宝鸡市城乡居民艾滋病知晓率及态度调查分析

目的 了解宝鸡市城乡居民艾滋病知晓情况和态度,为有针对性地开展全市艾滋病健康教育工作提供科学依据.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,2013年调查全市城乡居民2 719人,其中学生1 142人,城镇居民647人,农村居民450人,农民工480人.结果 学生、城镇居民、农村居民和农民工艾滋病知识知晓率分别为82.36％、82.30％、81.16％和77.04％,各类人群知晓率之间差异存在统计学意义（P＜0.05）.城乡居民对待艾滋病感染者6个问题的正向态度持有率各类人群间差异存在统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 城乡居民艾滋病防治知识知晓率与“十二五”行动计划确定的既定目标尚有一定差距,对感染者的歧视态度仍然存在,我市艾滋病健康教育工作亟待加强.     

城镇不同人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率调查分析

目的：调查不同人群对艾滋病防治知识知晓情况，为制定下一步的健康教育工作的重点提供依据。方法：随机抽样进行问卷调查，统计知识知晓率、态度正确率。结果；经统计人群整体知晓率较低，为68．88％，不同人群知晓率存在差异，学生最高（80．03％），农村居民最低（51．00％），不同知识知晓率也存在差异，最高为97．66％，最低为29．98％。态度正确率仅为47．07％，不同人群以娱乐场所人员正确率最低（10．61％），学生正确率最高（88．32％）。结论：整体知晓率和对待艾滋病感染者和病人的态度正确率较低，各类人群艾滋病知晓率差异较大。     

流动人口艾滋病防治KAP现状调查

目的了解南充市顺庆区流动人口艾滋病知识知晓情况，以及对待艾滋病的相关行为和态度，为进一步制定健康教育策略提供依据。方法随机抽取711名在南充市顺庆区生活3个月以上。年龄在15～49岁的流动人口，采用问卷调查的方法了解他们的艾滋病知识、态度和行为。结果调查人群总知晓率为45．5％，男性知晓率为48．3％，女性知晓率为43．3％，差异有统计学意义（X^2=15．9，P=0．000）。结论流动人口对艾滋病防治知识的了解程度，因人群特征不同而异，应针对目标人群，加大预防艾滋病知识点的针对性和细节性宣传，建立风险意识；加大推广使用安全套的宣传力度，全面普及艾滋病防治知识。     

辽宁省城乡居民艾滋病相关知识和态度现况调查

目的了解城乡居民艾滋病相关知识和态度的现状。方法采用多阶段抽样方法，对沈阳市、鞍山市、锦州市1075人城乡居民进行问卷调查。结果城乡居民艾滋病相关知识平均知晓率为83．56％。其中，城市居民平均知晓率为85．13％，农村居民平均知晓率为81．95％，经t检验，城乡居民平均知晓率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论农村居民较城市居民艾滋病相关知识知晓率低，且对艾滋病病毒感染者的歧视态度较严重。     

湖北省不同人群艾滋病相关知识知晓情况分析

目的了解湖北省全球基金艾滋病（AIDS）防治项目地区暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、农村居民3类人群艾滋病相关知识知晓情况，为有针对性地制定健康教育干预策略提供参考。方法对湖北省12个项目县暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、农村居民等共8052人进行艾滋病相关知识问卷调查，比较3类人群的AIDS知识知晓情况。结果3类人群艾滋病知识总知晓率为72．2％，3类人群比较差异有统计学意义（χ^2=19．32，P〈0．01）。性病门诊就诊者知晓率最低，为68．0％，暗娼最高，为75．0％。艾滋病一般知识总知晓率为57．5％；艾滋病传播途径知识总知晓率为75．4％；艾滋病预防治疗知识总知晓率为73．3％。结论暗娼和性病门诊就诊者2类人群属于高危人群，仍然是当前开展艾滋病健康教育干预的重点。     

商洛市高危人群艾滋病知识、态度调查

目的通过调查商洛市艾滋病（AIDS）综合防治示范区内高危人群对艾滋病预防知识、态度以及行为情况，掌握高危人群对艾滋病健康教育的需求，为在高危人群中进一步开展健康教育提供依据。方法对商洛市3个艾滋病综合防治示范区内的宾馆和酒楼服务员、美容美发人员、性病门诊患者等进行AIDS知识和态度问卷调查。结果高危人群对艾滋病的3个传播途径的知晓率均达到85％以上，但对日常生活是否传染艾滋病不甚了解，来自不同行业的从业人员艾滋病知晓率有差异，高危人群总体上对艾滋病基本知识缺乏了解，知识水平普遍较低，自我保护能力和意识比较薄弱，对HIV感染者态度总体上比较消极，但接受艾滋病和性病知识宣传教育的意愿较高。结论对高危人群进行艾滋病健康教育刻不容缓，必须加强综合宣传教育。健康教育应根据人群不同，侧重面应有所调整。对高危目标人群开展上岗前艾滋病健康教育，树立健康观念和态度十分重要。     

