胆道梗阻大鼠肝切除术后残肝细胞能量代谢状况的研究

目的 探讨胆道梗阻大鼠肝切除术后残肝细胞能量代谢状况。方法 实验大鼠分实验组（３０只）、对照组（２０只）２组。对正常大鼠和胆道梗阻５ｄ大鼠行７０％肝切除和胆肠引流术、观察术后２４ｈ残肝细胞线粒体呼吸功能（线粒体ＲＳ３、ＰＣＲ和ＡＤＰ／Ｏ比值）和ＡＴＰ量改变。结果 正常大鼠肝切除后肝细胞线粒体功能代偿性增加。胆道梗阻大鼠肝切除术后肝线粒体代偿能力减弱（Ｐ〈０．０５）,肝细胞能量代谢障碍（Ｐ〈０．０１     

胆道梗阻后肝细胞线粒体钙含量变化和肝脂质过氧化损害的实验研究

为了解胆道梗阻对肝脏的损害机理,在复制大鼠胆道梗阻模型基础上,分离肝细胞线粒体,动态检测肝细胞线粒体钙含量,肝组织ＭＤＡ、ＳＯＤ含量,血清ＴＢｉｌ、ＡＬＴ、ＡＬＰ及ＧＧＴ含量。结果：肝细胞线粒体钙含量、肝组织ＭＤＡ含量和血清ＴＢｉｌ、ＡＬＴ、ＡＬＰ及ＧＧＴ水平均随梗阻时间延长而逐渐升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,肝组织ＳＯＤ含量则逐渐减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）;肝细胞线粒体钙含量与肝组织ＭＤＡ含量、血清ＡＬＴ及ＡＬＰ含量变化呈明显正相关,ｒ分别为０．９６７、０．９２４和０．９１９（Ｐ＜０．０１）;肝组织ＭＤＡ含量与血清ＡＬＴ和ＡＬＰ含量变化呈明显正相关,ｒ分别为０．９４９和０．８４３（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：肝细胞线粒体钙超载和脂质过氧化损伤密切相关,在胆道梗阻所致肝损害过程中起重要作用。     

维生素E对老化大鼠肝细胞线粒体脂质过氧化损害的防治

观察６、１２、１８和２４月龄大重肝细胞（ＨＣ）线粒体丙二醛（ＭＤＡ），超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＰＤ），过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）以及肝组织三磷酸腺苷（ＡＴＰ）含量。结果表明，１８、２４月龄大鼠ＨＣ线粒体ＭＤＡ含量较６月龄分别升高了３３．８％和４９．２％（Ｐ〈０．０１）。同时ＳＯＤ、ＧＰＤ活性及ＡＴＰ含量均显著降低，维生素（ＶＥ）可显著提高ＨＣ线粒体抗氧化酶活性，在一定程度上减轻脂     

胆道梗阻后肝细胞线粒体钙含量变化和肝脂质过氧化？…

为了解胆道梗阻对肝脏的损害机理,在复制大鼠胆道梗阻模型基础上,分离肝细胞线粒体,动态检测肝细胞线粒体含量,肝组织ＭＤＡ,ＳＯＤ含量,血清Ｔ－Ｂｉｌ,ＡＬＴ,ＡＬＰ及ＧＧＴ含量。结果：肝细胞线粒体钙含量,肝组织ＭＤＡ含量和血清Ｔ－Ｂｉｌ,ＡＬＴ,ＡＬＰ及ＧＧＴ水平均随梗阻时间延长而逐渐升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）,肝组织ＳＯＤ含量则逐渐减少（Ｐ〈０．０５）;肝细胞线粒体钙含量与肝组织ＭＤＡ含量,血清ＡＬＴ水     

硫酸镁对实验性颅脑损伤后线粒体酶活性的影响

探讨硫酸镁对大鼠颅脑损伤后脑线粒体ＡＴＰ酶、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的活性及线粒体Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋及ＭＤＡ含量的影响。方法对自由落体致颅脑损伤的ＳＤ大鼠在致伤同时腹腔注射硫酸镁治疗,伤后２４小时测定线粒体Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶、Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、ＳＯＤ的活性及线粒体Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋及ＭＤＡ含量。结果颅脑损伤后大鼠脑线粒体Ｎａ２＋－Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶,Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的活性均明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）,线粒体Ｃａ２＋、ＭＤＡ含量增加,Ｍｇ２＋含量及ＳＯＤ活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。与创伤组相比,硫酸镁治疗组上述指标均有明显改善（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论硫酸镁可以改善损伤后脑线粒体酶活性并减轻线粒体钙超载。     

