喉部分切除术后肺部并发症的影响因素分析

[目的]分析1998至2010年间111例喉部分切除术与术后肺部并发症相关的危险因素.[方法]回顾性病例分析,评估喉部分切除术术后肺部并发症的发生与其影响因子的相关程度,影响因子包括年龄,性别,慢性肺疾病,吸烟状态,肿瘤大小,肿瘤分期,术前放疗,手术范围,手术重建方法,肺功能检查.[结果]36例患者(32.4％)发生肺部并发症,与年龄(P=0.002)、慢性肺疾病(P=0.005)、吸烟状态(P=0.02)有显著相关性; 手术方式中环状软骨舌骨吻合术(P=0.008),同侧杓状软骨切除术(P=0.03),亦有相关性.多变量分析显示肺部并发症与年龄(60～69岁之间比值比[OR]为3.8,95％置信区间[CI]为1.2～11.7; 70 ～ 79岁之间OR为7.1; 95％ CI为1.3～37.6)和环状软骨舌骨吻合术术式(OR,4.4; 95％ CI,1.1～18.1)具有显着相关性.[结论]60岁以上年龄和环状软骨舌骨吻合术术式是环状软骨上喉部分切除术后发生肺部并发症的高危因素.     

经尿道前列腺电切术后前尿道狭窄相关因素分析

目的 分析经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)患者术后前尿道狭窄的发病情况及其围手术期相关因素.方法 回顾性分析426例行TURP的良性前列腺增生患者的临床资料,包括年龄、术前合并膀胱结石、术前合并2型糖尿病、术前合并高血压、术前尿路感染、术前是否留置尿管、手术医师、手术时间、术中使用电切镜型号、术中使用石蜡油润滑、术后尿道牵引时间、术后尿路感染、术后留置尿管时间,将可能与术后出现前尿道狭窄的相关因素进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 23例患者术后出现前尿道狭窄,发生率为5.40％ (23/426).进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,术前尿路感染[OR=4.630,95％ CI(1.386 ～ 15.468),P=0.013]、术中使用电切镜型号[OR=2.887,95％ CI(1.100 ～7.579),P=0.031]、术后尿路感染[OR =6.117,95％ CI(2.088 ～ 17.925),P=0.001]、术后尿道牵引时间[OR=4.083,95％ CI(1.521～ 10.961),P=0.005]、术后留置尿管时间[OR=4.388,95％ CI(1.533 ～ 12.564),P=0.006]进入回归方程.结论 术前尿路感染、术中使用电切镜型号、术后尿路感染、术后尿道牵引时间、术后留置尿管时间是TURP术后患者发生前尿道狭窄的相关因素.     

老年糖尿病患者医院感染相关因素分析

目的 分析影响老年糖尿病患者医院感染的相关因素.方法 选择2007年7月至2012年12月在北京老年医院住院第一诊断为老年2型糖尿病的215例患者,对72例并发医院感染(试验组)与143例未并发医院感染(对照组)进行比较分析.结果 Logistic多因素逐步回归分析显示:住院时间≥15 d[比值比(OR)=2.023,95％置信区间(CI)为1.214～3.371]、合并慢性肺部基础疾病(OR=59.355,95％ CI为2.034 ～3.023)、Hb ＜90 g/L(OR=3.895,95％ CI为1.198～6.004)、＞2种抗感染药物联合使用(OR=21.803,95％CI为1.443 ～3.294)、糖尿病病程(≥10年)(OR=1.338,95％ CI为1.024 ～ 1.748)、糖化血红蛋白≥7.0％(OR=3.330,95％CI为1.097～10.112)与并发医院感染具有相关性(均P＜0.05).结论 老年糖尿病患者医院感染相关因素较多,应加强监控,有针对性地进行早期预防和治疗.     

