The Effects of Acute Respiratory Virus Infection upon Tracheal Mucous Transport

Tracheal mucous velocity was measured in 13 healthy non-smokers using a radioisotope-labeled aerosol and a multidetector probe during respiratory virus infections. The movement of boluses of tracheal mucous were either absent or reduced in number in five subjects with myxovirus infection (four influenza and one respiratory syncytial virus) within 48 hr of the onset of symptoms and in four subjects 1 wk later. One subject with influenza still had reduced bolus formation 12–16 wk after infection. Frequent coughing was a feature of those subjects with absent tracheal boluses. In contrast, four subjects with rhinovirus infection had normal tracheal mucous velocity at 48 hr after the onset of symptoms (4.1 ± 1.3 mm/min). Tracheal mucous velocity was also normal (4.6 ± 1.1 mm/min) in four subjects in whom no specific viral agent could be defined but had typical symptomatology of respiratory viral infection. During health tracheal mucous velocity was normal (4.8 ± 1.6 mm/min) in the eleven subjects who had measurements made. Disturbances in tracheal mucous transport during virus infection appear to depend upon the type of virus and are most severe in Influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus infection.     

Possible association of mycoplasma and viral respiratory infections with bacterial meningitis

The presence of viral infection was evaluated in 160 children older than three months with bacterial meningitis who were admitted to Children's Medical Center or Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, TX, between October 1979 and March 1982. Results were compared with a single serologic specimen in 138 children without meningitis. A recent history of upper respiratory infection was obtained from 60% of patients, including 10/13 with pneumococcal, 9/16 with meningococcal, and 77/131 with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Viral infection was documented by serologic response (23.8%) or viral isolation (13.2%) in 63/160 (40%) of patients with meningitis. There were 23 positive cultures (one patient with both adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus). Picornaviruses, including two rhinoviruses, were isolated from six of the 24 subjects without meningitis who had viral cultures. There were 69 serologic conversions in meningitis patients, with 12 patients converting to two organisms and four patients converting to three organisms. Viral diagnoses included: adenovirus, 32 children; respiratory syncytial virus, 14; influenza A, 8; influenza B, 4; parainfluenza (1, 2, and 3), 12; picornaviruses, 9; herpes simplex virus, 1; and cytomegalovirus, 1. Additionally, 6/15 seroconverted to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The acute geometric mean serum antibody titers of meningitis patients were lower than those of the comparison group for adenovirus (3.5 vs. 6.6, p less than or equal to 0.001) and influenza B (1.2 vs. 1.6, p less than or equal to 0.05). Twenty nine of 131 patients with H. influenzae had evidence of recent adenovirus infection. Primary infection with adenoviruses and possibly influenza B or mycoplasma precedes development of bacterial meningitis in some patients and may be a predisposing factor.     

吉林省2010年7-12月上呼吸道感染病毒病原学检测结果分析

目的了解2010年吉林省地区急性上呼吸道感染患者5种呼吸道病毒感染情况,为以后的急性呼吸道感染监测做出指导。方法采集门诊就诊的456例患者咽拭子标本,对其进行核酸提取后,采用(RT)-PCR方法检测甲型流感病毒(IVA)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)A/B、副流感病毒(PIV)1-4型、腺病毒(ADV)以及博卡病毒(HBoV)等5种常见呼吸道病毒。结果检测出阳性标本92例,阳性率20.18%,以流感病毒感染阳性率(8.11%)最高。结论 2010年7-12月吉林省地区上呼吸道感染主要以流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒为主。其中流感病毒感染居首位。     

防止常见季节性呼吸道病毒疾病在医院内传播的措施

防止呼吸道病毒疾病在医院内传播是保护医务人员和患者安全的重要环节之一。呼吸道病毒类型各异, 但有相似的传播方式和临床表现。合理实施和运用针对患呼吸道病毒疾病的患者、医务人员及探视者的感控措施可以有效阻止这些病毒在医院内的传播。除新型冠状病毒疫苗外, 对抗流感和呼吸道合胞病毒的疫苗也取得了快速发展。     

某部新兵常见呼吸道病毒血清IgM抗体的检测

目的了解某部新兵人群中常见呼吸道病毒的感染状况,为新兵人群呼吸道感染性疾病的预防和控制提供依据。方法对目标人群采取整群抽样,采用ELISA诊断试剂盒检测1449名新兵血清中流感病毒A（Flu A）、流感病毒B（Flu B）、副流感病毒1、2、3型（PIV1、2、3）、腺病毒（ADV）和呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）共5种病毒IgM抗体。结果检测的5种呼吸道病毒感染在某部新兵人群中均存在,按照病毒感染率高低依次为Flu A（35.6%）、Flu B（28.2%）、PIV（24.8%）、ADV（13.5%）和RSV（6.7%）。不同病毒感染率在不同地区之间存在差异。结论新兵人群对5种呼吸道病毒均易感,以流感病毒感染率最高。     

