后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的疗效评估

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的有效性及安全性。方法:回顾分析2009年1月至2013年12月68例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料,其中33例行开放肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术(开放组),35例行后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术(后腹腔镜组),观察手术相关指标,包括术中是否出现血压剧烈波动、手术时间、术中出血量、引流量、拔除引流管时间、术后住院时间等。结果:68例手术均获成功,后腹腔镜组手术时间、出血量、引流管拔除时间及术中血压剧烈波动例数等明显优于开放组(P<0.05)。结论:后腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、患者痛苦少、康复快等优势,是治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效的术式。     

腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗静止型嗜铬细胞瘤的初步探讨

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗静止型嗜铬细胞瘤的临床疗效。方法:总结分析2002年～2008年我院施行腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗静止型嗜铬细胞瘤9例患者的临床资料。结果:9例静止型嗜铬细胞瘤患者的血压、尿儿茶酚胺(DA)、肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、尿香草基苦杏仁酸(VMA)均正常或略高于正常值,肿瘤直径2.0～4.5 cm,所有病例均行腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术,其中3例术中血压无上升,4例轻度上升,2例发生高血压危象,无一例死亡。结论:静止型嗜铬细胞瘤在临床上有潜在的危险性,术前充分准备、术中及时妥善处理,腹膜后腹腔镜手术效果良好。     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤（附七例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值。方法 采用腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤7例,其中5例采用经腹腔途径,2例采用腹膜后途径。结果 6例成功,1例因术中损伤胰腺出血改为开放手术。随访10－48个月,患者血压正常,肿瘤局部无复发。结论 对＜6cm的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,只要术前准备充分,腹腔镜手术安全有效,有望替代开放手术成为首选的治疗方法。     

腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤16例报告

目的:评价腹膜后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的应用价值。方法:回顾分析为16例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者行腹膜后腹腔镜手术的临床资料。结果:16例手术均获成功,无手术并发症发生。除2例血压高外,余术后临床症状和体征均消失,激素水平恢复正常。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜手术可作为治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的首选术式。术前充分的扩容和降压、术中熟练的腹腔镜操作技术及与麻醉师的良好配合是保证腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术顺利完成的必要条件。     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的麻醉体会

目的:总结腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的麻醉经验。方法:回顾分析2005年3月至2009年8月为12例患者行腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的临床资料。12例中男5例,女7例。28～62岁,平均39岁。术前患者均服用哌唑嗪控制血压,并用相同的全身麻醉方式。结果:术前患者血压和心率控制平稳。所有手术均在腹腔镜下完成。麻醉时间60～200min,平均95min。术中分离肿瘤时,4例血压明显升高,1例心率增快。术中无低血压发生。所有患者均未发生严重并发症。结论:只要术前、术中、术后严密监测管理,全身麻醉下行腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术安全可行。     

两种入路腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的临床应用

目的:评估两种入路在腹腔镜嗜铬细胞瘤手术中的临床应用价值及对血流动力学的影响。方法:选择72例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者,随机分为经腹组(n=36)与腹膜后组(n=36),对比术中、术后指标,评估血流动力学变化。结果:腹膜后组手术时间、术中出血量、下床活动时间、术后疼痛评分、引流管留置时间、术后住院时间、切口满意度评分均优于经腹组(P0.05)。对瘤体进行操作时两组患者收缩压、舒张压均有升高趋势,收缩压在游离肿瘤1 min、肿瘤游离完成、手术操作结束时腹膜后组低于经腹组(P0.05)。舒张压、心率在游离肿瘤1 min、肿瘤游离完成时腹膜后组低于经腹组(P0.05)。结论:经腹膜后入路行腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术手术时间短,出血少,患者康复快,对血流动力学稳定性影响小,可作为腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的优先选择入路。     