雾化吸入氨基糖苷类药物治疗MDR/XDR菌肺部感染的有效性与安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价雾化吸入氨基糖苷类抗菌药物治疗多重/广泛耐药菌所致肺部感染的有效性与安全性。方法 检索发表在PubMed、Embase、CNKI、万方及维普数据库中与雾化吸入氨基糖苷类药物治疗多重/广泛耐药菌所致呼吸机相关性肺炎或医院获得性肺炎相关的临床研究,按纳入排除标准提取文献数据资料并进行质量评价,采用Meta分析进行系统评价。结果 共纳入13篇文献,包含976名患者。有效性方面：实验组(雾化组)的临床治愈率[OR=2.24, 95%CI(1.35, 3.71), P=0.002]和细菌清除率[OR=3.59, 95%CI(2.53, 5.08), P<0.00001]都显著高于对照组(静脉或空白雾化),但死亡率[OR=0.90, 95%CI(0.65, 1.24), P=0.51]两组无显著性差异。安全性方面：雾化组的不良反应发生率显著低于对照组[OR=0.62, 95%CI(0.47, 0.82), P=0.0009]。结论 雾化吸入氨基糖苷类药物治疗MDR/XDR菌所致肺部感染显示出较好的疗效且能降低患者的AEs发生率,但并不能降低死亡率。     

局部应用庆大霉素胶原海绵预防手术切口感染效果的Meta分析

目的:系统评价局部应用庆大霉素胶原海绵预防手术切口感染的疗效,为临床提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、EMBase、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊数据库、万方数据库收集局部应用庆大霉素胶原海绵(试验组)对比常规手术处理(对照组)预防手术切口感染的随机对照试验(RCT),提取资料并按照改良的Jadad量表评价质量后,采用Rev Man 5.3统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入16项RCT,合计7 752例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者手术切口感染率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义[OR=0.71,95%CI(0.61,0.84),P<0.001]。亚组分析发现,心血管系统手术组患者[OR=0.59,95%CI(0.37,0.96),P=0.03]和皮肤软组织手术组患者[OR=0.34,95%CI(0.15,0.75),P=0.008]手术切口感染率均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义;消化系统手术组患者手术切口感染率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义[OR=0.62,95%CI(0.25,1.54),P=0.30]。术后随访30 d及以内组患者手术切口感染率显著低于对照组[OR=0.58,95%CI(0.41,0.82),P=0.002],差异均有统计学意义;30 d以上组患者手术切口感染率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义[OR=0.86,95%CI(0.71,1.04),P=0.13]。术后植入胶原海绵含庆大霉素高剂量组(>100 mg)患者手术切口感染率显著低于对照组[OR=0.65,95%CI(0.52,0.82),P<0.001],差异有统计学意义;低剂量组(≤100 mg)患者手术切口感染率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义[OR=0.96,95%CI(0.72,1.28),P=0.77]。结论:局部应用庆大霉素胶原海绵可能对预防手术感染有一定作用,并且不同的手术类型、观察时间和庆大霉素使用剂量的预防效果有差异,临床应结合实际谨慎使用。     

大环内酯类抗菌药物辅助治疗肺部铜绿假单胞菌感染疗效和安全性的系统评价

目的:系统评价大环内酯类抗菌药物辅助治疗肺部铜绿假单胞菌(PA)感染的疗效和安全性,以为临床治疗提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、Ovid、中国期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库,收集PA敏感药物联用大环内酯类抗菌药物(试验组)对比PA敏感药物单用(对照组)治疗肺部感染PA的随机对照试验(RCT),提取资料并对纳入研究进行Jadad质量评分后,采用Rev Man 5.2统计软件对同质性结果进行合并分析。结果:共纳入13项RCT,合计872例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者临床有效率[OR=6.42,95%CI(4.23,9.74),P<0.001]和PA清除率[OR=6.10,95%CI(4.10,9.09),P<0.001]显著高于对照组,体温恢复至正常时间[MD=-1.14,95%CI(-1.35,-0.94),P<0.001]、咳嗽咳痰消失时间[MD=-1.70,95%CI(-1.97,-1.44),P<0.001]、血象恢复至正常时间[MD=-1.24,95%CI(-2.04,-0.43),P<0.001]显著短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。两组患者不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义[OR=1.30,95%CI(0.73,2.31),P=0.37]。结论:大环内酯类抗菌药物辅助治疗肺部PA感染的疗效与安全性较好。受纳入研究方法学质量限制,该结论有待大样本、高质量的RCT进一步验证。     

