心脏瓣膜置换术后妇科再手术时抗凝药物的应用研究

目的探讨心脏瓣膜置换术后的妇产科疾病患者再手术时抗凝药物的使用方法及安全性。方法15例心脏瓣膜置换术后患者,13例均为机械瓣膜置换,一直服用华法令抗凝。患者人院后均停用华法令,改为低分子肝素皮下注射,调整盯达到或接近正常后,于术前12小时停用抗凝药物。术后12—24小时口服华法令并与低分子肝素重叠使用,3—5日后停用低分子肝素。调整药物剂量,使INR达治疗目标范围。结果15例心脏瓣膜置换术后因妇科疾病需再次手术患者,均顺利渡过围手术期,无任何并发症出现。结论心脏瓣膜置换术后患者,再手术时只要合理调整抗凝药物种类、剂量及用法,掌握合适的抗凝强度,再次手术是安全的。     

1例起搏器围术期抗凝治疗病例分析及文献复习

目的:探讨长期服用华法林患者起搏器围术期抗凝治疗策略。方法:通过1例长期服用华法林患者起搏器围术期的抗凝治疗方案调整,结合最新国际相关临床使用指南和治疗进展,总结、分析围术期华法林抗凝治疗的选择。结果与结论:血栓栓塞风险高危者,可不停用华法林或以低分子肝素桥接,血栓栓塞风险低危或中危者,可以停用华法林,不以低分子肝素桥接。医生和药师需权衡患者出血和血栓风险决定起搏器围术期的抗凝方案。     

低分子肝素在心脏机械瓣膜置换术后早期过渡抗凝治疗中的应用

心脏机械瓣膜置换术后由于异物的置入,激活了内源性及外源性凝血机制,容易在人造瓣膜周围形成血栓,临床上常规使用华法林抗凝治疗。但在术后早期（〈1个月,尤其是术后0～5天）由于华法林抗凝起效慢,更易形成血栓。有观点认为,术后在华法林起效前,加用低分子肝素联合华法林治疗对确保远期疗效具有重要的意义。但另有观点认为,在术后早期由于体外循环、心脏手术的影响,患者凝血、抗凝、纤溶及血小板等系统尚不稳定,患者处于低凝状态,加用低分子肝素过渡抗凝会增加患者出血的风险。本文总结国内外相关文献,阐述低分子肝素在心脏机械瓣膜置换术后早期过渡抗凝治疗中的应用。     

达比加群、华法林分别用于心房颤动患者射频消融术后疗效与安全性的比较

目的:比较达比加群、华法林用于心房颤动患者射频消融术(RFCA)后的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析141例非瓣膜性心房颤动并拟行RFCA患者资料,按用药的不同分为华法林组(71例)和达比加群组(70例)。华法林组患者入院前曾服华法林者入院后需停用,改为低分子肝素钙注射液100 U/kg,皮下注射,待INR<1.5时行RFCA,术前12 h停用低分子肝素钙注射液;术中静脉注射肝素钙注射液100 U/kg;术后4~6 h口服华法林钠片4.5 mg,每日1次,同时与低分子肝素桥接重叠治疗至少3~5 d;术后每3 d监测1次国际标准化比值(INR),维持INR 2.0~3.0,至少服用华法林3个月。达比加群组患者入院后停用曾服用的抗凝药物,改为口服达比加群酯胶囊110 mg(年龄≥70岁或体质量<60 kg)或150 mg(年龄<70岁或体质量≥60 kg),每日2次;术前24 h停用达比加群酯胶囊,术中用药同华法林组;术后6 h口服达比加群酯胶囊,至少服用3个月。观察两组患者术后第1、3个月总死亡率、脑卒中(短暂性脑缺血,缺血性脑病)发生率、外周血管栓塞率及出血情况。结果:两组患者术后第1、3个月总死亡率、脑卒中发生率、外周血管栓塞率、出血发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:达比加群用于非瓣膜性心房颤动患者RFCA的抗凝疗效和安全性均与华法林相当。     

1例长期服用华法林患者围手术期的抗凝策略

目的：探索长期接受抗凝治疗患者围手术期的抗凝治疗策略,体现临床药师参与药物治疗的作用。方法：回顾临床药师参与1例长期接受华法林抗凝治疗患者围手术期抗凝方案,结合相关的文献资料,从药物的选择、使用时机、剂量、疗程等方面进行分析。结果：临床药师结合药动学知识,制定抗凝方案,最大程度上降低了患者出血和栓塞的风险。结论：围手术期应该至少提前5d停用华法林,并监测国际标准化比值（INR）;术后无继续出血可在12h内开始使用低分子肝素,同时服用华法林,并监测INR,待达标后停用低分子肝素。如果患者要连续进行多次手术,则在整个手术期间建议使用低分子肝素进行抗凝。     