肾移植前后超氧化物歧化酶及脂质过氧化物活性的动态观察

对３２例肾移植患者手术前后血浆中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）活性进行动态观察，并对ＳＯＤ及ＬＰＯ与血肌酐（Ｃｒ）、尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）和免疫抑制剂环孢素Ａ（ＣｓＡ）的关系进行相关分析。结果表明：术前及术后前期ＳＯＤ水平明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＬＰＯ水平术前及术后后期亦显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。术后２个月，患者肾功能逐渐恢复，ＳＯＤ下降至正常水平。此外，ＳＯＤ与Ｃｒ、ＢＵＮ之间存在良好的相关性（Ｐ＜０．０１），故移植术后ＳＯＤ、ＬＰＯ活性测定不仅对研究肾移植过程中再灌注损伤有重要意义，亦可做为肾功恢复的指标之一。     

卡托普利对心肌组织高能磷酸化合物代谢的影响

观察含卡托普利（巯甲丙脯酸）的停搏液及再灌注血液对心肌组织高能磷酸化合物代谢的影响。用杂种犬１６条，随机分为对照组（Ｓｔ．Ｔｈｏｍａｓ改型停搏液）、卡托普利（ｃｐｌ）组（含ｃｐｌ４．６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｓｔ．Ｔｈｏｍａｓ停搏液改型及再灌注血液）。测定心肌组织三磷酸腺苷（ＡＴＰ）、二磷酸腺苷（ＡＤＰ）、一磷酸腺苷（ＡＭＰ）、肌酸肌苷（ＣＰ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量、股动脉及冠状静脉窦血气及乳酸值，计算心肌氧摄取率。结果表明，心脏复跳后ｃｐｌ组ＡＴＰ、ＡＤＰ、ＡＭＰ及ＣＰ的恢复率、心肌氧摄取率均明显高于对照组，而心肌组织ＭＤＡ含量、冠状静脉窦与股动脉的血乳酸含量差值明显低于对照组。提示含４．６μｍｏｌ／Ｌｃｐｌ的停搏液及再灌注血液可改善心肌组织氧的供需平衡，增加心肌组织氧摄取率及乳酸利用率，增加ＡＴＰ的合成，从而改善心肌缺血再灌注后心肌组织的能量代谢及心功能     

一氧化氮在糖尿病肾病中的作用

目的探讨糖尿病（ＤＭ）和高血压大鼠肾脏一氧化氮（ＮＯ）途径与ＤＭ肾病的关系。方法将自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）制成链脲佐菌素（ＳＴＺ）ＤＭ模型。设ＷＫＹ、ＳＨＲ和ＳＨＲＤＭ三组。除形态学观察外,还测定各组大鼠肌酐清除率（Ｃｃｒ）、２４小时尿蛋白、血及肾组织ＮＯ含量、肾脏ＮＯ合成酶（ＮＯＳ）活性和ＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ表达水平。结果ＳＨＲＤＭ组大鼠２４小时尿蛋白定量２０周时明显高于其余两组,Ｃｃｒ无明显改变。血ＮＯ水平升高,肾ＮＯ含量降低。肾脏结构型ＮＯＳ（ｃＮＯＳ）活性下降,诱导型ＮＯＳ（ｉＮＯＳ）活性或ｉＮＯＳ／ｃＮＯＳ（ｉ／ｃ）比值增加。肾小球ＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ表达面积扩大,入球动脉及小叶间动脉ＮＯＳ基因表达明显下降。肾小球系膜增生,有形成ＫＷ结节或纤维蛋白帽的趋势,系膜区基质增多,基底膜增厚,肾小动脉壁厚腔窄。结论（１）ＳＴＺＳＨＲＤＭ模型出现的２４小时尿蛋白增加、肾小球系膜及肾小血管病变提示ＤＭ肾病的产生;（２）肾脏ＮＯ系统异常与ＤＭ肾病有关。     

黄芪当归合剂降低肾病综合征大鼠血脂机制的探讨

目的　探讨黄芪当归合剂降低肾病综合征（ＮＳ）大鼠血脂的机制。方法　采用加速型肾毒血清肾炎致ＮＳ模型。治疗组灌服黄芪当归合剂,正常组和肾病对照组灌水。检测各组血清脂谱,以Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交检测肝脏羧甲基戊二酰辅酶Ａ（ＨＭＧＣｏＡ） 还原酶和低密度脂蛋白受体（ＬＤＬＲ）ｍＲＮＡ表达。结果　肾病大鼠呈高脂蛋白血症,该组肝脏ＨＭＧＣｏＡ还原酶的ｍＲＮＡ在早期呈短暂上调（ Ｐ ＜ ０－００１） ,ＬＤＬ受体ｍＲＮＡ 表达随病程逐渐下调（ Ｐ ＜ ０－００１）;黄芪当归治疗组,血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白和极低密度脂蛋白低于肾病对照组,虽肝脏ＨＭＧＣｏＡ 还原酶ｍＲＮＡ 无明显变化,但ＬＤＬ受体ｍＲＮＡ表达较肾病对照组显著上调（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。结论　黄芪当归组显著降低ＮＳ大鼠血脂水平,这一改善脂代谢紊乱的作用可能部份是通过肝脏ＬＤＬ受体ｍＲＮＡ 表达上调而实现。     

