利用两次血型制减少ABO不相容输血风险的研究

目的评估两次血型制在防止标本差错导致ABO不相容输血中的作用。方法对于需要或可能需要输血的患者,实施输血前采集2份单独的标本测定ABO/RhD血型。记录和分析输血前标本中错误标识和错误采集的比率。结果2007年7月—2009年6月,共接收到79115人份输血前相容性测试标本,检出273份错误标识的标本,错误标识标本比为1/290;校正的错误采集标本比为1/1485(基于47507份多次标本中检出23份错误采集标本,校正因子为1.3912)。在23份错误采集的标本中,9份(39%)可导致ABO不相容的红细胞输注。结论两次血型制可减少因标本错误标识和错误采集所致ABO不相容输血的风险。     

母子ABO血型不合的产前诊断

目的探讨微柱凝集技术在诊断母子ABO血型不合的产前应用。方法采用BioVue系统微柱凝集技术,对200例丈夫血型为非O型的O型血孕妇检测血清IgG抗体效价。结果产后婴儿母子ABO血型不合新生儿溶血性疾病(HDN)发病率随母亲血清IgG抗体效价增高而上升。结论BioVue系统微柱凝集技术能准确检测孕妇血清IgG抗体效价,是产前预报因母子ABO血型不合而引起HDN的可靠方法。     

母子ABO血型不合的产前诊断

目的探讨微柱凝集技术在诊断母子ABO血型不合的产前应用。方法采用BioVue系统微柱凝集技术，对200例丈夫血型为非O型的O型血孕妇检测血清IgG抗体效价。结果产后婴儿母子ABO血型不合新生儿溶血性疾病（HDN）发病率随母亲血清IgG抗体效价增高而上升。结论BioVue系统微柱凝集技术能准确检测孕妇血清IgG抗体效价，是产前预报因母子ABO血型不合而引起HDN的可靠方法。     

Murine lymphoid procoagulant activity induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and immune complexes is a monocyte prothrombinase

Murine lymphoid cells respond rapidly to bacterial lipopolysaccharide or antigen-antibody complexes to initiate or accelerate the blood coagulation pathways. The monocyte or macrophage has been identified as the cellular source, although lymphocyte collaboration is required for the rapid induction of the procoagulant response. This procoagulant activity is identified in the present study as a direct prothrombin activator, i.e., a prothrombinase. Studies with plasmas deficient in single coagulation factors demonstrate that the induced murine procoagulant activity effector molecule does not require factors XII, VIII, VII, X, or V, but does require prothrombin to transform fibrinogen to fibrin. This enzyme(s) produces limited proteolysis of prothrombin to yield thrombin or thrombinlike products that are functionally capable of converting fibrinogen to fibrin. The prothrombinase is undetectable in freshly isolated Murine lymphoid cells respond rapidly to bacterial lipopolysaccharide or antigen-antibody complexes to initiate or accelerate the blood coagulation pathways. The monocyte or macrophage has been identified as the cellular source, although lymphocyte collaboration is required for the rapid induction of the procoagulant response. This procoagulant activity is identified in the present study as a direct prothrombin activator, i.e., a prothrombinase. Studies with plasmas deficient in single coagulation factors demonstrate that the induced murine procoagulant activity effector molecule does not require factors XII, VIII, VII, X, or V, but does require prothrombin to transform fibrinogen to fibrin. This enzyme(s) produces limited proteolysis of prothrombin to yield thrombin or thrombinlike products that are functionally capable of converting fibrinogen to fibrin. The prothrombinase is undetectable in freshly isolated     

ABO血型不合肝移植病人的术后护理

自日本学者Todo等[1]在2000年首次报道血型不合肝移植术以来,ABO血型不合肝移植手术逐年增加,为终末期肝病病人紧急救治带来希望,缓解了肝源短缺的矛盾.由于血型不合肝移植术后出现排斥反应等并发症的概率较高,为降低围术期死亡率,不断改进和提高各种治疗手段的同时,也对术后护理提出新的挑战.我院自2010年1月开展肝移植手术至今,共施行ABO血型不合肝移植21例,现将术后临床观察及护理体会报道如下.     