桥接抗凝在心房颤动患者PCI围手术期的应用及对靶血管重建、预后的影响

目的:探究桥接抗凝在心房颤动患者PCI围手术期的应用效果及对靶血管重建、预后的影响.方法:回顾性分析某院97例需要接受冠状动脉介入手术(PCI)且术前长期服用华法林的心房颤动患者为研究对象,其中49例术前停用华法林并采用低分子肝素桥接抗凝治疗为桥接组,48例围手术期维持使用华法林抗凝治疗为非桥接组,比较两组围手术期出血...     

我院169例髋部骨折手术围手术期应用低分子肝素的临床评价

目的:评价围手术期低分子肝素使用的合理性。方法:筛取创伤骨科手术治疗的髋部骨折患者169例,观察低分子肝素的使用时间、术中出血量、D-二聚体(D-dimer)、活化部分凝血激酶时间(APTT)和血小板计数(PLT)的变化,结合《中国骨科大手术静脉血栓栓塞症预防指南》分析其使用的合理性。结果:3例患者术后发生了深静脉血栓,术前低分子肝素使用率为70.41%,平均使用时间为3.9d;术后使用率为78.70%,平均使用时间为5.4d。D-dimer、APTT和PLT在用药前、后具有显著性差异(P<0.05),术中出血量正常,术后未见严重出血现象。结论:围手术期低分子肝素的使用基本遵循《中国骨科大手术静脉血栓栓塞症预防指南》,术前停药时机和术后疗程对手术及术后抗凝作用的影响有待进一步研究。     

机械瓣膜置换术后再手术的抗凝治疗

目的探讨机械瓣膜置换术后再手术的抗凝治疗。方法回顾并随访1997年3月-2010年1月在我科行心脏机械瓣膜置换术后并再次行其他外科手术患者96例,术前2～3d停用华法林,检测凝血酶原国际标准化比值（INR）,术后2-3d恢复服用华法林,并依据INR调整用量。结果全组再手术患者均安全渡过围手术期,未出现血栓、颅内出血及胃肠道等异常出血。结论机械瓣膜置换术后再手术必须合理调整华法林的使用;依据INR值维持一个有效的抗凝强度,可以安全地进行手术,也可以安全地妊娠、分娩。     

创伤骨折患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素及诊断治疗进展

深静脉血栓形成(DVT)是骨科手术的严重并发症,主要发生在下肢,这可能导致创伤骨折患者病死率的上升。围术期DVT的发生率高,严重时可能导致创伤后肺栓塞。预防的最佳模式尚未确定。利伐沙班和低分子肝素已成为目前预防DVT的代表药物。然而,利伐沙班和低分子肝素并未显示出对预防创伤患者的深静脉血栓形成特别有效,深静脉血栓发生率仍然很高。深静脉血栓的发生率与多种风险因素和复杂的发病机制有关,如肥胖、年龄、性别、慢性疾病、癌症、骨折部位和骨折固定前的等待时间,以及手术时长。手术本身,尤其是接受大整形外科手术(如全髋关节置换、全膝关节置换、髋部骨折手术)的患者患下肢DVT的风险最大。因此,对围术期深静脉血栓患者的危险因素及治疗进行深入分析可能有助于诊断和防止疾病进一步发展。     

低分子肝素联合间歇充气加压装置预防老年髋部骨折深静脉血栓形成56例

目的 观察低分子肝素(LMWH)联合间歇充气加压装置(IPC)预防老年髋部骨折深静脉血栓形成的效果.方法 选择老年髋关节周围骨折患者112例,随机均分为两组各56例.治疗组入院后立即给予低分子肝素药物预防联合间歇充气加压装量机械预防,低分子肝素采用腹壁皮下注射0.5 mL、每12 h给药1次,间歇充气加压装量采用双下肢交替使用、每天共6 h,连续14 d.对照组仅在术后给予低分子肝素药物预防.动态观察凝血酶原和活化部分凝血活酶时间,术后10 d进行深静脉血栓症状评估、下肢深静脉彩色多普勒超声检查.结果 治疗组出现下肢深静脉血栓1例(1.79%),对照组出现下肢深静脉血栓6例(10.71%o结论髋关节周围骨折围手术期应用低分子肝素联合间歇充气加压装置,可获得持续、有效的抗凝效果,降低深静脉血栓的发生率.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.