Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between alcohol consumption and lipids, blood pressure and body weight indices

OBJECTIVE: Serum lipids, blood pressure and body mass may mediate the U-shaped relationship of alcohol consumption with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. This study examines the cross-sectional and long-term longitudinal relationships of (changes in) alcohol consumption with (changes in) serum lipids, blood pressure and body mass indices. METHOD: In this prospective, observational cohort study, two measurements of alcohol consumption, serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, body weight, the thickness of four skinfolds and waist circumference were performed 4 years apart in healthy volunteers (143 men and 174 women, 32 years old at the first measurement). Alcohol consumption from beer, wine and distilled spirits was assessed using an extensive dietary history interview. Linear regression analyses were performed to study the cross-sectional relationships between the amount of alcohol consumed at the age of 32 years and the levels of the lipids, blood pressure and body weight indices, and to study the longitudinal relationships between the changes in the amount of alcohol consumed over the 4 years of follow-up and the concurrent changes in the lipids, blood pressure and body weight indices. Nonlinearity was investigated for the cross-sectional relationships. RESULTS: A 10-g/day difference in alcohol consumption was positively related with a 0.05 mmol/L (1.9 mg/dl) difference in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in both cross-sectional (p = .004), and longitudinal (p < .0001) analyses. This relationship did not differ for men and women or for the consumption of beer, wine or distilled spirits. Relationships with changes in total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure, body weight and the sum of four skinfolds were not significant. A borderline significant inverse longitudinal relationship was found with waist circumference. The other lifestyle behaviors (tobacco smoking, physical activity and dietary habits) were major confounders of most cross-sectional relationships between alcohol and serum lipids, blood pressure and body mass indices. The longitudinal relationships, however, were not confounded by changes in the other lifestyle behaviors. A significant nonlinear relationship was found for systolic blood pressure, in which drinkers of about 30 g/day had the lowest values. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate alcohol consumption and moderate long-term changes in alcohol consumption are positively related with the levels and changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy adult men and women. A moderate inverse association between alcohol and waist circumference may be expected. No relationships were found with triglycerides, blood pressure, body weight and the sum of the thickness of four skinfolds. Other lifestyle behaviors confound the cross-sectional, but not the longitudinal, relationships between alcohol consumption and serum lipids, blood pressure and body mass indices. Gender and type of beverage do not modify the relationships between alcohol consumption and these indices.     

社会牙周治疗需要指数与血脂的相关性研究

目的 了解社会牙周治疗需要指数与血脂水平的关系.方法 1 879名来大庆油田总医院进行健康体检者被纳入本项研究.所有实验对象均取静脉血检测胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇.牙周状况采用牙周治疗需要指数评价.校正了性别、吸烟情况、血糖、年龄、体重指数、舒张压等影响因素后,对牙周治疗需要指数与血脂水平进行相关性分析.结果 牙周治疗需要指数与血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白存在正相关,且具有统计学意义.牙周治疗需要指数与血清高密度脂蛋白、甘油三脂不存在统计学意义的相关关系.结论 牙周病的严重程度与血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白的水平有关,牙周病对血脂水平的影响可能是其促成动脉粥样硬化的病变基础.     

Evaluation of selected lipid parameters and blood pressure in ethnically-homogenous population of middle-aged persons,depending on gender,age and body mass

The study is a retrospective analysis of data obtained from a cardiovascular disease prevention program financed by the National Health Fund (Poland). The aim of the study was to evaluate the population to demonstrate the prevalence of favourable and unfavourable lipid parameters and blood pressure values depending on age and BMI. A total of 2,616 subjects were included in the study (811 men and 1805 women aged between 35 and 55 years of age) who perceived themselves as completely healthy individuals and in whom no cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus had been diagnosed. We evaluated blood pressure values, body weight, height, BMI, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL in the serum of venous blood. The above-mentioned parameters were compared in women and men depending on BMI and age. It was demonstrated that the epidemiological situation of women in the analysed age group, regardless of the studied parameter and method of its evaluation, is much more favourable than that of men. We have demonstrated that evaluation of the analysed lipid parameters and blood pressure should be performed with consideration to gender and age. Otherwise conclusions may be obtained which are not satisfied by 75-95% of the population in a given age group. Obesity was highlighted as a factor triggering further lipid disturbances and blood pressure increase.     