我院2013-2016年耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的危险因素与临床结局分析

目的:探讨耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)医院感染的危险因素与临床结局,为预防和治疗CRPA医院感染提供参考。方法:应用回顾性调查方法,收集我院2013-2016年CRPA与碳青霉烯类敏感铜绿假单胞菌(CSPA)医院感染患者的病历资料。采用单因素分析来判断CRPA医院感染危险因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析来判断CRPA医院感染危险因素与死亡的相关性。结果:共收集铜绿假单胞菌感染病例556例,其中CRPA感染病例96例,占17.3%。对CRPA医院感染相关因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析显示,分离出铜绿假单胞菌前入住重症监护室(ICU)>3 d[OR=2.691,95%CI(1.348,5.373),P=0.005]、使用第三或四代头孢菌素[OR=0.386,95%CI(0.200,0.742),P=0.004]、合并其他病原菌感染[OR=1.892,95%CI(1.132,3.164),P=0.015]、联用2种以上抗菌药物[OR=5.631,95%CI(2.556,12.407),P=0.000]为CRPA医院感染的独立危险因素。临床结局分析,CRPA组的死亡率为12.5%,显著高于CSPA组的死亡率(2.8%)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,死亡率[OR=5.003,95%CI(1.975,12.675),P=0.001]与CRPA医院感染之间存在相关性。结论:预防CRPA医院感染,应降低患者入住ICU时间,根据患者病原菌结果合理选择使用抗菌药物,以降低CRPA医院感染的发生。     

右美托咪定用于全身麻醉后减少术后阿片类药物用量的Meta分析

用Meta分析的方法对右美托咪定用于全身麻醉后减少术后阿片类药物用量，减轻患者疼痛情况和降低不良反应发生率的效果进行系统评价。结果显示，右美托咪定不仅可以减少术后阿片类药物的消耗量，减轻患者术后的疼痛情况，还可以降低术后恶心[OR=0.35，95% CI（0.23，0.53）]、呕吐[OR=0.41，95% CI（0.24，0.70）]、瘙痒[OR=0.37，95% CI（0.19，0.68）]、寒战[OR=0.17，95% CI（0.03，0.92）]等不良反应的发生率，且不增加低血压[OR=13.68，95% CI（0.71，262.17）]和心动过缓[OR=2.45，95% CI（0.87，6.90）]的发生率。在苏醒指标上，右美托咪定组与对照组无统计学差异。     

骨折患者切开内固定术围术期使用不同疗程抗菌药物预防感染的Meta分析

目的:系统评价骨折患者切开内固定术围术期应用单剂量与多剂量抗菌药物预防手术部位感染的疗效,为临床提供循证参考。方法:计算机检索PubMed、EMBase、Corchrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊数据库和万方数据库,查找闭合性骨折患者行切开内固定术治疗后,围术期应用单剂量(试验组)与多剂量(对照组)抗菌药物预防手术部位感染的随机对照试验(RCT),筛选文献、提取资料并按照改良的Jadad评分量表评价质量后,采用Rev Man 5.3统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入8项RCT,合计3457例患者。Meta分析结果显示,两组患者手术部位感染率比较,差异无统计学意义[OR=1.02,95%CI(0.63,1.66),P=0.94]。依据用药不同选择使用头孢唑啉的研究进行亚组分析,Meta分析结果显示,手术部位感染率比较,差异仍无统计学意义[OR=1.33,95%CI(0.55,3.20),P=0.52]。结论:闭合性骨折行切开内固定术治疗患者,围术期推荐单剂量预防性应用抗菌药物。     

前列腺癌患者术后发生医院感染的病原菌分布与危险因素分析

目的：分析前列腺癌患者术后发生医院感染的病原菌分布与危险因素,为前列腺癌患者术后感染的防治提供参考。方法：选取2019年12月—2022年12月丰城市人民医院行手术治疗的82例前列腺癌患者作为研究对象,分析术后医院感染发生情况与病原菌分布特点,并通过多因素回归分析探究发生术后医院感染的危险因素。结果：82例前列腺癌患者中,23例发生医院感染(感染率为28.05%),其中尿路感染15例(占65.22%),呼吸系统感染6例(占26.09%),切口感染2例(占8.70%);23例医院感染患者标本中共培养出31株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌21株(占67.74%),革兰阳性菌10株(占32.26%);合并糖尿病、未预防使用抗菌药物、前列腺体积≥45 cm³、术前导尿、手术时间≥1 h、留置尿管时间≥5 d、住院时间>7 d与患者发生医院感染相关(P<0.05);Logistic多因素分析结果显示,合并糖尿病(OR=3.019)、未预防使用抗菌药物(OR=1.937)、前列腺体积≥45 cm³(OR=2.694)、术前导尿(OR=2.162)、手...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.