卡托普利心脏停搏液对缺血再灌注心肌NOS活性和NO产生的影响

目的：探讨卡托普利心脏停搏液对缺血再灌注心肌保护作用的机制。方法：１２只绵羊,随机均分为对照组（Ｉ组）和卡托普利组（Ｉ组）。常规建立体外循环,心脏停搏６０分钟,再灌注３０分钟。Ｉ组采用仁济医院冷晶体停搏液,ＩＩ组在停搏液中加入卡托普利２３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。观察冠状窦血中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、肌酸磷酸激酶（ＣＰＫ）、环磷酸鸟苷（ｃＧＭＰ）、心肌丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量及心肌ＮＯ合酶（ＮＯＳ）同功酶活性的变化,监测心肌功能。结果：再灌注后Ｉ组心肌血ＮＯ、ＣＰＫ、ｃＧＭＰ、心肌ＭＤＡ均明显升高,Ｉ组低于Ｉ组（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。ＩＩ组再灌注后心肌原生型ＮＯ合酶（ｃＮＯＳ）活性明显高于Ｉ组,而诱导型ＮＯ合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）及总ＮＯＳ活性显著低于Ｉ组（Ｐ＜０．０１或０．００１）。两组再灌注后心肌功能均降低,Ｉ组较Ｉ组更为显著。再灌注后ＮＯ的变化与心肌ＭＤＡ和ＣＰＫ之间呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．００１和０．０１）。结论：缺血再灌注心肌损伤与过量ＮＯ产生有关,卡托普利通过调节ＮＯＳ同功酶活性,维持正常ＮＯ水平起到保护作用。     

Effects of halothane and decreased PO2 on high energy phosphate levels maintained by isolated rat liver mitochondria

Steady states of oxidative phosphorylation were achieved in mitochondrial suspensions continuously equilibrated with constant gas mixtures, simulating the conditions under which mitochondria contribute to the cellular energy status in vivo. The dependence of the mitochondria-maintained adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio on oxygen and halothane levels was examined at predetermined, clinically relevant concentrations of both gases. Inclusion of 1% halothane in the gas mixture decreased ATP/ADP by about half when mitochondrial respiration was supported by NAD-linked substrate (glutamate); succinate-supported ATP/ADP was not inhibited. With either substrate, and whether or not 1% halothane was present. ATP/ADP was unaffected by decreases in PO2 to values as low as 1.6 mm Hg. Under a range of typical in vivo conditions, therefore, 1% halothane significantly inhibited the mitochondrial contribution to steady state energy balance, whereas decreases in PO2 did not. Combined effects of 1% halothane and reduced PO2 on ATP/ADP were not seen, i.e., halothane did not increase the critical PO2 level (hypoxic threshold) for inhibition of mitochondrial ATP production.     

不同缺氧条件下大鼠肝细胞能量代谢变化

目的 观察缺氧对大鼠肝细胞能量代谢的影响。方法 利用体外培养的肝细胞缺氧模型,模拟创伤后的缺血、缺氧环境,以正常生长的大鼠肝细胞为对照,采用生物化学的方法,分析氧的个同浓度及缺氧时间下肝细胞内ATP、ADP、AMP以及能荷的变化。结果 与正常对照组相比,缺氧肝细胞内ATP含量下降,4h达到最低水平,以后逐渐回升,其中O2浓度为15％组16h与正常对照无显著性差异。ADP和AMP的变化与ATP相反,与正常对照相比,缺氧后水平增高,4h达到高峰,以后逐渐下降,16h仍未能完全恢复正常水平。能荷及ATP/ADP比值的变化与AMP相似。结论 缺氧后肝细胞能量代谢明显受到影响,呈现出双相变化的赳势,ATP和能荷水平先降低,后增高。     