腹腔镜切除5～10 cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性分析

目的 探讨5～10 cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤腹腔镜切除术的安全性. 方法 2001年1月至2007年6月在北京大学第一医院泌尿外科行肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除的连续79例患者中肿瘤最大径5～10 cm者共41例,回顾分析其临床资料.腹腔镜组11例(其中2例中转开放,数据分析时排除在外),开放手术组30例.应用t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验对两组患者的临床资料及围手术期数据进行分析. 结果 两组患者年龄、肿瘤最大径、术前最高收缩压及舒张压、术前心率、血儿茶酚胺水平的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).腹腔镜组均经腹膜后途径.开放手术组经腹腔途径11例,经腹膜后途径19例.两组患者手术时间分别为(132±54)min和(178±64)min;术中出血量分别为100 ml(0～800 m1)和450 ml(0～9500 ml);术后住院时间分别为(7±2)d和(9±4)d,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).腹腔镜组术中均未输血,开放手术组术中输血量的中位值为225 ml(0～3800 ml).2组患者术中最高血压、最低血压、最快心率、最慢心率、收缩压增加基础血压30%的次数、收缩压≥200 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)次数、收缩压≤90 mm Hg次数、心率≥110次/min次数、心率≤50次/min次数的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).两组患者引流量、拔管时间、住ICU时间、术后开始进食时间、住院费用差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 腹腔镜切除5～10 cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血量、术后住院日较开放手术有优势,且术中血压、心率波动等指标不高于开放手术.因此,5～10 cm的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤不是腹腔镜的绝对禁忌,经验丰富的术者可以考虑开展腹腔镜手术切除较大肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.     

腹腔镜嗜铬细胞瘤切除术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性及有效性评估

目的 探讨腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的手术疗效及安全性.方法 选取2004年1月至2009年11月在山东省立医院泌尿微创中心的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者65例,其中32例采用开放肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术,33例采用腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术;回顾性分析了相关指标,包括术中是否出现血压剧烈波动,设定≥50 mmHg为剧烈波动,手术时间、术中出血、输血例数、引流量、引流管留置时间、手术切口长度等指标,比较两组的手术疗效有无统计学差异并评价腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的有效性及安全性.结果 对于直径≤10 cm的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,腹腔镜组与开放组在手术疗效上无明显差异,但腹腔镜组的平均手术时间、平均出血量、平均输血例数、平均引流管留置时间、平均手术切口长度等指标均明显低于开放组.结论 腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术与开放手术比较.手术疗效无统计学差异,但是前者具有痛苦少、创伤小、手术时间短、术后恢复快等优点,采用腹腔镜切除肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤是一种非常有效的手术方法.尤其对于肿瘤偏小、黏连较轻的病例,腹腔镜手术优势越明显.     

嗜铬细胞瘤腹腔镜与开放手术护理配合比较

目的 比较肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤腹腔镜术与开放手术术中护理配合的异同点.方法 回顾性总结16例采用腹腔镜技术(腔镜组)与16例使用开放手术(开放组)治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的患者的手术配合经验:两组待血压、心率、脉搏控制至正常并持续1周实行手术;在术前除分别准备器械物品外,术中采取不同护理配合方法.腔镜组术中注意静脉滴注去甲肾上腺素,观察CO2气腹对呼吸、循环和酸碱平衡的影响;开放组术中注意静脉滴注苄胺唑啉、普萘洛尔,使血压维持至较正常稍高的水平,防止血压过高或过低.结果 两组手术均获成功.腔镜组无1例中转开放术;术中血压、心率剧烈波动腔镜组3例、开放组10例,经处理后均转危为安;两组随诊均未见复发.两组术中血压、心率、手术时间,术中出血量、输液量、输血量,术后下床活动时间、术后住院时间比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01).结论 肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术时血压、心率等波动剧烈.腔镜组与开放组各有优势,腔镜手术较开放手术术中血压、心率剧烈波动的例数少,手术平稳程度大,安全系数高.手术中医护协力配合是腹腔镜与开放手术治疗嗜铬细胞瘤患者手术成功的关键.     

