原发性醛固酮增多症33例诊断分析

对我院经手术及病理证实的33例原发性醛固酮增多症进行了诊断分析，提示本症早期诊断以及其病因和病交部位的确定尚有一定困难，须努力提高对本症的认识和诊断水平。     

原发性醛固酮增多症

原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)是继发性高血压的常见病因之一,部分患者亦可伴有低血钾,醛固酮瘤及特发性醛固酮增多症是其主要的病理亚型。原醛症的诊断包括筛查、确诊及分型诊断3个步骤,传统影像学结合体位刺激的方法进行分型诊断,假阳性及假阴性率均较高,肾上腺静脉插管采血可作为影像学检查的补充。醛固酮瘤及原发性肾上腺增生患者应予手术治疗,特发性醛固酮增多症患者多采用药物治疗,螺内酯是其首选药物。     

原发性醛固酮增多症药物治疗进展

在原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)的传统药物治疗中以醛固酮拮抗剂(螺内酯)在临床上使用最为广泛,但大剂量使用后其不良反应明显,因此PA治疗的药物选择和使用方法是临床上十分重要的问题。近年来,随着选择性醛固酮受体阻滞剂、非醛固酮拮抗剂类利尿药、钙离子拮抗剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素受体阻滞剂等药物在PA治疗中的应用日渐广泛,临床医生对PA的药物治疗有了新的认识。本文就近年来关于PA的药物治疗的进展情况做一介绍。     

原发性醛固酮增多症分型定侧诊断进展

原发性醛固酮增多症（原醛）临床分型不仅具有理论意义,更重要的是有助于指导治疗。目前所知原醛至少有７种类型。其中醛固酮腺瘤（ＡＰＡ）和特发性醛固酮增多症（ＩＨＡ）两型为多见。鉴别腺瘤和增生的方法中以双侧肾上腺静脉采样检查（ＡＶＳ）法最为可靠,但由于其本身具有局限性而难以广泛开展。ＣＴ应用最为广泛,对于单侧大结节腺瘤ＣＴ诊断的结论可靠,不必考虑ＡＶＳ检查;对于其它病例,特别是ＩＨＡ,ＣＴ检查的结论不可     

血浆醛固酮测定不高的原发性醛固酮增多症的诊治

1临床资料病例一,女,29岁,因反复头晕一月来我院门诊测血压210／120mmHg,门诊以高血压查因于2008年10月20日收住院。入院测血压204／122mmHg,四肢咀压差值无异常,元向心性肥胖,血钾2．3mmol／L,同步24h尿钾56．57mmol,     

警惕漏诊原发性醛固酮增多症

原醛是一个综合征，表现为：高血压、低肾素、血浆与尿中醛固酮增高。最常见的是：①单侧肾上腺产生醛固酮腺瘤(ADA)；②双侧原发性醛固酮增多症(IHA)。过去诊断ADA占70％～80％，IHA只占20％～30％，由于生化检查的进步，现在IHA反而占多数。近年来，国际医学界对原醛的研究发展迅猛，有不少见解推翻了过去的观点。     

原发性醛固酮增多症

原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,简称原醛)是指由于肾上腺皮质自主性醛固酮分泌增多而导致以高血压、低血浆肾素活性(PRA)、高醛固酮血症和低钾血症为特征的临床综合征,是继发性高血压常见病因之一。原醛最常见的病因是特发性醛固酮增多症和肾上腺腺瘤,分别占65%和3     

原发性醛固酮增多症临床诊断和治疗的进展

本文描述在醛固酮(Ald)分泌的调节中,肾素-血管紧张素系统、钾、垂体因子、血清素及前列腺素是Ald分泌的刺激物,而多巴胺和心房利钠素则为Ald分泌的抑制物。本文并讨论原发性醛固酮增多症的病因、分型、病理生理、临床表现、诊断及治疗。     