δ阿片受体激动剂对脓毒症大鼠小肠能量代谢作用的研究

目的：探讨δ阿片受体激动剂DADLE（D—Ala^2-D—Leu^5-enkephali）对脓毒症大鼠小肠屏障功能的保护作用及其机制。方法：72只SD大鼠,分为假手术组、脓毒症组和DADLE（5mg／Kg）治疗组．每组24只。采用改良盲肠结扎穿孔方法（CLP）建立大鼠脓毒症模型,假手术组除不结扎刺穿盲肠外,其余操作同脓毒症组,DADLE治疗组模型建立后立即按5mL/kg剂量静脉注射浓度为0．5mg／mL的DALDE。于手术后4、8、12h处死大鼠,测定小肠黏膜组织中ATP、ADP、AMP含量;制备肠上皮细胞线粒体,测定各组大鼠线粒体呼吸控制率（RCR）、磷氧比（P／O）和肠道氧摄取率（Oext）;观察并比较各组小肠黏膜上皮组织病理改变。结果：DADLE治疗组的小肠黏膜ATP、ADP含量较脓毒症组均有明显升高（P〈0．05）,AMP含量明显下降（P〈0．05）;DADLE治疗组小肠上皮细胞中线粒体RCR、P／O和Oext较脓毒症组均明显升高（P〈0．05）;小肠黏膜上皮组织病理学提示DADLE组的组织损伤明显轻于脓毒症组。结论：δ阿片受体激动剂DADLE对脓毒症大鼠小肠氧代谢和能量代谢的抑制状态具有一定程度的改善作用。     

Mitochondrial metabolism following traumatic brain injury in rats

Although a number of studies of traumatic brain injury have implicated mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of altered posttraumatic energy metabolism, no studies to date have isolated mitochondria and measured their respiratory capacity following trauma. The present study sought to determine whether mitochondrial capacity for oxidative phosphorylation is adversely affected by fluid-percussion-induced traumatic brain injury in rats. Prior to brain injury, the mitochondrial respiratory control ratio was 4.3 +/- 0.2 and the ratio of nmoles of ADP phosphorylated per natom oxygen consumed (ADP/O ratio) was 2.66 +/- 0.09. After injury (2.8 atm; t = 4 h), there were slight but not significant alterations in ADP/O ratio (2.41 +/- 0.07) and state 3 respiratory rate (ADP stimulated); however, there were no changes in the respiratory control ratio. These data suggest that traumatic brain injury, unlike ischemia, does not cause uncoupling of ATP synthesis from respiration, and that brain mitochondria are quite resistant to trauma-induced injury.     

Fatty acid lessens halothane's inhibition of energy metabolism in isolated hepatocytes

This study has examined whether adverse halothane effects on liver-cell energy metabolism are influenced by the availability of alternate substrates for energy-generating reactions. Halogenated volatile anesthetics affect both energy supply and energy demand in tissues, and cellular energy deficits have been implicated in anesthetic hepatotoxicity. Using hepatocytes isolated from fed rats either pretreated with phenobarbital or not treated (+PB or -PB cells, respectively), we studied the cellular energetic effects of providing fatty acid (oleic acid) along with glucose as substrate(s) for energy metabolism, while exposing the cells to 0%-2% halothane. In -PB cells incubated with glucose alone, there were halothane dose-related decreases in the oxygen (O2) consumption rate (VO2) and in the balance between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and demand (ATP/ADP ratio), but no effect on lactate metabolism (lactate consumption or production) over the 10-min incubation period. Adding oleate along with glucose (a) raised VO2 but lowered ATP/ADP in the absence of halothane; (b) eliminated the decreases in VO2 and ATP/ADP seen when halothane was introduced; and (c) increased lactate consumption in both the presence and absence of halothane. In +PB cells, VO2 was higher, ATP/ADP lower, and lactate consumption also lower than in -PB cells under comparable conditions. Halothane or oleate effects, or both, on energy metabolism were thus qualitatively similar in +PB and -PB cells, except that in +PB cells incubated without oleate, lactate formation developed as halothane was increased from 0% to 2%, reflecting activation of glycolysis due to insufficient mitochondrial ATP production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Metabolic oscillations in beta-cells

Whereas the mechanisms underlying oscillatory insulin secretion remain unknown, several models have been advanced to explain if they involve generation of metabolic oscillations in beta-cells. Evidence, including measurements of oxygen consumption, glucose consumption, NADH, and ATP/ADP ratio, has accumulated to support the hypothesis that energy metabolism in beta-cells can oscillate. Where simultaneous measurements have been made, these oscillations are well correlated with oscillations in intracellular [Ca(2+)] and insulin secretion. Considerable evidence has been accumulated to suggest that entry of Ca(2+) into cells can modulate metabolism both positively and negatively. The main positive effect of Ca(2+) is an increase in oxygen consumption, believed to involve activation of mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Negative feedback by Ca(2+) includes decreases in glucose consumption and decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Ca(2+) also provides negative feedback by increasing consumption of ATP. The negative feedback provided by Ca(2+) provides a mechanism for generating oscillations based on a model in which glucose stimulates a rise in ATP/ADP ratio that closes ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels, thus depolarizing the cell membrane and allowing Ca(2+) entry through voltage-sensitive channels. Ca(2+) entry reduces the ATP/ADP ratio and allows reopening of the K(ATP) channel.     

