Ecthyma gangrenosum caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a patient with astrocytoma treated with chemotherapy

Ecthyma gangrenosum, presenting as embolic lesions caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, has distinct pathognomonic features and a high mortality rate in patients with bacteremia, but when recognized early is easily treated. In this case report we describe this disseminated infection in an adult patient treated with chemotherapy for an astrocytoma.     

Pyoderma gangrenosum confused with congenital preauricular fistula infection: A case report

BACKGROUND Pyoderma gangrenosum resulting from or associated with congenital preauricular fistula is rarely reported.CASE SUMMARY We report a rare case of pyoderma gangrenosum misdiagnosed as preauricular fistula infection.To our knowledge,this is the first report to describe pyoderma gangrenosum originating from the site of preauricular fistula.The lesion continued expanding even after combined treatment of systemic antibiotics and thorough debridement.Taking into account the possibility of pyoderma gangrenosum,we applied soft care with normal saline and Vaseline gauze dressing.Systemic corticosteroids were not used until intestinal Clostridium difficile was controlled.No local recurrence was noted at the 12-mo follow-up.CONCLUSION This case highlights the necessity of considering rare diseases,such as pyoderma gangrenosum,when the preauricular sinus deteriorates with general management.The treatment strategy is mutually conflicting between pyoderma gangrenosum and infection of the preauricular sinus.     

1例溃疡性结肠炎合并坏疽性脓皮病的个案报道

坏疽性脓皮病(PG)是一种复杂的嗜中性粒细胞皮肤病,通常与全身性炎症性疾病相关,最常见的是炎症性肠病(IBD).由于对发病机制的不完全了解,缺乏标准化治疗方案,因此治疗具有挑战性.近期临床研究在此类疾病的发病机制方面已经有了新的进展,并且认为其是自发性炎症过程.这篇个案报道旨在提供1例典型病例,探讨PG的临床特点及治疗...     

扁桃体结核并发金黄色葡萄球菌感染1例

患者男，31岁。因咽部疼痛不适，异物感，吞咽困难，伴呼吸困难1d，收人院。患者于1个月前感到咽部有异物感，疼痛不适，双侧颈部有肿块，在外地医院就诊。被诊断为“双侧急性化脓性扁桃体炎”，静滴头孢拉定数天，无明显疗效，后因费用问题自行出院。人院体检：体温(T)38．3℃，脉率(P)85次／mm，呼吸(R)17次／mm，血压(BP)100／60mm—     

医院感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌基因分型研究

目的分析医院不同科室来源的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)菌株基因分型同源性,为控制MRSA医院感染流行提供科学依据。方法使用细菌基因组重复序列聚合酶链反应(REP-PCR)以及高级微生物基因分型系统(DiversiLab)细菌同源性分析技术对23株医院感染的MRSA进行基因分型。结果 23株MRSA分为4个基因型,A型、D型主要分布于急诊观察室,B型、C型主要分布于中医外科。结论中医外科存在以B型、C型基因型为流行株的MRSA医院感染爆发;REP-PCR技术和DiversiLab自动化细菌同源性分型技术可成为医院感染病原研究的有效手段。     

Injecting drug use and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection

To demonstrate that injecting drug use is a major risk factor of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection and injecting drug users may be a reservoir of CA-MRSA infection in our community, we conducted a matched case-control study. Cases were CA-MRSA–infected patients at University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, from December 1, 2003, to May 31, 2004. Two control groups were community-associated methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (CA-MSSA)-infected patients and a randomly selected uninfected patient group in the same hospital. Controls were matched to cases by age and isolate culture date. One hundred twenty-seven CA-MSSA patients and 381 randomly selected uninfected controls were selected to match the 127 CA-MRSA cases. The adjusted odds ratio of injecting drug use compared with the CA-MSSA group was 2.11 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–4.3) and 4.09 (95% CI, 2.2–7.5) compared with the uninfected group. We suggest that injecting drug use is a significant risk factor for CA-MRSA infection, which could contribute to the increasing prevalence of CA-MRSA in an urban community.     

Mpox associated with Panton-Valentin leucocidin-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among people with HIV

We report three cases of mpox (disease caused by the monkeypox virus) that developed in people with HIV co-infected with Panton-Valentin leucocidin-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-MRSA), diagnosed in mid-February 2023. All three cases had preserved HIV immune status, and their mpox was mild and resolved without antiviral medications, but the trigger for their visit was the presence and history of skin and soft tissue infections. Our cases suggest that mpox is already prevalent among sexually active MSM in Tokyo, Japan. PVL-MRSA has been extremely rare in the general population of Japan, but several literatures reported widespread prevalence of PVL-MRSA among sexually active MSM-HIV. Mpox will become prevalent in the future in a population of sexually active MSM at high risk for PVL-MRSA infection, requiring an understanding of the interaction and pathogenesis of the two diseases.     