达芬奇机器人与不同入路传统腹腔镜在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术中的围手术期比较

目的:探讨3种手术方式在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术中的临床应用价值,提高肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析2009年1月—2019年12月在我院手术治疗的186例嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料,比较经腹腔、经后腹腔和机器人辅助腹腔镜手术在围术期的各项数据。结果:经后腹腔组在手术时间、术后恢复进食及术后引流液量方面均优于经腹腔组;而在术中血压波动、中转开放率、失血量及术后拔除引流管时间方面,二者无明显差异;经腹机器人手术组在手术时间和切除巨大肿瘤方面优于经腹腔组。结论:经后腹腔行腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的手术时间短、患者恢复快,可作为肿瘤体积较小(5 cm)患者优先选择的手术方式;机器人手术因精细度高,操作灵活更适合肿瘤体积较大的复杂性嗜铬细胞瘤患者。     

Retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: comparison with open surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of the retroperitoneoscopic approach to adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma and to compare it with the open retroperitoneal approach. METHODS: Twelve retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomies for pheochromocytomas were performed in 10 patients at our center between January 1996 and January 2001. Two patients underwent simultaneous bilateral surgeries. These were retrospectively compared with open adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma through the extraperitoneal flank approach in 6 patients with 7 adrenalectomies, conducted during the same period. RESULTS: Retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy could be successfully performed in 11 cases with 1 conversion to open surgery. Mean operative time was 151 minutes (range, 90 to 200 min). This was comparable to the time for the open surgery group, 169 minutes (range, 85 to 270 min). However, the mean blood loss of 140 mL (range, 30 to 300 mL), hospital stay of 4.4 days, and analgesia doses required (3.3) were significantly lower than those for the open surgery group (592 mL, 9.8 days, and 8.1 doses, respectively). No significant intraoperative hypertensive crises occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopy is a safe and feasible option for adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. It requires shorter operative time, less postoperative analgesia, a shorter hospitalization, and blood loss is less. Although retroperitoneoscopy is widely practiced for other adrenal tumors, it should now also be considered for pheochromocytomas.     

Influence of carbon dioxide on respiratory function during posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in prone position.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influences of CO(2) insufflation on changes in blood gas analysis and end tidal CO(2) tension (PetCO(2)) during posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in the prone position. METHODS: Arterial blood gas analysis and measurements of PetCO(2) were carried out during CO(2) insufflation in 16 patients who underwent posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in the prone position (PRA group). The results were compared to 10 patients who underwent open posterior adrenalectomy (OPA group). Ventilation was artificially controlled during the study period in all cases. RESULTS: Arterial pH, PaCO(2), PetCO(2) and PaO(2) were not significantly different between the PRA and OPA groups. However, the PaCO(2)-PetCO(2) gradient in the PRA group was significantly higher than that in the OPA group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Transperitoneal absorption of CO(2) occurs in patients undergoing retroperitoneoscopy in the prone position. The alveolo-arterial CO(2) gradient may be the only parameter which indicates the absorption of CO(2) during PRA.     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: comparison with open adrenalectomy and comparison of laparoscopic surgery for pheochromocytoma versus other adrenal tumors

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma with that of conventional open adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma and laparoscopic surgery for other adrenal tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients with adrenal tumors, including 10 cases of pheochromocytoma, 18 cases of Cushing's syndrome, 20 cases of primary aldosteronism, and 6 cases of nonfunctioning tumors, were evaluated. A historical group of 7 consecutive patients who underwent conventional open adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma was also studied. RESULTS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma was successful in 9 of the 10 patients. There was no difference in tumor size, operation time, estimated blood loss, or occurrence of hypertensive episodes during surgery between patients treated with laparoscopic procedures and those treated with open surgery. However, the number of days to first postoperative oral feeding and first ambulation, length of hospitalization, and number of patients requiring parenteral analgesics were significantly smaller after laparoscopic surgery than after open surgery. There was no significant difference in operation time, estimated blood loss, incidence of intraoperative complications, or postoperative recovery between patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma and those who underwent laparoscopic surgery for other adrenal lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy does not increase the specific risks associated with surgery for pheochromocytoma. It is a minimally invasive alternative to conventional open adrenalectomy.     