健康教育处方对提高中专生艾滋病知识的效果评价

目的 探讨在职业中专生中实施健康教育处方教育，对提高职业中专学生艾滋病防治知晓率的作用。方法选择一所职业中专，进行发放处方前后的知晓率的问卷调查。结果教育前学生艾滋病知识知晓率为41．12％，教育后为78．57％；正向态度报告率从教育前40．38％提高到60．52％，但仍有73．80％的学生对艾滋病病毒感染者具有恐惧感；教育后有95．06％的学生认为目前健康教育是预防艾滋病的有效方法。结论采用健康教育处方能切实提高中专学生防治艾滋病的认识和态度，健康教育处方是一种行之有效的教育载体。     

合肥市城乡居民预防艾滋病知识现状调查和干预分析

目的了解合肥市城乡居民预防艾滋病知识现状和知晓率情况,探索城乡居民艾滋病知识宣传干预重点和提高知晓率的方法。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,在全市范围内开展两次调查。使用统一的调查问卷,对8160名城乡居民进行问卷调查。调查人群年龄范围为15岁～49岁。结果合肥市城乡居民对艾滋病防治和无偿献血知识的知晓率基本达到《中国遏制与防治艾滋病行动计划(2006～2010年)》要求。结论在城乡居民中,服务业和农村居民预防艾滋病知晓率相对较低,对城乡居民加强艾滋病健康教育宣传,可以有效提高城乡居民艾滋病知识的知晓率。     

河南省艾滋病高发区不同人群艾滋病相关知识态度行为调查

目的 了解艾滋病高发地区HIV感染者/AIDS患者和一般健康人群对艾滋病传播途径的知晓情况、对艾滋病的态度以及采取的防治措施情况.方法 采用自制的问卷对河南省4个项目县10个乡/镇居民进行调查,利用Epi Data 3.0软件建立数据库,SAS 9.13软件进行资料分析.结果 河南省艾滋病高发区居民艾滋病相关知识的总体知晓率为79.00％,其中HIV/AIDS组知晓率为81.62％,一般健康人群知晓率为76.47％,差异有统计学意义( P＜0.001);HIV/AIDS组和一般健康人群组对亲戚朋友HIV/AIDS态度上的差异有统计学意义(P=0.038,P=0.019);在日常性行为中HIV/AIDS组中39.59％的人坚持每次都使用安全套,而一般健康人群组中仅占11.08％.结论 河南省艾滋病高发区居民艾滋病相关知识的知晓率较高,病例组均高于一般健康人群组;安全套的使用率较低,艾滋病的性传播危险性较大,需要加强艾滋病健康教育和安全性行为干预.     

杭州市开发区流动人口艾滋病防治健康教育效果分析与评价

目的 了解杭州市开发区流动人口艾滋病防治知识的认知程度，评价对流动人口实施艾滋病健康教育的效果，为对流动人口实施艾滋病干预决策提供参考。方法 对开发区流动人口开展多种形式有关艾滋病防治知识的健康教育，包括艾滋病防治知识讲座、宣传版面展示、提供咨询、发放宣传资料、免费提供安全套等形式，在健康教育前后对流动人口进行问卷调查，对其健康教育前后艾滋病相关知识知晓程度进行比较。结果 被调查人员对问卷中13项艾滋病相关知识知晓率除“输血会传染艾滋病”健康教育前后没有统计学差异外，其他12项均存在显著性差异；健康教育后被调查对象对待艾滋病病人的态度与健康教育前比较有不同程度的提高和改善（P〈0．05）。健康教育后被调查对象“蚊虫叮咬不会传播艾滋病病毒”、“国家针对艾滋病的四免一关怀政策”两项知识的知晓率仍低于50％；对艾滋病病毒感染者和病人的态度正确率也低于50％。流动人口获得艾滋病相关知识的途径主要为电视（78．20％）、报纸和杂志（65．92％），喜欢的宣传方式主要为电视（58．13％）、报纸、杂志等（43．08％）。结论 健康教育能有效提高流动人口对艾滋病的认知程度，但被调查对象对艾滋病部分知识认知程度仍很低，应继续有针对性的加强该人群的艾滋病相关知识教育。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.