原发性醛固酮增多症的肾脏损害

原发性醛固酮增多症（Primary Aldosteronism,原醛）近十余年由于诊断方法的改进,由过去占高血压发病率大约1％上升到10％,在难治性高血压中更高达17～23％,成为目前最常见的继发性高血压。已证实醛固酮为独立于血压水平的心血管危险因素,更是肾脏中、小动脉受损及肾病的独立危险因素。一项6．4年随访原醛患者的肾脏功能损害情况,发现原醛患者的肾脏功能损害较原发性高血压（Primary Hypertension,原发性高血压）患者更严重。本文就原醛的醛固酮引起肾脏损伤机制做一综述。     

Minireview: primary aldosteronism--changing concepts in diagnosis and treatment

Primary aldosteronism affects 5-13% of patients with hypertension. Patients with hypertension and hypokalemia and most patients with treatment-resistant hypertension should undergo screening for primary aldosteronism with a plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity ratio. A high plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity ratio is a positive screening test result, a finding that warrants confirmatory testing. For those patients that want to pursue a surgical cure, the accurate distinction between the subtypes (unilateral vs. bilateral adrenal disease) of primary aldosteronism is a critical step. The subtype evaluation may require one or more tests, the first of which is imaging the adrenal glands with computed tomography, followed by selective use of adrenal venous sampling. Because of the deleterious cardiovascular effects of aldosterone, normalization of circulating aldosterone or aldosterone receptor blockade should be part of the management plan for all patients with primary aldosteronism. Unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an excellent treatment option for patients with unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma. Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism should be treated medically. In addition, aldosterone-producing adenoma patients may be treated medically if the medical treatment includes mineralocorticoid receptor blockade.     

慢性便秘诊治的新概念

随着人们饮食结构的改变以及心理和社会因素等多方面的影响 ,便秘已成为影响现代人生活质量的重要因素之一。我国北京、西安等地区的流行病学调查显示慢性便秘发病率在 6 1 %～ 9 2 % [1] ,美国的 1项调查显示 2 0 %的健康人群受到便秘的困扰 ,而且便秘也与结肠癌、心、脑血管病以及老年性痴呆等发生有关。因此 ,近 1 0年来 ,对慢性便秘的研究有很重大的进展。国际上有关功能性胃肠病 ,包括慢性功能性便秘相继推出罗马Ｉ(1 994年 )和罗马Ⅱ (1 999年 )的标准。鉴于我国对便秘的认识和诊治尚存在一些问题 ,我国学者也提出一套慢性便秘的诊治…     

急性心肌梗死诊断和治疗新概念

1　急性心肌梗死诊断新概念1.1　心肌梗死概念及定义心肌梗死可以从临床症状、心电图、生物化学和病理学等几个方面来定义。心肌梗死的定义也具有社会和心理学意义 ,即健康主要问题的标记 ,也是疾病流行的统计和临床试验的结果。以往 ,WHO定义以下二点或三点同时存在可以诊断心肌梗死 :(1)典型临床症状 (如胸部不适 ) ;(2 )酶学升高 ;(3)典型心电图出现 ,包括出现病理性 Q波的出现。然而 ,目前临床实践、健康监护系统、以及流行病学研究和临床试验 ,均需要准确的心梗定义。而且随着敏感和特异的血清生物学标志物和现代影像技术的出现 ,更…     

New concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of atrial flutter

Atrial flutter may now be very frequently and definitely cured in a single session of radiofrequency ablation. However, the very name of atrial flutter gives rise to a certain confusion. Clinical experience from everyday activity in ablation laboratories, especially since the introduction of new mapping techniques, has shown that this entity is in fact multiple. Flutters may be classified by their electrocardiographic appearance and/or their electrophysiological mechanism with as many prognostic as therapeutic implications. This article reviews diagnostic features of typical and atypical flutter and the different treatments which may be proposed in different clinical situations.     