1 410例儿童呼吸道感染病原体分析

目的了解儿童急性呼吸道感染的病原体及其感染特点。方法选取某院2011年1-12月因急性呼吸道感染收治住院的患儿1 410例,采用直接免疫荧光法检测7种病毒（包括副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型,流感病毒A、B型,呼吸道合胞病毒和腺病毒）,培养法检测细菌。分析不同月份、年龄段儿童病毒感染率及其合并细菌感染情况。结果1 410份标本中,共检出病毒阳性594份（42.13%）,以呼吸道合胞病毒和腺病毒为主;检出细菌阳性258份（18.30%）。3、4、10、11月份病毒检出率较高（均＞50%）,7-9月病毒检出率较低（22.89%~31.40%）;1～3岁组病毒检出率较高（58.04%）,6～14岁组检出率较低（22.15%）。检出病毒混合感染阳性标本22份（1.56%）;单一病毒感染患儿合并细菌感染157例（27.45%）。流感病毒A、B型感染组合并细菌感染率较高,分别为47.06%、47.27%。结论儿童呼吸道病毒感染率与年龄和季节均相关;病毒感染后患儿合并细菌感染率较高,其中流感病毒A、B型感染更易合并细菌感染。     

A randomized controlled trial of low-dose recombinant human interferons α-2b nasal spray to prevent acute viral respiratory infections in military recruits

The military population has a high disease burden of acute viral respiratory infections in China. To assess the efficacy and safety of a low-dose recombinant human interferon α-2b (rIFNα-2b) nasal spray in preventing acute viral respiratory infections in military population, we performed this randomized controlled trial. The results showed that application of the rIFNα-2b nasal spray had the benefits in prevention of infections caused by influenza A virus, influenza B virus parainfluenza viruses 1–3 and adenovirus species B. However, no benefit was seen in preventing respiratory syncytial virus. No severe adverse events were reported. Therefore, the rIFNα-2b nasal spray was effective and well tolerated for preventing common viral respiratory infections in the military recruits.     

长春地区冬季儿童上呼吸道感染病毒病原学检测结果分析

目的了解长春地区冬春季急性上呼吸道感染患儿6种呼吸道病毒感染情况。方法采集门诊119例患儿咽拭子,应用(RT)-PCR方法检测甲型流感病毒(IVA)、A亚型呼吸道合胞病毒(RSVA)、副流感病毒(PIV)3型、腺病毒(ADV)、博卡病毒(HBoV)以及人偏肺病毒(hMPV)等6种常见呼吸道病毒。结果检测出阳性标本53例,阳性率44.54%,以流感病毒最高(19.33%)。经χ2检验,病毒总检出率在性别间差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.96,P<0.05)。结论流感病毒是长春地区2008年冬季患儿急性上呼吸道感染的主要病毒病原,男性患儿较女性患儿对呼吸道病毒易感。     

急性呼吸道感染患者220例非细菌性病原体流行特征分析

目的了解2011年3月—2012年2月北京市丰台区急性呼吸道感染非细菌性病原谱构成及其流行特征,为该区呼吸道传染病的预防控制以及临床诊断、治疗提供实验室依据。方法随机采集哨点医院发热门诊就诊的急性呼吸道感染病例咽拭子标本220例,利用多重实时-聚合酶链反应、聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR、PCR)方法进行流行性感冒(流感)病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、肠道病毒、博卡病毒、偏肺病毒、冠状病毒、鼻病毒和腺病毒9种病毒性病原体的检测和支原体检测,并进行统计分析。结果从220份咽拭子标本中共检出125份阳性标本,阳性率为56.82%。其中有6份标本为双重感染,阳性率较高的为流感病毒(65/131,49.62%)、支原体和副流感病毒(均为26/131,19.85%)。其他病原体的检出率均小于5%。不同病原体检出在季节分布上存在差异:流感病毒冬季检出率最高,支原体秋季检出较多,而副流感病毒感染的高峰期发生在夏季,病原体检出率在季节分布上总体呈现冬季(12—2月)较高,夏季较低的特点。不同性别间病原体检出率无统计学差异。发病3 d内采集的标本流感病毒检出率高于3 d后采集的标本,而支原体相反。结论北京市丰台区急性呼吸道感染非细菌性病原体主要为流感病毒、支原体和副流感病毒。在对急性呼吸道感染病例的诊断治疗中应考虑到不同病原体的高发季节。     

Epidemiology and prevention of pediatric viral respiratory infections in health-care institutions

Nosocomial viral respiratory infections cause considerable illness and death on pediatric wards. Common causes of these infections include respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Although primarily a community pathogen, rhinovirus also occasionally results in hospitalization and serious sequelae. This article reviews effective infection control interventions for these three pathogens, as well as ongoing controversies.     