Delayed massive immune hemolysis mediated by minor ABO incompatibility after allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow transplantation with minor ABO incompatibility may be followed by moderate delayed hemolysis of the recipient's red cells by donor-derived ABO antibodies. This reaction may be more severe after transplantation of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs). CASE REPORT: A 16-year-old boy underwent an allogeneic PBPC transplant from his HLA-mismatched mother as treatment for acute myeloblastic leukemia that had proved resistant to induction chemotherapy. Transfusion of the unmanipulated PBPCs proceeded without any complication, despite the difference in ABO blood group (donor, O Rh-positive; recipient, A Rh-positive). On Day 7, a rapid drop in hemoglobin to 4 g per dL was observed, which was attributed to a massive hemolysis. All the recipient's group A red cells were destroyed within 36 hours. This delayed and rapidly progressive hemolytic anemia was not associated with the transfusion of the donor's plasma. Rather, the anti-A titer increased in parallel with marrow recovery, which suggested an active synthesis of these antibodies by immunocompetent cells from the donor against the recipient's red cells. The mother's anti-A titer was retrospectively found to be 2048. Her unusually high titer is probably due to prior sensitization during pregnancies. On Day 12, the patient developed grade IV graft-versus-host disease, which proved resistant to all treatments instituted and led to his death on Day 35. CONCLUSION: PBPC transplantation with minor ABO incompatibility may be associated with significant risk of massive delayed hemolysis.     

Effect of delayed centrifugation or reading on the detection of ABO incompatibility by the immediate-spin crossmatch

The immediate-spin (IS) crossmatch is a method that detects ABO incompatibility. However, under certain circumstances, this test may show unwanted negative or weak results, even though the red cells (RBCs) and serum being tested are ABO incompatible with each other. The present study investigated the potential effect of delayed centrifugation or reading on the IS crossmatch test performance. When the centrifugation step of the IS crossmatch between group O sera and group A1 RBCs was delayed for 2 minutes, 5 of 200 crossmatches showed no agglutination with only trace (n = 2) or moderate (n = 3) hemolysis, and one crossmatch showed only weak, macroscopic agglutination, but moderate hemolysis. All six sera contained A antibodies that were lytic in vitro and, therefore, probably were capable of causing in vivo hemolysis of transfused A1 RBCs. Delaying the reading of the IS crossmatch test for 2 minutes had no apparent effect on test performance. These data demonstrate the importance of technologists' recognition of hemolysis as a positive result on IS crossmatches, especially if the performance of the centrifugation step of the test is delayed. Furthermore, the unwanted negative agglutination results were abolished by suspending the group A1 RBCs in saline containing EDTA. The authors' laboratory has modified its IS crossmatch procedure so that donor RBCs are routinely suspended in saline containing EDTA before testing. This procedural change should increase the safety of the IS crossmatch.     

Limitations of the immediate spin crossmatch when used for detecting ABO incompatibility

In the eleventh edition of the AABB's Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services the requirement for an antiglobulin crossmatch was deleted if no clinically significant unexpected antibodies are detected in recipient serum testing and if there is no history of detection of such antibodies. Test methods that demonstrate ABO incompatibility remain a requirement; however, the means to accomplish this may prove controversial. The immediate spin crossmatch has been used for the purpose of detecting ABO incompatibility by many workers. Nonetheless, limitations of this technique became apparent in tests between A2B donor red cells and group B patient sera. The results of 204 of 531 immediate spin crossmatches, between these two blood groups, were found to be negative.     

Evaluation of macrophage procoagulant and fibrinolytic activities induced by peritoneal dialysis solutions

To investigate the coagulant and fibrinolytic potential of peritoneal macrophages, after short-term exposure to dialysis solutions intraperitoneal (IP) injection of these hyperosmolar glucose solutions was performed in rats. During the 72-hour postinjection period, the dialysis solutions and, as controls, Ringer's lactate and Ringer's lactate-glucose all induced a similar increase in the number of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages within a maximum of 24 or 48 hours after their IP injection. These findings demonstrate that IP injection of any dialysis solution results in a moderate non-specific inflammatory cell harvesting. Compared with activity induced by the control solutions, no significant increase of procoagulant and fibrinolytic activities, identified respectively by the presence of thromboplastin and plasminogen activator, was observed in peritoneal macrophages obtained 48 hours after injection of the solution with the highest glucose concentration. However, the level of procoagulant activity could increase as a result of different manufacturers' processing of the solutions. That the basal level of macrophage functions may be modified suggests that this cell may initiate coagulolytic conditions in the peritoneal cavity, especially in the course of IP injection of dialysis solutions.     

