硝酸羟胺防护装具的研制

目的：研制一种包括防护服和防护头罩在内的硝酸羟胺皮肤防护装具，可以在新型推进剂硝酸羟胺贮运、加注等使用过程中对作业人员起到有效防护作用。方法：该防护装具针对硝酸羟胺新型推进剂的特性，利用渗透实验选择涤纶基布涂覆聚氨酯为防护服和头罩主体防护材料，以防雾技术处理的聚碳酸酯（PC）作为头罩眼窗材料。结果：该防护装具经性能测试和现场试用评价，各项技术指标满足相关标准的要求。结论：该防护装具结构设计合理，克服了现有防护服和面具透气性能差、人体负荷大等缺陷，具有轻便、舒适、实用等特点，完善了液体推进剂的防护体系。     

过滤罐微生物气溶胶过滤效率及其评价方法的研究

目的 建立防护面具高效过滤罐微生物气溶胶测试评价方法,对过滤罐的实际防护效果进行测试评价.方法 Serratia marcescens作为模式细菌繁殖体气溶胶、Bacillus subtilis var niger芽孢作为模式芽孢气溶胶、噬菌体f2作为模式病毒气溶胶,使用实验室建立的微生物气溶胶检测技术平台,人工发生模式微生物气溶胶,分别在过滤罐过滤前后使用空气微生物采样器进行定量采样,根据过滤前后模式微生物气溶胶的浓度分别计算细菌、芽孢、病毒气溶胶过滤效率.1-1、1-2、1-3、1-44个只含有高效过滤材料的过滤罐分别测试了Serratia marcescens、Bacillus subtilis var niger、噬菌体f2气溶胶的过滤效率.543、544 2个装有活性炭的高效过滤罐测试了对Scrratia marcescens气溶胶的过滤效率.结果 1-1、1-2、1-3 3个高效过滤罐对Serratia marcescens、Bacillus subtilis var niger芽孢、噬菌体f2的气溶胶的过滤效率为100.000%,1-4高效过滤罐对Bacillus subtilis var niger芽孢气溶胶的过滤效率为990997%、Serratia marcescerts和噬菌体f2气溶胶的过滤效率均为100.000%.加入活性炭后543、544 2个过滤罐对Serratia marcescens气溶胶的过滤效率均为100.000%.结论 建立的检测方法可以用于高效过滤罐微生物气溶胶防护效果的评价,高效过滤罐(包括装有活性炭者)微生物气溶胶防护效果均佳.     

Emission of ink aerosol from ink-jet recorders

As a follow-up of two patients found to be allergic to EKG*ink, a study was made, using spectrophotometric and light microscopic methods, of the factors influencing the emission of ink aerosol from ink-jet recorders used in electrocardiographs. Ink aerosol concentrations were only detectable by spectrophotometry under extreme conditions. However, the light microscopic method was sufficiently sensitive. At the slow paper speeds normally used (10-25 mm/sec) and under normal working conditions, the concentration of ink aerosol near the recorder was less than 0.1 microgram/m3; but aerosol emission increased exponentially with increasing ink pressure, i.e. increasing paper speed. At the highest paper speed studied (200 mm/sec), the aerosol concentration 36 cm from the ink nozzles was about 65 micrograms/m3. An increase in the distance from the ink nozzles to the chart paper resulted in a decrease in ink aerosol emissions. Aerosol dissipation was decreased by local exhaust ventilation of the ink-jet recorder. However, a protective shield designed to catch emitted ink aerosol only reduced the aerosol concentration at the measuring point at slow paper speeds. At higher paper speeds, the concentration increased. The average ink aerosol concentration near modern electrocardiographs is low, but some EKG operations may result in high peak concentrations. The formation of ink aerosol could be considerably reduced by changing the rheologic properties of the ink.     