冬春季住院患儿急性下呼吸道感染病毒学分析

目的:了解冬春季住院患儿急性下呼吸道感染(ARI)的病毒感染状况,为临床儿童急性呼吸道感染提供病毒病原学诊断依据。方法:选择2008年11月～2009年4月在九江市妇幼保健院呼吸内科住院的急性下呼吸道感染患儿,取其入院当天的静脉血,进行呼吸道病毒IgM检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、流感病毒(IV)、副流感病毒(PIV),并对检测标本阳性的病例进行统计分析。结果:在151例患儿送检标本中,阳性37例,占24.5%(37/151)。阳性标本中呼吸道合胞病毒32例(86.5%),腺病毒1例(2.7%),流感病毒2例(5.4%),副流感病毒2例(5.4%)。RSV的发病高峰在12月至次年的1、2月份,RSV感染多见于3岁以下儿童,发病高峰年龄为6个月以下儿童,男、女发病比例为1.9∶1。结论:九江市妇幼保健院2008年11月～2009年4月住院患儿中,引起急性下呼吸道感染的病毒病原体以RSV为主,IV和PIV次之。     

The sudden infant death syndrome and epidemic viral disease.

A study was done to investigate the relationship between the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and epidemic respiratory viral disease among hospitalized children under 18 months of age. During the 42 month-period of this study, there were 778 sudden infant deaths in Chicago and 3244 hospital admissions of children under 18 months for respiratory disease. Four outbreaks of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infections, three outbreaks of influenza A virus infections, and several small clusters of parainfluenza virus infections occurred during the course of this study. Influenza A was the only virus infection found to have a statistically significant association with SIDS. Although environmental temperature was also significantly correlated with SIDS, the association with influenza A virus infection was independent of this temperature effect and neither association was strong.     

婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染的病原学研究

目的探婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)的病毒病原学.方法采用直接免疫荧光法检测2209例急性下呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道诱导痰中脱落纤毛柱状上皮细胞中的呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒A型及B型、副流感病毒l、2、3型、腺病毒.结果2209例ALRI患儿中,病毒感染阳性率46.22%,其中主要为呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染,其次为流感病毒和副流感病毒.婴幼儿病毒性ALRI好发于冬春季节.结论病毒感染在本地区ALRI中占重要地位.RSV是冬春季节婴幼儿ALRI的主要病原体,其次是流感病毒和副流感病毒.     

河北省2013-2015年急性上呼吸道感染病毒病原学构成研究

目的 了解河北省2013-2015年引起急性上呼吸道感染（acute upper respiratory infection,AURI）的病原学构成和流行病学特征,为呼吸道感染的诊断和防治工作提供科学依据。方法 采集河北省4家医院门诊就诊的AURI患者的咽拭子标本1 551份,提取核酸后采用多重实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）方法检测15种呼吸道病毒。结果 采集1 551份临床咽拭子标本,检测出阳性标本714例,阳性率为46.03%,其中鼻病毒阳性率最高,为186（11.99%）例,其次为副流感病毒3型167（10.77%）例、呼吸道合胞病毒122（7.87%）例、腺病毒108（6.96%）例、乙型流感病毒56（3.61%）例、人偏肺病毒40（2.58%）例、甲型流感病毒39（2.51%）例、人博卡病毒38（2.45%）例、副流感病毒1型35（2.26%）例、冠状病毒229E/NL63型33（2.13%）例、肠道病毒32（2.06%）例、副流感病毒4型31（2.00%）例、冠状病毒OC43型30（1.93%）例、副流感病毒2型11（0.71%）例。病毒混合感染病例176例,检出率为11.35%。5岁以下年龄组病毒阳性率最高为56.07%（337/601）。结论 河北省AURI主要以鼻病毒、副流感病毒3型、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒为主,各病毒有各自的流行特征。     

A study of intranasally administered interferon A (rIFN-alpha 2A) for the seasonal prophylaxis of natural viral infections of the upper respiratory tract in healthy volunteers

The efficacy of interferon A (rIFN-alpha 2A), an Escherichia coli-derived interferon, in the prophylaxis of acute upper respiratory tract infection, was evaluated in a community-based double-blind placebo-controlled study in the Australian winter of 1985. The trial population of 412 healthy volunteers (190 males and 222 females, aged 18-65 years) self-administered 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 megaunits (MU) of interferon A per day or a placebo, intranasally for 28 days. The period of study coincided with an outbreak of H3N2 influenza A (detected in 35 of the 107 acute specimens) as well as substantial numbers of respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus infections. Rhinoviruses were isolated from only three specimens. In many cases, subjects had laboratory and clinical evidence of having had more than one respiratory tract infection during the period of the study. Viruses were detected in 54 or 107 acute specimens (49%). No statistically significant differences were noted between the various treatment groups in the incidence of laboratory-proven viral infection (virus isolation and/or antibody response). Analysis of reported symptoms indicated that blood-tinged mucus and nasal stuffiness occurred more frequently with higher doses of interferon. There appeared to be no clinical benefit from the use of interferon A in the amelioration of symptoms.     