Effects of ABO incompatibility on the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

BackgroundABO compatibility between donor and recipient is no necessary in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). Incompatible transplantations can be divided into three groups based on the donor and recipient blood groups. The influence of each kind of incompatibilities on the outcome of patients does not seem to be consistent. This study aimed to investigate the outcome of AHSCT patients focusing on compatibility statues.MethodThis retrospective study was conducted on 186 patients who underwent first AHSCT, includes 108 identical, 38 minor, 32 major and eight bidirectionalABO incompatible recipients. Comparative analysis was performed for common clinical transplantation outcomes.ResultsThere was no statistically significant association betweenABO incompatibility and graft-versus-host disease, WBC or platelet engraftment, and transfusion requirement. WBC engraftment rate was significantly lower in minor-incompatible patients. Furthermore, total and direct bilirubin which (the hemolysis biomarkers) were considerably higher in the bidirectional incompatible group, compared to the other patients.ConclusionOur results indicate that theABO incompatibility might be an effective factor in engraftment time and laboratory hemolysis. Elucidating the impact of ABO incompatibility on the clinical outcome of patients warrants an extended and deep investigation in a large-scale study with comprehensive variables such as survival, relapse, and other complication of transplantation.     

Enhancement of mononuclear procoagulant activity by platelet 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid.

Platelets induce generation of procoagulant tissue factor activity (TFa) by mononuclear leukocytes, and also enhance the TFa induced by endotoxin. Our present investigation demonstrated that arachidonic acid, which by itself had no effect on mononuclear TFa, greatly enhanced platelet-induced TFa. The effect was concentration dependent for both platelets and arachidonate (1-20 microM); other fatty acids tested were inactive. The enhancing effect of arachidonate was more pronounced if platelets were exposed to aspirin, suggesting lipoxygenase product involvement. Production of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) was demonstrated biochemically in aspirin-treated platelet/arachidonate/mononuclear cell preparations that generated high levels of TFa. The enhancing role of 12-HETE was verified as follows. Addition of platelet-derived or synthetic 12-HETE amplified endotoxin-induced TFa more than threefold. Other lipoxygenase products were inactive. Enhancement of mononuclear cell TFa by 12-HETE represents a newly described biological function for this eicosanoid in cell-cell interactions between platelets and mononuclear cells.     

Effect of ABO incompatibility on the fate in vivo of 111Indium granulocytes

The effect of ABO incompatibility on the in vivo fate of 111Indium granulocytes was determined. The intravascular recovery and survival (t1/2) and extravascular migration into a skin window of normal-donor granulocytes did not differ in 15 subjects from the values obtained in four controls who received ABO-compatible granulocytes. Nor was the correlation between the ABO antibody titers and the in vivo measurements strongly positive. It is concluded that ABO incompatibility did not alter the in vivo fate of granulocytes.     

ABO incompatibility due to immunoglobulin G anti-B antibodies presenting with severe fetal anaemia

ABO incompatibility is a common haematological problem affecting the newborn. The haemolysis is widely accepted to follow a relatively benign course rarely causing the escalating levels of hyperbilirubinaemia and significant anaemia associated with Rh haemolytic disease of the newborn. Case reports of fetal hydrops secondary to ABO incompatibility are particularly rare. We describe two cases, first that of a twin pregnancy with both fetuses developing severe anaemia at 20 weeks gestation, and then a second case of a preterm baby demonstrating aggressive haemolysis and anaemia within hours of delivery. Both mothers were of black Africian origin and both were identified to have elevated titres of IgG anti-B antibodies.