Isolates with low-level vancomycin resistance associated with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

Low-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus [VISA] and heterogenous VISA [hVISA]) is increasingly reported and leads to glycopeptide treatment failure. Various phenotypic features have been reported for these isolates, but the genetic changes leading to hVISA and VISA have yet to be clearly determined. We assessed phenotypic, antibiotic resistance, and genomic changes by using genomic DNA microarray comparison and sequencing of selected loci in five pairs of clinical hVISA/VISA strains and the initial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained prior to vancomycin therapy. The isolates were from adult patients in Australia and New Zealand who had persistent MRSA bacteremia (>7 days) while receiving vancomycin therapy. In all cases, the initial isolates were found to be fully vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA). The hVISA/VISA phenotype was associated with increased cell wall thickness, reduced autolytic activity in four of five hVISA/VISA strains, and a striking reduction in biofilm formation compared to the parent strains in all pairs. All five pairs appeared to be isogenic, and genomic DNA microarray comparison suggested that major genetic changes are not required for the development of the resistant phenotype in these strains. No sequence differences were found in the agr locus or the tcaRA genes for any pair, but a marked reduction in RNAIII expression was found in four pairs. In summary, hVISA/VISA arises from fully VSSA during persistent infection that fails to respond to glycopeptide therapy and is associated with significant phenotypic changes, including a marked reduction in biofilm-forming ability. These clinically derived pairs of isolates will be a useful resource to elucidate the genetic mechanism of resistance in hVISA/VISA strains.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染研究进展

抗生素的大量应用,以及新的广谱抗生素的不断问世,致使细菌耐药性日趋严重,已经成为世界关注的公共卫生问题。医院感染的重要病原菌-耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)临床感染十分常见,因其表现为多重耐药,易引起感染的暴发流行,是临床治疗非常棘手的一大难题和研究热点。MRSA医院感染严重,社区获得性MRSA感染也有增加的趋势而备受关注。且国外已经出现耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌(VRSA),被称为超级细菌(Superbug)或沉默的杀手(Sillent killer)。本文论述了MRSA医院感染的研究进展及其防治。     

Risk factors associated with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen worldwide. To investigate an association between antimicrobial use and MRSA, a case control study of 121 patients infected with MRSA compared with 123 patients infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) was carried out. Antimicrobial use was analysed by three different logistic regression models: all beta-lactam antibiotics, beta-lactam antibiotics grouped in classes and antimicrobial use in grammes. Patients infected with MRSA tended to have more co-morbidities, longer lengths of stay (LOS) and greater exposure to antibiotics than MSSA-infected patients. Multivariate analysis identified levofloxacin [odds ratio (OR) 8.01], macrolides (OR 4.06), previous hospitalization (OR 1.95), enteral feedings (OR 2.55), surgery (OR 2.24) and LOS before culture (OR 1.03) as independently associated with MRSA infection. All models were concordant with the exception of macrolides, which were not significant based on the number of grammes administered. There were no significant differences in the types of infection or the attributed mortality in either group. MRSA-infected patients had a significantly longer LOS before infection [18.8 +/- 18.2 compared with 8.4 +/- 6.9 (P < 0.001)] and a significantly longer post-diagnosis LOS [27.8 +/- 32.9 compared with 18.6 +/- 21 (P = 0.01)] than MSSA-infected patients.     

Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with concomitant immunoglobulin A nephropathy: A case report and review of literature

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an uncommon ulcerative cutaneous condition of an unknown etiology and is often associated with immune diseases. However, PG rarely shows visceral involvement, especially in the kidney. A 20-year-old female presented with pedal edema and skin ulceration of both lower limbs. The skin lesion began as an erythematous plaque and then became a blister. She also complained of abdominal distension and a decreasing urine volume. Laboratory data showed high proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia. Her skin and kidney were biopsied. The pathological results indicated PG and immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. The patient was finally cured with prednisolone in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA).     

Severe osteoarticular infection associated with Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus

We report here a case of osteoarticular infection associated with Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. The 3-year-old child presented osteoarthritis associated with toxic shock syndrome, which was complicated by thrombosis, pneumonia, and diaphysitis, despite appropriate antibiotic treatment. Osteitis associated with toxinogenic S. aureus is rarely described. This case highlights the need of early and aggressive surgical treatment, in addition to appropriate antimicrobial therapy.     