Evaluation of nano- and submicron particle penetration through ten nonwoven fabrics using a wind-driven approach

Existing face mask and respirator test methods draw particles through materials under vacuum to measure particle penetration. However, these filtration-based methods may not simulate conditions under which protective clothing operates in the workplace, where airborne particles are primarily driven by wind and other factors instead of being limited to a downstream vacuum. This study was focused on the design and characterization of a method simulating typical wind-driven conditions for evaluating the performance of materials used in the construction of protective clothing. Ten nonwoven fabrics were selected, and physical properties including fiber diameter, fabric thickness, air permeability, porosity, pore volume, and pore size were determined. Each fabric was sealed flat across the wide opening of a cone-shaped penetration cell that was then housed in a recirculation aerosol wind tunnel. The flow rate naturally driven by wind through the fabric was measured, and the sampling flow rate of the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer used to measure the downstream particle size distribution and concentrations was then adjusted to minimize filtration effects. Particle penetration levels were measured under different face velocities by the wind-driven method and compared with a filtration-based method using the TSI 3160 automated filter tester. The experimental results show that particle penetration increased with increasing face velocity, and penetration also increased with increasing particle size up to about 300 to 500 nm. Penetrations measured by the wind-driven method were lower than those obtained with the filtration method for most of the fabrics selected, and the relative penetration performances of the fabrics were very different due to the vastly different pore structures.     

A method for evaluating aerosol leakage through the interface between protective suits and full-face respirators

Military personnel and first responders use a range of personal equipment including protective suits, gloves, boots, and respirators to prevent exposure of their skin and airways to hazardous chemical, biological, radiological, and/or nuclear substances. Although each individual item of personal protective equipment is well tested against existing standards, it is also necessary to consider the performance of the interfaces between items in terms of prevention from exposure, and the protection system as a whole. This article presents an aerosol challenge method for assessing the performance of the interface between a respirator and the hood of a protective suit. The interface is formed between the sealing strip of the hood and the surface of the respirator's outer sealing area and is affected by how well the sealing strip can cover and adapt to the sealing area. The method evaluates the leakage of particles of different sizes into the hood via the interface by particle counting at sampling points around the respirator's perimeter. Three different respirators were tested together with a single hood having a tight-fitting seal. The method variation between measurements was low but increased appreciably when the protective ensemble was re-dressed between measurements. This demonstrates the difficulty of achieving a reliable and reproducible seal between respirator and hood under normal conditions. Different leakage patterns were observed for the three respirators and were linked to some specific design features, namely the respirator's sealing area at the chin and its width at cheek level. Induced leak experiments showed that to detect substantial particle leakage, channels at the hood-respirator interface must be quite large. The method outlined herein provides a straightforward way of evaluating hood-respirator interfaces and could be useful in the further development of personal protective equipment.     

某种正压生物防护服的病毒气溶胶防护性能评价

目的 评价某种正压生物防护服对病毒气溶胶的防护效果.方法 制备Phi-X174噬菌体悬液,在气溶胶密闭舱室内发生Phi-X174噬菌体气溶胶,应用空气动力学粒子分析仪检测粒子直径,在高送风档和低送风档条件下,调节气溶胶密闭舱室内的湿度,用安德森六级采样器采样,通过计数噬菌体噬斑数评价该正压生物防护服对病毒气溶胶的防护效率.结果 Phi-X174噬菌体气溶胶粒子质量中值直径约为0.922 μm,气溶胶粒子本底浓度＞2.0×104个/m3,在不同的测试条件下,该正压生物防护服内病毒气溶胶浓度为0 ～21PFU/m3,对Phi-X174噬菌体气溶胶粒子防护效率均＞99.9％,送风量(P=0.84)、环境湿度(P=0.33)以及采样时间(P=0.07)对正压防护服防护效率的影响无统计学意义.结论 该正压生物防护服对Phi-X174噬菌体气溶胶的防护效果较好.     