Changes in hepatic energy metabolism in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis

In this study, changes of hepatic cellular ATP, ADP, and AMP, concentrations and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were investigated in rats with experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). It was found that energy change (ATP + 1/2 ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP) of the liver decreased from 0.866 to 0.806 (P less than 0.05) 24 h after ANP, and to 0.769 (P less than 0.01) at 48 h. On the other hand, mitochondrial phosphorylative activity increased to 130% and 157% over the control at 12 h and 24 h respectively, and then rapidly dropped to 62% of normal value at 48 h. Blood ketone body ratio was positively correlated with hepatic energy charge level in ANP. The authors came to the following conclusions that: (1) In ANP, mitochondrial function damage resulted in decreased hepatic energy charge, which, in turn, led to hepatocellular impairment; (2) the measurement of blood ketone body ratio was a reliable indicator by which to assess the energy status of the liver in ANP.     

钌红对严重烧伤早期心肌能量代谢的影响

目的 探讨钌红对严重烧伤早期心肌能量代谢的影响。方法 Wistar大鼠24只,随机分为正常对照组、烧伤组和烧伤钌红治疗组。烧伤组、烧伤钌红治疗组大鼠造成30％总体表面Ⅲ度烧伤,伤后30min经腹腔补液,烧伤治疗组同时于颈外静脉推注钌红(2mg/kg体重）,3h后再推注1次。伤组和烧伤治疗组动物于伤后6h活杀。测定心肌线粒体呼吸功能、Ca^2 浓度（[Ca^2 ]m)及心肌组织ATP、ADP、AMP和乳酸含量。结果 钌红治疗组[Ca^2 ]m较烧伤组显著降低,线粒体呼吸控制率（RCR）、Ⅲ态呼吸速率（ST3）明显升高,Ⅳ态呼吸速率（ST4）降低;钌红治疗组ATP含量较烧伤组升高100.4%,同时ADP、AMP含量明显低于烧伤组,且钌红治疗组乳酸仿较烧伤组降低53.5%。结论 钌红治疗可改善严重烧伤早期线粒体功能和心肌能量代谢。     

门静脉转流下大鼠门静脉缺血对肝脏能量代谢的影响

目的探讨在门静脉转流下大鼠门静脉缺血后肝脏能量代谢变化。方法在门静脉转流下阻断门静脉不同时间后,观察大鼠存活率、肝细胞线粒体呼吸活性、肝组织ATP含量及动脉血酮比值。结果在门静脉缺血60、90及120min后7d大鼠存活率分别为100%、100%及40%;缺血后肝脏能量代谢功能明显受损,再灌注后24h,门静脉缺血60、90min两组大鼠肝脏能量代谢功能已有明显恢复,而门静脉缺血120min组仍维持在低水平。结论在门静脉转流下大鼠门静脉缺血90min以内肝脏能量代谢损害可逆,而门静脉缺血120min则不可逆。     

The role of lipid peroxidation in endotoxin-induced hepatic damage and the protective effect of antioxidants

Intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, [LPS]) to mice at a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight resulted in a survival rate of 31% 48 hours after administration. Simultaneous intramuscular administration of (10 mg/kg) coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) increased the survival rates of LPS-administered mice to 69.7%. When LPS administration was increased to 30 mg/kg, no survivors were observed in the placebo group. Simultaneous intravenous injection of CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) or alpha-tocopherol (20 mg/kg) restored the survival rate to 52.9% or 42.9%, respectively. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level in the liver, which is the best index of the energy state, decreased gradually to 70% of the control ATP level 24 hours after LPS (15 mg/kg) administration. The lipid peroxide level in the liver increased fivefold 16 hours after LPS administration and then decreased to the control level in 8 hours. Simultaneous treatment of mice with antioxidants, such as CoQ10 or alpha-tocopherol, completely suppressed the lipid peroxide level in the liver and preserved the hepatic ATP level in the normal range. These results indicate that LPS induced hepatic damage in mice because of lipid peroxidation and that antioxidants suppressed lipid peroxidation, preserved energy metabolism in the liver, and enhanced survival of endotoxin-administered mice.