Intensive therapy with ceftobiprole medocaril of experimental foreign-body infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

The therapeutic activity of ceftobiprole medocaril, the water-soluble prodrug of ceftobiprole, was compared to that of vancomycin in a rat tissue cage model of chronic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) foreign-body infection. The MICs and MBCs of ceftobiprole and vancomycin in Mueller-Hinton broth for strain MRGR3 were 1 and 4 and 1 and 2 microg/ml, respectively. In vitro elimination rates of strain MRGR3 of 4 and 8 microg/ml of ceftobiprole or vancomycin were equivalent. After 2 weeks of infection, mean +/- standard error of the mean viable counts of strain MRGR3 were 6.83 +/- 0.11 log CFU/ml of tissue cage fluid (n = 87). High-dose regimens of ceftobiprole medocaril (equivalent to 150 mg/kg of ceftobiprole) or 50 mg/kg vancomycin produced nearly identical average peak and trough levels of ceftobiprole and vancomycin in tissue cage fluid, which exceeded the MBC of either antibiotic towards strain MRGR3 for > or =75% of each dosing interval. After 7 days of therapy with ceftobiprole medocaril or vancomycin, average counts of MRGR3 decreased significantly (P < 0.02) by 0.68 +/- 0.28 (n = 29) and 0.88 +/- 0.22 (n = 28) log CFU/ml of tissue cage fluid, respectively, compared with cages of untreated animals, but were not significantly different from each other. No resistant mutants were detected on ceftobiprole-supplemented agar following therapy with this cephalosporin. The in vivo activity of ceftobiprole medocaril against chronic MRSA foreign-body infections was equivalent to that of vancomycin and did not lead to the emergence of resistant subpopulations.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染爆发流行的实验室调查

目的采用耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)mecA基因相关高变区(HVR)长度多态性分型了解MRSA的医院感染爆发流行情况。方法选取临床分离的38株MRSA菌株,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法扩增MRSA mecA基因HVR,据扩增片段大小差异进行基因分型。结果根据PCR产物片段大小,38株MRSA被分为A、B、C、D 4个基因型,其中C型23株(60.53%)、A型7株(18.42%)、B型3株(7.89%)、D型2株(5.26%)、未分型3株(7.89%)。C型在临床各科室均有分布,但主要集中于老干部科。MRSA呈严重且多重耐药,故首选抗菌药物为万古霉素、替加环素、奎奴普汀/达福普汀和替考拉宁。结论医院内存在着MRSA菌株的克隆传播,应加强检测,控制医院感染爆发流行。     

A case of rapidly progressive necrotizing pneumonia caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

We present the case of a patient with a necrotizing multilobar pneumonia caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The patient presented with shortness of breath and a productive cough of 3 days duration. On arrival to the emergency department she was intubated for increased work of breathing and given vasopressors for hypotension refractory to fluid resuscitation. Blood cultures taken at admission, sputum cultures from the patient's endotracheal tube, and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures all grew S. aureus resistant to penicillinase-resistant penicillins. Over the following days the patient's respiratory function deteriorated as she grew progressively hypoxemic and hypercarbic despite aggressive mechanical ventilation and intravenous antibiotics. On day 4 of her hospitalization a computed tomogram revealed extensive pulmonary necrosis consistent with necrotizing pneumonia. The patient's family elected to withdraw support, and the patient rapidly died following cessation of mechanical ventilation.     

Efficacy of mupirocin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus burn wound infection.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) have become increasingly prevalent as nosocomial pathogens, especially in burn wounds. MRSA constituted 38% of all S. aureus isolates in our 25-bed burns unit despite the utilization of a combination of 1% silver sulfadiazine and 0.2% chlorhexidine as topical therapy. Mupirocin, a new antibiotic, has proved in vitro and in vivo to be highly effective in the treatment of MRSA infections. A prospective clinical trial with mupirocin ointment in MRSA burn wound infection was untertaken. Forty-five children with 59 discrete burn wounds and from whom MRSA were isolated were treated with 2% mupirocin ointment under occlusive dressings, applied twice daily for 5 days. The average burned area treated was 8% (range, 2 to 20%) of the total body surface area. The burn wounds were assessed clinically and bacteriologically daily. Mupirocin eliminated MRSA in all 59 wounds treated, with the maximum therapeutic response seen within 4 days. In three wounds, gram-negative organisms persisted after 5 days of topical therapy. Treatment was well tolerated by all children. We recommend that mupirocin in its present polyethylene glycol base should be used only on a selective basis, when current prophylactic topical therapy has failed to control MRSA infection in burns of less than 20% of the total body surface area, and that it should be applied only for a limited period of 5 days. The safety and the efficacy of mupirocin in burns exceeding 20% of the total body surface area need to be established.