2013年湖南省儿童医院住院患儿急性下呼吸道感染病原体分析

目的 了解湖南省儿童医院急性下呼吸道感染患儿常见非典型呼吸道病原的感染和流行情况,为临床诊断急性下呼吸道感染患儿提供病原学依据。 方法 采集该院2013年1-12月诊断为急性下呼吸道感染的1 726例住院患儿的血清标本,用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)快速检测和鉴定肺炎支原体、乙型流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒(1.2.3)、腺病毒、嗜肺军团菌、甲型流感病毒、肺炎衣原体、Q热立克次体九种非典型呼吸道病原体。采用χ²检验分析检出率的人群、季节、时间分布差异。 结果 1 726例患儿肺炎支原体检出率为56.78%,其次为乙型流感病毒19.99%、呼吸道合胞病毒12.40%、副流感病毒9.21%、腺病毒5.16%、嗜肺军团菌5.16%,甲型流感病毒2.43%,肺炎衣原体1.10%,Q热立克次体0.9%;其中肺炎支原体检出率存在性别差异(χ²=6.04, P<0.05);副流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎衣原体、肺炎支原体、腺病毒检出率存在年龄差异(P<0.05);肺炎衣原体检出率不存在季节差异,其它病原体在检出率存在季节差异(P<0.05)。副流感病毒、甲型流感病毒检出率5月达最高峰;Q热立克次体秋冬季未检出;肺炎支原体、乙型流感病毒1月是检出高峰。重复感染率22.25%,其中肺炎支原体合并其他病原体感染率高达16.3%。 结论 导致该院儿童急性下呼吸道感染的主要病原体是肺炎支原体、乙型流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒;肺炎支原体与其它病原体混合感染普遍。     

Ten years of viral and non-bacterial serology in adults with cystic fibrosis

Viral infections are associated with pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), but few studies have addressed the frequency in adults. This paper investigates the frequency and impact of viral infections in adults with CF receiving intravenous antibiotics. Pre- and post-treatment spirometry, inflammatory markers and antibody titres against influenza A, influenza B, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, and Coxiella burnetti were analysed over a 10-year period. Non-bacterial infections were identified in 5.1% of 3156 courses of treatment. The annual incidence of admissions per patient associated with viral infection was 4.9%. The presence of viral infection in association with a pulmonary exacerbation did not adversely affect lung function or inflammatory markers in the short term. Adults with CF have a lower incidence of respiratory viral infections associated with pulmonary exacerbations requiring intravenous antibiotics compared to children and infants with CF.     

广州地区儿童呼吸道病毒感染流行情况及混合感染调查

目的:了解广州地区儿童呼吸道感染的病毒流行特征及病毒混合感染的病原学构成。方法:2006年9月～2009年8月共收集720例起病3天内的呼吸道感染患儿鼻、咽拭子,应用荧光定量PCR方法检测标本中流感病毒(Flu)、副流感病毒(HPIV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、鼻病毒(HRV)、偏肺病毒(MPV)及冠状病毒(HCoV)等7种病毒的核酸。结果:①病毒总检出率为69.7%(502/720),检出率最高的前3种病毒为RSV(19.4%)、Flu(16.9%)和HRV(14.2%)。不同年龄组患儿同种病毒检出率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②502例阳性标本中,83例(16.5%)检出两种病毒混合感染,7例(1.4%)检出3种病毒混合感染。不同年龄组患儿混合感染发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③病毒混合感染高峰季节是春季和夏季,其中春季以RSV、HRV、Flu和MPV混合感染为主,夏季则以Flu、HRV和ADV混合感染为主。结论:RSV、Flu和HRV是广州地区儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原体,病毒混合感染以RSV和Flu最为常见,随不同年龄、不同季节有一定变化规律。     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and respiratory syncytial virus coinfection in children

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has infected many people around the world. Children are considered an important target group for SARS-CoV-2, as well as other viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus infection. Both SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus can affect the respiratory tract. Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus can pose significant challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment in children. This review compares the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment of COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.     

Long-term Shedding of Influenza A Virus in Stool of Immunocompromised Child

In immunocompromised patients, influenza infection may progress to prolonged viral shedding from the respiratory tract despite antiviral therapy. We describe chronic influenza A virus infection in an immunocompromised child who had prolonged shedding of culturable influenza virus in stool.