高血压肾损害诊治新认识

高血压肾损害是由于长期血压增高引起肾内小动脉及细小动脉病变,导致肾脏缺血性改变的一组临床综合征,是终末期肾脏疾病(ESRD)的重要病因。高血压肾损害的临床及病理表现缺少特征性改变。因此,临床诊断需要仔细鉴别以除外其他肾脏疾病。近年来反映肾小管功能指标、微量白蛋白尿、肾小球高滤过等成为新的诊断指标。确定降压目标值应考虑患者年龄、蛋白尿及肾功能水平。以肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)阻断剂为基础进行联合降压治疗,纠正代谢异常、调整生活方式等综合措施,有利于改善肾脏远期预后,并减少心脑血管并发症。     

New concepts in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of bacteremia and sepsis

Bacteremia and sepsis are major health concerns. Despite intensive research, there are only a limited number of successful treatment options, and it is difficult to see the forest for the trees when considering the pathogenesis of this condition. Studies in the last decade have shown that a major pathophysiologic event in sepsis is the progression from proinflammation to an immunosuppressive state. However, recent genome-based data indicate that sepsis-related inflammatory responses are highly variable, which calls in question the classic two-phase model of sepsis. Adequate and timely antimicrobial treatment is a cornerstone for survival in patients with bacteremia and sepsis. However, microbial resistance has emerged as an increasing challenge for clinicians and with an increasing number of resistant pathogens causing infections, selection of empiric antimicrobial treatment has become difficult. Treatment options currently under way are targeted to enhance immune responses, rebalance the regulation of the dysregulated immune system, remove endotoxin and block/inhibit apoptosis.     

New concepts in adrenal vein sampling for aldosterone in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism

Improved diagnostic techniques and adoption of a systematic and thorough diagnostic workup can lead to identification of the surgically correctable forms of primary aldosteronism (PA) far more frequently than expected. Adrenalectomy can provide long-term normalization of blood pressure and correction of PA in most patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma. Forms needing surgical correction are generally held to be less common than forms requiring medical therapy; however, this can be a misconception arising from the lack of systematic use of adrenal vein sampling (AVS). Currently AVS still remains the “gold standard” for identifying unilateral causes of PA that are surgically curable. The criteria for selecting patients to undergo AVS, the technique for performing AVS, and the criteria for analyzing and interpreting its results are summarized here.     

Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of tachyarrhythmias

A diagnostic and therapeutic approach of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmia is always challenging. Several criteria serve to discriminate correctly between these two types of tachycardia. Cardiac arrhythmias are terminated reliably by intravenous (IV) application of antiarrhythmic drugs: adenosine for supraventricular arrhythmia, amiodarone or ajmaline for ventricular tachycardia. Furthermore, AV-nodal tachycardia, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, and typical atrial flutter is treated curatively by radiofrequency ablation during an electrophysiological study. This interventional therapy is well established in patients suffering from ventricular premature contractions or tachycardia originating in the right or left ventricular outflow tract. Aside treatment with an implantable defibrillator, patients with coronary artery disease highly benefit from adjusted pharmaceutical treatment.     

Thrombosis: Novel nanomedical concepts of diagnosis and treatment

Intravascular thrombosis, a critical pathophysiological feature of many cardiovascular disorders, leads to the formation of life-threatening obstructive blood clots within the vessels. Rapid recanalization of occluded vessels is essential for the patients’ outcome, but the currently available systemic fibrinolytic therapy is associated with low efficacy and tremendous side effects. Additionally, many patients are ineligible for systemic thrombolytic therapy, either due to delayed admission to the hospital after symptom onset, or because of recent surgery, or bleeding. In order to improve the treatment efficacy and to limit the risk of hemorrhagic complications, both precise imaging of the affected vascular regions, and the localized application of fibrinolytic agents, are required. Recent years have brought about considerable advances in nanomedical approaches to thrombosis. Although these thrombus-targeting imaging agents and nanotherapies are not yet implemented in humans, substantial amount of successful in vivo applications have been reported, including animal models of stroke, acute arterial thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. It is evident that the future progress in diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis will be closely bound with the development of novel nanotechnology-based strategies. This Editorial focuses on the recently reported approaches, which hold a great promise for personalized, disease-targeted treatment and reduced side effects in the patients suffering from this life-threatening condition.