A recirculation aerosol wind tunnel for evaluating aerosol samplers and measuring particle penetration through protective clothing materials

A recirculation aerosol wind tunnel was designed to maintain a uniform airflow and stable aerosol size distribution for evaluating aerosol sampler performance and determining particle penetration through protective clothing materials. The oval-shaped wind tunnel was designed to be small enough to fit onto a lab bench, have optimized dimensions for uniformity in wind speed and particle size distributions, sufficient mixing for even distribution of particles, and minimum particle losses. Performance evaluation demonstrates a relatively high level of spatial uniformity, with a coefficient of variation of 1.5-6.2% for wind velocities between 0.4 and 2.8 m s(-1) and, in this range, 0.8-8.5% for particles between 50 and 450 nm. Aerosol concentration stabilized within the first 5-20 min with, approximately, a count median diameter of 135 nm and geometric standard deviation of 2.20. Negligible agglomerate growth and particle loss are suggested. The recirculation design appears to result in unique features as needed for our research.     

Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxicity of a manganese oxide aerosol--I. Introduction, experimental design, and aerosol generation methods.

A brief literature review on manganese toxicity is presented; as related to designing a chronic inhalation study for evaluating methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl when utilized as a motor fuel additive. The experimental design of this study is described. The generation system utilized to simulate the manganese aerosol produced by an internal combustion engine is described in detail. This generation system operated twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week producing aerosols at 11.6, 112.5, and 1152 micrograms Mn/m3 with an aerodynamic diameter of approximately 0.11 micron.     

Experimental studies of long-term aerosol inhalation. An inhalation apparatus for long-term exposure with concentration regulation facilities (author's transl)

A "multipurpose" inhalation system for long-term experiments was developed to study health effects of the exposure to various kinds of aerosols appearing in general working environments as well as in the ambient atmosphere. In order to carry out a continuous inhalation study on animals for their life-span, at least two essential conditions should continuously be fulfilled. (1) Steady maintenance of the appropriate sanitary conditions for the animals placed in the inhalation box. (2) Constant feeding of aerosol at an appropriately regulated concentration level. The developed system described in the present paper has been proved to be satisfactory from the above viewpoints. This inhalation system was applied to an experimental study attempting to simulate the polluted lungs in the urban dwellers. Heavy oil combustion products were chosen as the inhalation material, which were made to be inhaled by the male rats of SD-JCL strain for their life-span. The present report is mainly concerned with the construction of the inhalation system including a newly devised regulation facility of the aerosol concentration. Operating characteristics and actual data obtained are described. Details of the exposure conditions and pathological findings obtained will be described in the succeeding reports.     

Experimental evaluation of the protective properties of some nonwoven materials for respiratory protection means and prospects of their use

The protective properties of nonwoven materials (Spandbond, SMS) used to manufacture 3-5-layer medical masks, by using model physical and bacterial test aerosols, were experimentally assessed. It was shown that the more layers of the materials, the less permeable they became for test aerosols. Three-five-layer masks made from SMS at a density of 42 g/m2 were found to have higher protective properties for oil mist and fine aerosol than those made from Spandbond at a density of 25 g/m2. Five-layer SMS materials at a density of 42 g/m2 have the highest values of bacterial aerosol retention.     

驱蚊服饰面料驱避效果评价方法的探讨

目的建立对驱蚊服饰面料驱避效果的评价方法。方法以淡色库蚊为试虫,在特制玻璃方箱中于不同时间观察测试布和对照布上蚊虫停落只数,以蚊虫总数的比值的大小来评价驱避效果。结果将本方法分别应用于纯棉型驱蚊服饰面料和涤/棉型驱蚊服饰面料对淡色库蚊驱避效果的评价,2种驱蚊服饰面料的驱避指数分别为0.68~53.14和0.78~∞。结论本方法试验材料易获取,方法简便易行,适合于对驱蚊服饰面料驱避效果的评价。     

The state and results of countermeasures for mental health at a certain apparel company]