俯卧位背侧入路后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术(附13例报告)

目的:探讨俯卧位背侧入路行后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的疗效及方法。方法:回顾分析2010年6月至2011年3月为13例患者行俯卧位经背侧入路后腹腔镜肾上腺手术的临床资料。其中男9例,女4例,35～57岁,平均45.3岁。术前均行超声、CT或MRI等检查证实为肾上腺占位性病变。病变位于左侧7例,右侧6例。原发性醛固酮增多症8例,嗜铬细胞瘤4例,无功能腺瘤1例。肿瘤直径1.3～4.2 cm,平均2.4 cm。结果:13例均顺利完成手术。手术时间65～125 min,平均89.5 min;术中出血量20～80 ml,平均45.6 ml;术后住院5～8 d,平均6.6 d。围手术期无并发症发生。随访5～14个月,平均10.5个月,未见肿瘤复发及转移。结论:俯卧位背侧入路行后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全可行。经背侧入路为腹腔镜手术入路提供了新的选择。     

Retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy: lateral versus posterior approach

PURPOSE: We used a lateral or posterior approach to perform retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors and compared the results to determine which approach is more advantageous. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We removed 42 adrenal tumors from 42 patients by retroperitoneoscopic surgery. We used the posterior approach in 17 cases and the lateral approach in 25 cases. We compared the operating time, complications, and surgical advantages for the two approaches. RESULTS: The mean operating time was significantly shorter with the lateral approach, 141 +/- 64 minutes v 225 +/- 88 minutes for the posterior approach (P = 0.0019), which we believe reflects the technical advantages of the lateral approach. Complications included one case of pneumothorax and an instance of pulmonary edema in a patient with chronic renal failure using the lateral approach and one occurrence each of pneumothorax and bleeding using the posterior approach. Retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy could not be performed in 1 of 25 cases (4.0%) using the lateral approach and in 3 of 17 cases (17.6%) using the posterior approach. CONCLUSION: Our series suggests that the lateral approach is preferable to the posterior approach for retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy.     

Urological retroperitoneoscopic surgery for patients with prior intra-abdominal surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether previous intra-abdominal surgery is associated with surgical outcome in patients undergoing urological retroperitoneoscopic surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred seventeen cases of urological retroperitoneoscopic surgery, including 78 cases of retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy (RN) for localized renal tumor and 39 cases of retroperitoneoscope-assisted radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper urinary tract cancer, were evaluated. Thirty (38.5%) of the 78 patients who underwent RN and 13 (33.3%) of the 39 patients who underwent RNU had a history of intra-abdominal surgery. The patients were divided into two groups: those who had undergone prior intra-abdominal surgery (OP+) and those who had not (OP-). Patients' backgrounds, degree of surgical invasiveness, and period of convalescence were compared between the OP+ and OP- groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the OP+ and OP- groups in terms of background, surgical invasiveness or convalescence, except for age in the patients who had undergone RN. Complications in the studied cases were unrelated to any history of intra-abdominal surgery. CONCLUSION: Previous intra-abdominal surgery is not associated with a negative outcome of urological retroperitoneoscopic surgery in patients with localized renal tumors and those with upper urinary tract cancer.     

Abdominelle Voroperationen

Benign adrenal gland tumors smaller than 6 cm are nowadays the indication for minimally invasive surgery. Until now there has been no significant difference between retroperitoneoscopic and transabdominal adrenalectomy. Intestinal adhesions could be a contraindication against transabdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomy, and therefore the retroperitoneoscopic approach could be an advantage in these cases. A prospective study concerning this question has not been published yet. Our clinical investigation here includes 114 adrenalectomies during the last 5 years. We show that in any case of abdominal preoperation, laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be performed by transabdominal approach and without conversion to open surgery. Discussed are the different indications for laparoscopic adrenalectomy, operating time, conversion rate to open surgery, and amount and type of abdominal preoperation. We compared patients with and without abdominal preoperations.     

Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for pediatric adrenal tumors

Background/aimsPosterior retroperitoneoscoic adrenalectomy has been reported as an option for adrenal tumor resection but is not commonly performed in children owing to the extreme semikneeling position advocated to flatten the lumbar lordosis in order to achieve adequate retroperitoneal space. As children have smaller lordosis angles, flattening of the lordosis and creation of optimal retroperitoneal space may be achieved with less hip flexion. We used pediatric lumbar lordosis measurements to develop a modified prone jackknife position and report our experiences with this setup for posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors.MethodsLordosis angles were measured on sagittal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of patients with adrenal tumors and compared to normal references. The data were used to develop our modified prone jackknife position. Selected patients with adrenal tumors underwent posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in this position. Patient demographics, diagnoses, operative times, complications, postop analgesia requirements, and length of hospitalization were analyzed.ResultsCT and MRI studies were analyzed for 20 patients with adrenal tumors diagnosed in our institution from 2012 to 2017; median lordosis angle was 27.84° (range: 15.50°–36.48°) — less than reference lordosis angles of respective age groups, and flexion angles of common operating tables. Five patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy between June 2016 and June 2018. Histological diagnoses were neuroblastoma, adrenal hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma, and adrenal angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Median age was 4 years [range: 1–11]. Median operating time was 137 min [range 111–181 min]. No conversions to open surgery were required. One patient had intraoperative bleeding from the adrenal vein. Only 1 patient required postoperative opioids for analgesia. Median length of hospitalization after surgery was 2 days (range: 2–3 days).ConclusionsPediatric patients can achieve flattening of lumbar lordosis with less extreme positioning. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in a modified prone jackknife position is a feasible operation for pediatric patients with small adrenal masses.Type of studyClinical research paper.Level of evidenceLevel III.     

Complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in 75 patients treated by the same surgeon.

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the complications of endoscopic adrenalectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the operative and postoperative complications among 75 patients with adrenal tumors who underwent endoscopic adrenalectomy by the same surgeon. RESULTS: Five patients (6.7%) were converted to open surgery. Of these, there were 2 with metastatic adrenal carcinoma, and 1 with adrenal tuberculosis. A total of 21 patients (28%) had 24 complications (32%). There was no mortality. As for access and pneumoperitoneum-related complications, 5 cases of subcutaneous emphysema and 3 of radiating shoulder pain occurred. Intraoperative complications included 2 cases of vascular injury, 2 of organ injury, and 4 of massive bleeding (>500 ml). Postoperative complications included 2 cases of mild paralytic ileus, 2 asthma, and 1 each of angina, wound infection, retroperitoneal hematoma, and contralateral atelectasis. Except for the patients with adrenal malignancy and adrenal tuberculosis, 71% of the complications occurred among the initial 25 patients with laparoscopic adrenalectomy and 80% occurred in the initial 10 retroperitoneoscopic patients. CONCLUSION: Although endoscopic adrenalectomy is a valuable alternative to open surgery, it should be done by a skilled laparoscopist in patients with adrenal inflammatory lesions or malignancy. Careful patient selection and correct choice of surgical approach according to the tumor size and the patient's condition are the most important points for avoiding the complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy.     

Retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy by using microwave tissue coagulation

Partial nephrectomy is widely accepted as a treatment for small renal cell carcinoma. However, the laparoscopic approach has not yet been considered as a standard procedure. We reviewed our 13 retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomies and 11 conventional open partial nephrectomies. We have used microwave tissue coagulation for retroperitoneoscopic surgery without renal pedicle clamping between December 1999 and May 2003. The mean operating time for the retroperitoneoscopic group was not significantly longer than that for conventional open surgery group (183 minutes vs 194 minutes). However, the mean blood loss for the retroperitoneoscopic group was less than that for the open group (143 ml vs 512 ml). Histologic evaluation revealed renal cell carcinoma in 10 patients, angiomyolipoma in 2 patients, and lymphoangiomyomatosis in one patient for retroperitoneoscopic group and renal cell carcinoma in 11 patients for the conventional open surgery group. In addition, when compared with the historical control that had undergone conventional partial nephrectomy, laparoscopic cases had significantly shorter postoperative times to oral intake, ambulance, and discharge from hospital. Bowel injury, massive bleeding, urine leakage, and atelectasis occurred in one case each in retroperitoneoscopic surgery. Retroperitoneoscopic surgery in the case of massive bleeding was converted to open surgery. On the other hand, urine leakage and postoperative hemorrhage occurred in one case each in conventional open surgery. Retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy by using microwave tissue coagulation is a useful and less invasive method, whereas this procedure is more challenging than open partial nephrectomy in terms of complications.