Risk factors for coronary heart disease in New Zealand and Sweden: Dunedin and Uppsala compared.

OBJECTS: to compare men and women over the age of 35 years in Dunedin (New Zealand) and Uppsala (Sweden) in respect of anthropometric values, dietary habits and certain coronary heart disease risk factors in view of known differences in coronary mortality between the two countries. METHODS: one hundred and ninety-five Dunedin and 94 Uppsala residents were chosen randomly from the respective populations, in the former city by electoral roll, in the latter by use of unique personal number. Measurements of height, weight, waist/hip ratio, blood pressure, blood lipids were made and dietary and smoking habits assessed. RESULTS: the Swedes were taller and leaner than the New Zealanders. Blood pressure and smoking habits were not significantly different but total blood cholesterol levels were lower in Uppsala men and women. Blood triglycerides were higher in Dunedin women but high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels tended to be lower in men and women in Uppsala. CONCLUSIONS: it was found by analysis of variance that the blood lipid level differences between the two populations could be explained by body mass index. Correction of lipid values for the waist/hip ratio partly explained the higher cholesterol values in Dunedin but diet differences may also have been contributory. The differences in coronary mortality between the population of New Zealand and Sweden are compatible with the view that our blood cholesterol findings reflect the different levels of risk.     

中青年体检人群体质量指数与血糖和血脂及血压相关性分析

目的:探讨体质量指数(BMI)与血压、血脂、血糖等指标的相关性。方法:对2019年1月-2020年12月在体检中心进行健康体检的1952例中青年人群资料进行回顾性分析,比较不同性别人群的肥胖、超重比例及高血压、高血糖、高脂血症发病情况,并根据BMI不同分为体质量低下组、正常组、超重组、肥胖组,分析BMI与年龄、腰围、空腹血糖、血脂、血压的相关性。结果:男性的超重率、肥胖率均高于女性,男性的高血糖、高血压、血脂异常检出率也均高于女性,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001);不同BMI组之间年龄、腰围、血压、空腹血糖、血脂比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。随着BMI的增高,年龄、腰围、空腹血糖、血压、血脂是超重、肥胖的重要影响因素,且呈递进关系。结论:男性超重、肥胖人数比例大于女性,超重和肥胖与腰围、血压、血脂、空腹血糖相关,BMI增加会使血糖、血脂、血压升高。     

Thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism in a group of patients over seventy

Numerous studies have suggested a marked correlation between thyroid functionality indices and lipid metabolism. In this trial we assessed the functional parameters of 165 individuals over 70, 87 women and 78 men, correlating the serum values of T3, T4, FT4, TSH with cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, Apo-A and Apo-B levels. The correlation was performed over the whole population studied and subsequently, after dividing the population by sex and age (3 age groups: A, 70-75; B, 76-80; C, over 80) in the individual groups. In the population as a whole, we have observed a statistically significant correlation between T4/cholesterol (P=0.0001); T3/cholesterol (P=0.06); T4/triglycerides (P=0.0001); T3/triglycerides (P=0.09); T4/HDL (P=0.0001); T4/Apo-A (P= 0.02); T3/Apo-A (P=0.008); T4/Apo-B (P=0.0001). Analysis by gender shows a statistically significance between the female and male sexes in the correlation between T3/cholesterol (P=0.001); T3/triglycerides (P=0.06); T4/cholesterol (P=0.0001) and T4/triglycerides (P=0.0001). When the data were analyzed by age, in Group A (75-80) there was no statistically significant correlation, whereas in Group B (76-80) there has been an increase in significance in the correlation between T3/cholesterol (P=0.006); T3/triglycerides (P=0.001); T3/Hdl (P=0.08); T3/Apo-A (P=0.0001); T3/Apo-B (P=0.08); T4/cholesterol (P=0.00001) and ); T4/Apo-A (P=0.0001). On the other hand in the Group C age group (over 80) this significance is considerably lower. Maybe this decrease of correlations should be attributed to a global savings of the older organisms, or to a process of natural selection.     