We speculated that there would be more occupational stress in an apparel company than in other areas of business, because employees work long hours and under poor conditions. We investigated 66 employees of an apparel company who visited an occupational physician to consult about their mental health. There were 561 male and 387 female employees in that company. The employees who had visited an occupational physician had worked long every day under poor conditions, and they had been required to be more artistic than other employees in that company. Female employees visited occupational physicians more than males. Apparel companies, use a system of "specialty store retailer of Private-label Apparel (SPA)", and several sections make special trademark "brands". These sections compete with each other. Employees must plan, design, make patterns, and sew new dresses in a 7-day cycle. They are extremely busy and this therefore creates stress. We came to the conclusion that many apparel companies were stressful workplaces. It is important that a psychiatrist examines employees who occupational physicians have diagnosed as unhealthy. Frequent consultation with occupational physicians is as important as a psychiatrists examination. Managers must manage absence, efficiency, and written correspondence of all employees. These are useful signs of mental disorder. When employees return to work after sick leave, rehabilitation in the workplace after absence is useful. The employee should work for only two hours a day at first. Working hours are then extended gradually. The employee can then return to work easily if this rehabilitation program is followed.     

Analysis of manual lifting tasks: a qualitative alternative to the NIOSH work practices guide

A new method for evaluating ergonomic stresses on lifting tasks has been developed. This method utilizes the general procedures and hazard classification categories described in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting. The quantitative measurements of workplace dimensions and computations used by the NIOSH method to classify a job as "acceptable," "administrative controls required," or "hazardous" have been eliminated in favor of a table look-up procedure. A computer simulation was performed to compare results generated by the new method to results generated by the NIOSH method. The results of this simulation found that the new method was unbiased and was reasonably precise for most lifting activities.     

Insight into the behavior of engineered aerosolized nanoparticles: a method for understanding their fate from an aerosol release in the workplace environment

We present a method to assess the behavior of aerosol nanoparticles as a function of time and of selected aerosol chamber and environmental conditions upon exposure to polydisperse silicon dioxide (SiO2) aerosol nanoparticles (NPs). Through synthesis of SiO2 aerosol NPs, a well-controlled, stable source of aerosol NPs was used to probe aerosol behavior in an enclosed aerosol chamber. This paper describes a procedure to interface an aerosol chamber downstream of a SiO2 aerosol NP reactor that is capable of synthesizing SiO2 NPs with particle diameters from 10 to 100 nm at particle concentrations of approximately 10(4) to 10(7) particles/cm3. This paper also describes the relative impact on aerosol and aerosol chamber variables, such as chamber volume, the entering aerosol NP size distribution, and environmental parameters, such as relative humidity and ambient particle concentrations, on the observed changes in aerosol NPs over time under unmixed conditions. These findings provide insights into aerosol NP behavior under ideal, well-controlled conditions which can be further refined to include more occupationally relevant conditions that would be important for establishing guidance on suitable workplace containment and controls.     

Special considerations for conducting permeation testing of protective clothing materials with gases and chemical vapors

Testing the permeation resistance of protective clothing materials against chemical gases and vapors requires attention to additional factors over conventional material permeation testing with liquids. Permeation testing factors relevant to gas and vapor challenges are described, and results for testing various material-gas combinations are reported. Challenging protective clothing materials with gases presents a series of special problems including gas delivery, cell integrity, sufficient analytical detection, and disposal. The concentration and other properties of gases and vapors are very sensitive to small changes in temperature and pressure. The method of delivering gases or vapors to the test cell must provide for careful regulation of these variables and maintain homogeneous contact of the chemical with the material over the test period. While many organic vapors are easily and directly detectable by gas chromatographic methods, several gases require special collection media and analytical procedures to achieve detection limits below 1 ppm. Handling of exhaust gas from the challenge chamber of the test cell must reflect safe laboratory practices without creating unnecessary chemical waste. Recommended procedures and results are presented for the six new gases added to ASTM Standard Guide F1001, Selection of Chemical Liquids and Gases to Evaluate Protective Clothing Materials, as well as for other difficult test gases used in evaluating protective clothing materials.     

ⅡA2型生物安全柜对病毒气溶胶的防护效果

目的 测试与评价二级生物安全柜对病毒气溶胶的防护效果,为该生物安全柜的安全使用提供依据.方法 发生噬菌体 phiX 174气溶胶,按照标准中规定的测试方法就安全柜的物理学评价指标及3种生物学评价指标即人员保护、交叉污染和产品保护进行测试,3种测试分别重复3次.结果 3次测试中,人员保护每次6个液体撞击式采样器的培养噬菌...     

