拉曼光谱技术在癌症诊断中的应用

癌症是威胁人类健康和生命的最主要疾病之一,其预后与早期诊断、早期治疗密切相关。本文将综述拉曼光谱在癌症诊断中的应用,为癌症的早期诊断及癌变机理的研究提供理论基础。     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱的肺癌唾液检测方法研究

目的:拉曼光谱是一种分子散射光谱,是研究物质分子结构的有效手段.细胞在发生癌变的过程中分子水平会出现变化,并在唾液中会有所反应.采用拉曼光谱技术检测唾液成为早期诊断癌症的潜在途径.方法:分别采集已确诊肺癌患者19例和正常人45名唾液的表面增强拉曼光谱数据进行分析,对原始数据进行了归一化处理,确定有6组数据具有显著性差异,可以进行Logistic回归分析.结果:通过逐步Logistic回归,对肺癌患者判断的准确率达到96.9%,结果的灵敏度和特异度均达到94.7%;进入回归方程的2组特征峰表明,肺癌患者和正常人唾液的拉曼光谱在两个峰值处有统计学意义.结论:利用表面增强拉曼光谱检测技术,通过对唾液的检测,可以用于癌症的早期诊断.     

表面增强拉曼光谱快速鉴别食品中的金黄色葡萄球菌

目的:建立采用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术快速鉴别金黄色葡萄球菌的方法,探讨该方法的可行性和应用价值。方法:根据SERS的增强效应,制备金纳米溶胶作为增强试剂,用不同的细菌样品验证SERS光谱鉴别金黄色葡萄球菌的能力。结果:采用36种不同的病原菌随机编号作为未知样品进行拉曼光谱扫描检测,通过聚类分析可达到种属鉴别。结论:金黄色葡萄球菌SERS快速鉴别方法的初步建立,为金黄色葡萄球菌感染诊断及食源性金黄色葡萄球菌污染的快速检测提供基础依据,可用于临床感染诊断及食品卫生监管、商品检验检疫等。     

结直肠癌筛查和早期诊断生物标志物研究进展

结直肠癌疾病负担沉重,严重威胁人类健康,人群中开展筛查可有效降低结直肠癌发病率和死亡率。近年来,结直肠癌相关的遗传学、表观遗传学和微生物组学研究成果层出不穷,随着基因测序和分子检测技术的发展,探索与癌症发生发展相关的生物标志物以应用于结直肠癌筛查和早期诊断已成为目前的研究热点。本文对现有结直肠癌筛查和早期诊断生物标志物...     

乳腺组织切片的拉曼光谱的研究

目的　为医生诊断乳腺癌提供辅助手段。方法　采用激光拉曼光谱技术对乳腺组织切片进行研究。结果　细胞核上的拉曼峰较其它位置明显 ,癌变组织 86 0cm-1处的拉曼峰明显蓝移 ;16 10cm-1处的峰值与 15 2 5cm-1处的峰值比反映了病变与正常乳腺组织之间光谱的差异。结论　为激光拉曼光谱技术应用于乳腺癌的诊断提供了重要的实验依据。     

拉曼光谱检测在辅助生殖领域的研究进展

辅助生殖技术（ART）的体外受精/胞浆内单精子注射-胚胎移植（IVF/ICSI-ET）需要实验室条件下处理两种配子、体外受精、体外培养形成胚胎或囊胚并挑选质量好的胚胎进行移植,使母亲妊娠,是目前解决不孕不育最有效的手段。因此,客观评估配子及植入前胚胎的质量显得非常重要。拉曼光谱不受被测物形态限制,无需样本制备或标记等复杂操作,属于无损伤检测。由于其具有检测迅速、耗时短、敏感度高及分析准确等特点,因此近年被广泛应用于快速检测蛋白质、核酸和脂类等生物大分子损伤。拉曼光谱技术主要有表面增强拉曼光谱技术、共焦显微拉曼光谱技术和傅里叶变换拉曼光谱技术3种。本文概述拉曼光谱的特点及上述3种主要拉曼光谱技术在生物样品分析方面的应用,探讨拉曼光谱技术应用于对精液、卵子和植入前胚胎质量检测的可能性,在辅助生殖领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

拉曼光谱检测在辅助生殖领域的研究进展

辅助生殖技术(ART)的体外受精/胞浆内单精子注射-胚胎移植(IVF/ICSI-ET)需要实验室条件下处理两种配子、体外受精、体外培养形成胚胎或囊胚并挑选质量好的胚胎进行移植,使母亲妊娠,是目前解决不孕不育最有效的手段。因此,客观评估配子及植入前胚胎的质量显得非常重要。拉曼光谱不受被测物形态限制,无需样本制备或标记等复杂操作,属于无损伤检测。由于其具有检测迅速、耗时短、敏感度高及分析准确等特点,因此近年被广泛应用于快速检测蛋白质、核酸和脂类等生物大分子损伤。拉曼光谱技术主要有表面增强拉曼光谱技术、共焦显微拉曼光谱技术和傅里叶变换拉曼光谱技术3种。本文概述拉曼光谱的特点及上述3种主要拉曼光谱技术在生物样品分析方面的应用,探讨拉曼光谱技术应用于对精液、卵子和植入前胚胎质量检测的可能性,在辅助生殖领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

基于表面增强拉曼检测技术的唾液检测研究

拉曼光谱可以表征化学物质的分子结构特性,表面增强拉曼检测方法采用纳米技术使原有的光谱强度提高了(4~10)个数量级,在痕量化学物质快速检测方面显示出巨大的潜力。本文介绍了表面增强拉曼检测技术所用的设备和检测方法,并报告了将表面增强拉曼光谱检测技术应用于吸毒者的鉴别,检测了29例吸毒者的唾液,与健康人的样本进行了对比分析,发现吸毒者唾液的拉曼光谱在1030cm-1具有明显的特异性。     

TSGF和URC筛查早期肿瘤及监测疗效初探

在当前肿瘤临床研究中 ,由于肿瘤早期不伴转移 ,容易切除 ,可为患者赢得较多的存活机会 ,因此肿瘤早期诊断十分重要 〔1〕。传统的筛查方法有子宫颈癌的巴氏涂片 ,结直肠癌的大便隐血试验 ,前列腺癌的肛指检查 ,食道癌的拉网检查等 ,但这些检查均不甚理想。随着生物技术的发展 ,有很多早期癌症检测技术已应用于临床。我们使用恶性肿瘤相关物质 (Tum or Supplied Group of Factors,TSGF)检测试剂盒、癌症尿液筛查监测试剂 (URC) ,分别检测血液和尿液 ,结果满意 ,现报告如下。1　材料与方法1 .1　仪器　 72 1分光光度计 ,上海第三分析仪…     

乳腺癌微钙化灶的研究现状

乳腺微钙化灶是早期发现及诊断乳腺癌最重要的征象,对于其形成原因尚没有结论。对于BI-RADS分类为3-4a的微钙化灶,很难通过钼靶片鉴别病灶的良恶性,活检阳性率仅为10%~25%。钙化灶的成因和诊断价值是目前的研究热点,而其中又以拉曼光谱应用最多。近年来,国内外许多学者对乳腺微钙化发生发展中拉曼光谱的变化做了许多探索性的研究。拉曼光谱是一种简便、灵敏的光谱分析技术,可在病变进行的初期,即可发现其分子细微的生物学改     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.