Influence of hydrochlorothiazide on the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in patients with essential hypertension.

The influence of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) treatment on the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) was studied in 10 patients with essential hypertension. After a placebo period of 4 weeks, 50 mg HCT twice daily was given for a period of 9 months, followed by a second placebo period of 4 weeks. Triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were determined at the end of both placebo periods and after 1, 3, 6 and 9 months of HCT. For the whole group, there were no significant changes in triglycerides or HDL-cholesterol, whereas total cholesterol significantly increased during HCT. In 6 patients, plasma triglycerides were higher during HCT as compared to both placebo periods. In only 4 patients did HDL-cholesterol increase during HCT. Changes in triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not related and no correlation was found with changes in blood pressure, body weight or serum potassium. In conclusion, this study confirms a possible adverse effect of diuretic treatment on plasma lipids, which should be considered when determining therapeutic regimens for hypertension.     

Influence of hydrochlorothiazide on the plasma levels of triglycerides,total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in patients with essential hypertension

Summary

The influence of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) treatment on the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) was studied in lo patients with essential hypertension. After a placebo period of 4 weeks, 50?mg HCT twice daily was given for a period of 9 months, followed by a second placebo period of 4 weeks. Triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were determined at the end of both placebo periods and after 1, 3, 6 and 9 months of HCT. For the whole group, there were no significant changes in triglycerides or HDL-cholesterol, whereas total cholesterol significantly increased during HCT. In 6 patients, plasma triglycerides were higher during HCT as compared to both placebo periods. In only 4 patients did HDL-cholesterol increase during HCT. Changes in triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not related and no correlation was found with changes in blood pressure, body weight or serum potassium. In conclusion, this study confirms a possible adverse effect of diuretic treatment on plasma lipids, which should be considered when determining therapeutic regimens for hypertension.     

高血压中医证型与血脂、血尿酸关系研究

目的探讨高血压中医证型与血脂、血尿酸关系。方法收集高血压患者118例,进行中医辨证分型。另选同期健康体检者20例作对照组。检测两组总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、甘油三酯（TG）、血尿酸（SUA）。比较高血压各证型组及对照组血脂、血尿酸水平及异常率。结果高血压阴虚阳亢证和高血压痰湿壅盛证血脂、SUA异常者均高于对照组（P〈0．05）且SUA异常者低于高血压阴阳两虚证（P〈0．05）。阴虚阳亢证、痰湿壅盛证、肝火亢盛证TC高于对照组（P〈0．01）;痰湿壅盛证型的TG高于阴虚阳亢证型（P〈0．05）;高血压阴阳两虚证型的HDL．C低于对照组及高血压其他各证型（P〈0．05或〈0．01）,高血压阴阳两虚证型SUA高于对照组其他组及高血压其他各证型对照组（P〈0．01）。结论高血压患者TG升高与痰湿壅盛证有关,可作为高血压痰湿壅盛证的参考指标。HDL—C下降、SUA升高与阴阳两虚有关,可作为阴阳两虚证的参考指标。．     