Respiratory and humoral immune response to aerosol and intramuscular pertussis vaccine.

Animal experiments have shown that respiratory administration of pertussis antigen induces a protective immune response. In this study pertussis antibody in human respiratory secretions was measured and the response to aerosol and intramuscular pertussis immunization investigated. Substanial increases in this antibody occurred after aerosol immunization but no changes were found in serum antibody. The reverse was observed after intramuscular pertussis vaccine in adults but not with aerosol immunization. The latter method may be of value for paediatric medical and nursing personnel exposed to the risk of pertussis infection.     

1,5-Iodonaphthyl azide-inactivated V3526 protects against aerosol challenge with virulent venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a New World alphavirus. VEEV is highly infectious in aerosolized form and has been identified as a bio-terrorism agent. There is no licensed vaccine for prophylaxis against VEEV. The current IND vaccine is poorly immunogenic and does not protect against an aerosol challenge with virulent VEEV. We have previously shown that VEEV inactivated by 1,5-iodonaphthyl azide (INA) protects against footpad challenge with virulent VEEV. In this study, we inactivated an attenuated strain of VEEV, V3526, with INA and evaluated its protective efficacy against aerosol challenge with wild type VEEV. We demonstrated that among three routes of immunization, intramuscular immunization with INA-inactivate V3526 (INA-iV3526) provided complete protection against aerosol challenge with virulent VEEV. Our data suggests that INA-iV3526 can be explored further for development as an effective vaccine candidate against aerosol challenge of virulent VEEV.     

Insight into the Behavior of Engineered Aerosolized Nanoparticles: A Method for Understanding their Fate from an Aerosol Release in the Workplace Environment

Abstract

We present a method to assess the behavior of aerosol nanoparticles as a function of time and of selected aerosol chamber and environmental conditions upon exposure to polydisperse silicon dioxide (SiO₂) aerosol nanoparticles (NPs). Through synthesis of SiO₂ aerosol NPs, a well-controlled, stable source of aerosol NPs was used to probe aerosol behavior in an enclosed aerosol chamber. This paper describes a procedure to interface an aerosol chamber downstream of a SiO₂ aerosol NP reactor that is capable of synthesizing SiO₂ NPs with particle diameters from 10 to 100 nm at particle concentrations of ～10⁴ to 10⁷ particles/cm³. This paper also describes the relative impact on aerosol and aerosol chamber variables, such as chamber volume, the entering aerosol NP size distribution, and environmental parameters, such as relative humidity and ambient particle concentrations, on the observed changes in aerosol NPs over time under unmixed conditions. These findings provide insights into aerosol NP behavior under ideal, well-controlled conditions which can be further refined to include more occupationally relevant conditions that would be important for establishing guidance on suitable workplace containment and controls.     

Attempts at aerosol control in a turkey rearing confinement with negative air ionization

Aerosol control is a significant problem in agriculture and industry. Two separate studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of a "negative air ionization" system in aerosol control. The first study was conducted with a turkey "brooder" barn and a control for a six-week period. The second study was conducted with a turkey "grow-out" barn and a control for a twelve-week period. Sampling parameters for both studies included environmental aerosol sampling, ion imbalance measurements, relative humidity, temperature and barometric pressure measurements and daily turkey mortality. Study two also included post study bird weights. Results of sampling parameters were consistent between study one and study two. No significant difference was found between test and control total average aerosol concentration for both studies. Ion imbalance measurements served to indicate that test environments were negatively ionized while control environments experienced normal environmental conditions. Meteorological parameters did not significantly affect aerosol concentrations. Normal variations in bird mortality were observed in the first study, but death rates increased with ionization in the latter. Overall, it was determined that the "negative air ionization" could not be considered as an effective means of aerosol control in turkey rearing confinements.