微创空心钉内固定加带血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨术治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的讨论微创切开复位空心加压螺钉内固定加带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨术治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法对12例青壮年股骨颈骨折采用部分髂腹股沟入路切口联合部分髋关节前侧髂股骨入路,微创切开复位空心加压螺钉内固定加带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨术治疗。结果12例骨折愈合时间3～8个月,无骨折不愈合及股骨头缺血坏死发生,髋关节功能良好。结论微创切开复位空心加压螺钉内固定加带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨术是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折非常有效的方法。     

带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转移治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨用带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转移治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法：采用经前路切开复位带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转移及多螺钉内固定治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折36例，结果：经1．5－5年随访，优良率为89．2％，股骨头无菌性坏死率为3％，疗效满意，结论：带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣具有充足血供，能明显提高股骨颈骨折的治愈率，减少股骨头无菌性坏死的发生，对治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折有重要价值。     

旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植入治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的观察带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植入术加切开复位内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法自1998年1月至2003年2月采用切开复位内固定(2枚空心螺纹钉)加带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植入术21例。结果术后随访2~7年所有病例术后均骨折愈合,髋关节功能恢复良好,无髋部不适感觉,定期复查X线片未发现股骨头坏死征象。结论带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植入术治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折符合解剖生理要求,从根本上解决了因股骨颈骨折后股骨头供血障碍而导致的股骨头缺血性坏死问题,有效地阻止了股骨头缺血性坏死的发生,促进了骨折愈合能力,此方法是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的一种较理想可靠的手术治疗方法。     

内固定与带血管髂骨块治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

[目的]探讨内固定与带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨块移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的手术方法及临床疗效.[方法]对15例青壮年股骨颈骨折行切开复位,空心螺钉或HDS内固定并同时切取带旋髂深血管蒂的髂骨块转位移植.[结果]15例均获随访,随访时间平均2 a 5个月,骨折全部愈合,1例发生股骨头缺血坏死.[结论]内固定加带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨块转位移植是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的最佳手术方式.     

带旋髂深血管骨膜骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨青壮年股骨颈骨折采用AO加压螺纹钉内固定，带旋髂深血管骨膜骨瓣移植的疗效。方法：经髋关节S－P切口，股骨颈骨折行切开复位，3枚加压螺纹钉固定，带旋髂深血管蒂骨膜骨瓣移植于股骨颈骨折处30例。结果：随访29例，时间1－8年，27例疗效良好，优良率达93％。1例股骨头缺血坏死，1例骨折不愈合。结论：AO加压螺钉内固定加带旋髂深血管蒂的髂骨骨膜骨瓣移植术是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的有效方法，局部血供丰富，骨折愈合率高，减少了并发症的发生。     

带血管蒂组织瓣在高位股骨颈骨折中的临床应用

自1995～2001年对28例有移位，头下型及头颈型、颈中型青壮年股骨颈骨折病人应用切开复位，加压螺钉内固定，带旋髂深血管的髂内瓣及腹壁肌支或带旋髂深血管的髂骨瓣 旋股外侧动脉升支的血管束移植治疗，效果满意。报告如下。     

游离带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣治疗股骨干骨折骨不连

目的：探讨用游离带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣治疗股骨干骨折骨不连的疗效。方法：应用吻合带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨加带锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折骨不连。结果：12例髂骨瓣成活，骨折愈合，无手术并发症。结论：带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣供血充分，在植骨的同时增加了局部的血液循环，加速骨折愈合，带锁髓内钉是理想的固定物。     

下肢

经皮挛缩带切断治疗臀肌挛缩症；带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣植骨治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折；不稳定股骨转子间骨折不同内固定方法疗效比较；缝匠肌蒂髂骨瓣移植治疗有移位的青壮年股骨颈骨折；股骨近端髓内钉治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折     

带血供骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨应用带血供骨瓣移植结合内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。 方法 1998年4月-2009年10月,收治的青壮年股骨颈骨折45例,分别采用切开复位内固定并带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣21例,股方肌蒂骨瓣移植24例,分析骨折愈合、髋关节功能及股骨头缺血性坏死的发生情况。 结果 应用旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣移植组手术时间较股方肌蒂骨瓣手术组明显延长,出血量较后者明显增加。术后随访共4例延迟愈合,旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣组2例发生股骨头坏死,Harris评分优良率61.9％,股方肌蒂骨瓣组3例发生股骨头坏死,Harris评分优良率87.5％。在骨折愈合、预防术后股骨头坏死方面效果两种方法均满意,但髋关节功能评分有显著性差异。 结论 采用带血供骨瓣移植并内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折,能显著降低股骨头缺血性坏死的发生,且股方肌蒂骨瓣移植手术方法简单、创伤小,术后患者髋关节恢复较好。     

带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣移植治疗青壮年移位股骨颈骨折

目的研究带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣移植治疗青壮年移位股骨颈骨折的临床疗效,探讨其临床应用价值。方法收治76例青壮年移位股骨颈骨折患者,随机分为植骨联合内固定组和单纯内固定组,每组38例。植骨联合内固定组行切开复位带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣移植并加压空心螺钉固定治疗;单纯内固定组仅行切开复位加压空心螺钉固定。术后对两组骨折平均愈合时间,Harris髋关节功能评分及并发症发生率等进行对比研究。结果所有病例随访19～73个月,平均42.8个月。植骨联合内固定组骨折平均愈合时间3.6个月,Harris评分84.6分,1例骨折不愈合,3例股骨头坏死,2例畸形愈合,并发症发生率为15.8%,术后功能及影像学结果满意。单纯内固定组骨折平均愈合时间为4.8个月,Harris评分75.3分,术后发生骨折不愈合3例,股骨头坏死7例,畸形愈合3例,并发症发生率为34.2%,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣移植可以改善股骨头和股骨颈的血运,加速骨折愈合并减少并发症发生,是治疗青壮年移位股骨颈骨折的理想方法之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.