊。建立体外分析方法并进行体外释药模型拟合。结果该缓释胶囊的释药符合Higuchi方程,具有缓释制剂的体外溶出特征。结论苦参碱缓释胶囊制备工艺简单,释药稳定,具备优良缓释制剂的特征。     

酮洛芬缓释胶囊剂制备工艺正交设计实验及其体外释放特性研究

采用小丸包衣工艺,利用正交设计实验对胶囊的处方、工艺进行筛选与优化,制备酮洛芬缓释胶囊,并测定其释放特征。结果表明:以优选的处方和工艺制备的缓释胶囊,体外释药缓释特征明显,持续释药达12h以上。该缓释胶囊处方合理,工艺简单,适合于工业化生产。     

骨架型格列吡嗪缓释胶囊的研制及质量控制

目的：制备骨架型格列吡嗪缓释胶囊，评价其体外释药特性。方法：以渗透性丙烯酸聚合物(eudragit RS30D)为材料，采用骨架型小丸的制备工艺。选用2cm吸收池，不同的转速条件，紫外法测定药物的累计释放量；并对其稳定性进行了考察。结果：骨架型格列吡嗪微丸体外呈一级速率释放。释放度符合格列吡嗪缓释胶囊质量标准规定。经6个月加速试验，质量稳定。结论：格列吡嗪骨架型小丸具有理想的缓释效果，制备工艺可行。     

吲达帕胺缓释胶囊的制备及体外释放度考查

目的:制备吲达帕胺缓释胶囊及考查体外释放特性。方法:以空白丸芯、柠檬酸三乙酯、滑石粉、硬脂酸镁、胶体二氧化硅、聚维酮K30等为骨架材料制备吲达帕胺缓释胶囊;采用高效液相色谱法建立含量测定方法,通过释放度试验评价缓释效果。结果:本品在0.01 mol/L盐酸溶液中可持续释药24 h,其释放规律符合Higuchi方程;前12 h平均累计释放度与时间呈良好线性关系,3批样品与进口吲达帕胺缓释片释放曲线基本一致。结论:本品处方合理,制备工艺简单,体外缓释效果明显。     

Tramadol sustained-release capsules

Tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting analgesic. A sustained-release (SR) capsule formulation of tramadol gradually releases active drug, allowing for twice-daily dosing. Compared with tramadol SR tablets, tramadol SR capsules produced a smoother plasma concentration profile, with more gradual absorption and lower peak concentrations. There was less intra- and intersubject variability in tramadol plasma concentrations with SR capsules versus SR. Tramadol SR capsules had identical bioavailability to tramadol immediate-release (IR) capsules with lower peak concentrations and less fluctuation in plasma concentrations. Tramadol SR 100 mg capsules administered twice daily had equivalent efficacy to tramadol IR 50 mg capsules administered four times daily in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic low back pain in a well designed study. Patients receiving tramadol SR capsules were significantly less likely than those receiving tramadol IR capsules to report nausea. Starting treatment with tramadol SR capsules at a dosage of 50 mg twice daily with subsequent dose escalation resulted in improved tolerability in patients with moderate to severe chronic pain. The lowest tramadol SR capsule dosage of 50 mg twice daily (administered to 35% of patients with moderate to severe non-oncological pain) significantly improved pain intensity and frequency in 83.4% and 70.4% of patients, respectively, in a postmarketing observational study evaluating tramadol SR capsules 50-200 mg twice daily (n = 3888).     

抗感染药头孢克洛缓释胶囊

背景:20世纪60～70年代日本临床药学专家藤博发现,某些抗生素在体内的杀菌作用,主要取决于血与组织中药物浓度超过致病菌最低抑茵浓度(MIC)的时间(TMIC),而与药物浓度峰值关系不大,即杀菌效果和速度受药物接触时间的影响要大于其受药物浓度的影响.这类抗生素称为时间依赖性抗生素,如β-内酰胺类抗生素、大环内酯类(阿奇霉素除外)和克林霉素等.     

他达那非固体分散体的制备和性质研究

目的制备他达那非(tadalafil,TD)固体分散体并进行性质研究。方法利用喷雾干燥法制备固体分散体,以表观溶解度和溶出度为指标筛选处方,采用差示扫描量热(DSC)、粉末X-射线衍射(PXRD)和接触角测定等技术研究药物的存在状态和润湿性等理化性质。结果固体分散体将他达那非的表观溶解度提高22.6倍;20min内药物的累积溶出超过90%;固体分散体药物以分子或无定形状态存在;接触角减小,润湿性增大。结论采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和介孔硅为载体制备的他达那非固体分散体,能明显提高药物的表观溶解度和溶出度。     

Preparation and dissolution characteristics of griseofulvin solid dispersions with saccharides

To improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, we studied physical characteristics of griseofulvin (GF) solid dispersions with saccharides as the dispersion carrier using a roll mixing method. In all carriers tested, roll mixtures of GF and saccharides gradually became amorphous, and the solubility of GF increased. The solubility of GF was higher in the mixtures with higher molecular weight carriers such as corn starch and processed starch. The dissolution of GF was markedly improved by the GF-Britishgum roll mixture. The initial dissolution rate of these mixtures was 170-fold higher than GF alone. The surface tension of carrier aqueous solutions was low in the processed starch with branched sugar chains. The initial dissolution rate of GF in physical mixtures was correlated with the surface tension of carrier aqueous solutions. The stability of the amorphous state of GF at a high humidity was maintained in the mixtures with carriers with a high molecular weight. These results indicated that the solubility of GF was markedly improved in the roll mixtures. It was suggested that the saccharides with a high molecular weight are useful carriers for solid dispersions.     

硝苯地平缓释胶囊的制备及释放度测定

目的 研制硝苯地平24h缓释胶囊并进行体外释放度测定。方法 采用流化床包衣法，将硝苯地平与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶于90％乙醇喷于空白丸芯制成固体分散体含药小丸．以含有致孔剂的乙基纤维素水分散体（Surelease）作为包衣材料进行包衣，得小丸装胶囊。对各处方缓释胶囊进行释放度测定，筛选最佳处方并进行体外释药模型拟合。结果 按最佳处方制得的胶囊中药物体外释放行为良好。胶囊体外释药行为符合一级动力学方程 结论 硝苯地平缓释胶囊达到了缓释制剂要求。