广东梅县城区体检人群血尿酸水平的调查研究

目的了解梅县城区人群的血尿酸水平和高尿酸血症（hyperuricemia,HUA）的患病率。方法对8532名行健康体检者的血尿酸及血清肌酐、血尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、血糖和血压的测定结果进行统计分析。结果受检者血尿酸水平为（328±90）μmol／L,男性为（348±83）μmol／L、女性为（265±85）μmol／L,其中HUA的患病率：男12．66％,女8．12％,男女合计10．68％。HUA的患病率随年龄的增长而升高,并有年轻化趋势。HUA组血清肌酐、尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、血糖、血压的异常率均显著高于血尿酸正常组（P〈0．05）。结论梅县城区人群血尿酸水平和HUA患病率与全国平均水平相近;HUA患病率随年龄的增长而升高,HUA患者容易伴发高脂血症、高血糖、高血压和肾功能损害。     

广东梅县城区体检人群血尿酸水平的调查研究

目的了解梅县城区人群的血尿酸水平和高尿酸血症（hyperuricemia,HUA）的患病率。方法对8532名行健康体检者的血尿酸及血清肌酐、血尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、血糖和血压的测定结果进行统计分析。结果受检者血尿酸水平为（328±90）μmol／L,男性为（348±83）μmol／L、女性为（265±85）μmol／L,其中HUA的患病率：男12．66％,女8．12％,男女合计10．68％。HUA的患病率随年龄的增长而升高,并有年轻化趋势。HUA组血清肌酐、尿素氮、总胆同醇、甘油三酯、血糖、血压的异常率均显著高于血尿酸正常组（P〈0．05）。结论梅县城区人群血尿酸水平和HUA患病率与全国平均水平相近;HUA患病率随年龄的增长而升高,HUA患者容易伴发高脂血症、高血糖、高血压和肾功能损害。     

Lipids, lipid peroxidation and 7-ketocholesterol in workers exposed to lead

The study population included healthy men and hypertensive employees of zinc and lead steelworks in the south of Poland. Workers exposed to lead (n=137) were divided into two groups: the first included employees with low exposure to lead (LL) with mean blood lead (PbB) 25-40 microg/dL and the second one with PbB over 40 microg/dL (HL group). The administration workers (n=35) were the control group. Evaluation of lipids and oxidative changes of cholesterol and lipids were estimated in blood samples. No significant changes in concentration of 7-ketocholesterol and blood lipids (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides) were found. Lipid peroxidation (LP) was significantly higher in both exposed groups in plasma and in the HL group in erythrocytes when compared with control. There can be two independent sources of LP increase: the first is connected with the direct effect of lead's ions on erythrocytes, the second is the prooxidative effect of delta-aminolevulinic acid. Hypertension in the HL group when compared with people with PbB below 40 microg/dL (OR 4.4, 95%CI 1.4-14.5) was found more often. LP significantly increased by about 71% and concentration of 7-ketocholesterol by about 122% in hypertensives when compared with normotensives in the HL group.     

Blood lipid levels in New Zealand

OBJECTIVES: the study aimed to determine age and gender specific levels of lipids and lipoproteins in New Zealanders. Participants were randomly selected from 20 general electoral roles, and from a sample of 15-18 year olds. METHODS: plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured in 2941 men and women aged 15-99 years. RESULTS: mean (SD) plasma cholesterol was 6.0 (1.3) mmol/L in men and 6.1 (1.3) mmol/L in women. There was a marked variation in total cholesterol and calculated LDL cholesterol with age, and the pattern was different in men and women. There was also a considerable regional variation; levels tending to increase from north to south. Overall mean cholesterol levels adjusted for age and geographical distribution were 5.8 and 6.0 mmol/L for men and women respectively. CONCLUSION: the fact that approximately a third of the adult population in New Zealand under 65 years have cholesterol levels greater than 6.5 mmol/L indicates the need for effective diet and lifestyle changes to reduce the high rates of CHD.     

Antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic effects of Achillea wilhelmsii

Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch (Asteraceae) is widely found in different parts of Iran. This plant is full of flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones, which have been shown to be effective in lowering blood lipids and hypertension. We conducted a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial to study the antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effects of Achillea drops. We randomly selected 120 men and women, aged 40-60 years, and divided them in two distinct groups of moderate hyperlipidemic and primary hypertensive subjects. They were treated either with hydroalcoholic extract or with placebo in the form of 15-20 drops twice daily for more than 6 months. Blood pressure and serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol) were measured in the groups for 3 periods of 2 months each. The mean and standard deviation of alternations in these variables between the group taking placebo and that taking drugs was calculated by Student's t-test. The results showed a significant decrease in triglycerides after of 2 months while decreases in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significant after 4 months. Levels of HDL-cholesterol were significantly increased after 6 months' treatment. A significant decrease was observed in diastolic and systolic blood pressure after 2 and 6 months, respectively (p < 0.05).     

Plasma lipids in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain

Of the four standardized strains of genetically hypertensive rats, only the Lyon hypertensive rats spontaneously exhibit a higher body weight than their normotensive controls. In order to determine if this increased body weight is associated with alterations in the lipid metabolism, plasma triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), total cholesterol (TPC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (CHDL) were followed in Lyon hypertensive (LH), normotensive (LN), and hypotensive (LL) male rats between 5 and 32 weeks of age. TG were stable with age in LL and LN but increased in LH rats. PL decreased in LL, remained stable in LN, but increased with age in LH rats. TPC and CHDL were stable in LL and LN and increased with age in LH rats. Plasma lipids were not related to the blood pressure level, but were positively related to the body weight in the hypertensive strain. Thus, starting at the age of 5 weeks, LH rats exhibit spontaneously a significant increase in blood pressure, body weight, and plasma lipid concentrations.     

Relationship of cigarette smoking with blood pressure, serum lipids and lipoproteins in young Japanese women

1. The relationship of cigarette smoking with blood pressure and serum lipids and lipoproteins was studied in 1062 young Japanese women aged 20-39 years of age. 2. After adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake and physical activity scores, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively) did not indicate dose-dependent relationships with cigarette smoking. The largest significant mean differences in SBP (3.5%; P < 0.001), DBP (6.2%; P < 0.018), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C; 13.2%; P < 0.005), ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C (13.9%; P < 0.022), triglycerides (TG; 24.1%; P < 0.001) and the logarithmic transformation of TG (log TG; 5.6%; P < 0.001) were found between non-smokers and smokers. 3. When age, BMI, alcohol intake and physical activity scores were included in the forward step-wise multiple regression analysis, there were negative relationships found for cigarette smoking and SBP and DBP and positive relationships for cigarette smoking and TG and log TG. 4. Although the results are somewhat variable, the present study shows that cigarette smoking is negatively associated with SBP and DBP and that there is an association between cigarette smoking and serum lipids and lipoproteins and that smoking has an unfavourable effect on these parameters in young Japanese women.     

体检人群血尿酸与其它代谢指标的相关性分析

目的 通过探讨合肥市高校体检人群血尿酸与某些代谢指标的相关性,为制定高尿酸血症的防控措施提供理论依据。方法 选取合肥市高校来本院体检中心进行体格检查的1287名成人,测定其血尿酸及其它代谢指标水平。结果 高尿酸血症患病率为22.69%,年龄、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、血糖、甘油三酯、高尿酸血症及高血压患病率男性均高于女性(P<0.001)。患高尿酸血症的女性年龄、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、血糖、甘油三酯及尿酸高于未患者,男性年龄、BMI、收缩压、甘油三酯及尿酸高于未患者(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析,女性年龄、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、血糖、甘油三酯及总胆固醇与尿酸有相关性;男性年龄、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯与尿酸有相关性(P<0.05)。结论 应采取综合性措施预防高尿酸血症,定期进行体格检查,尽早发现尿酸水平异常,及时采取相应的防治措施。     

BLOOD PRESSURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LOW LEVELS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

The association between average weekly alcohol consumption and blood pressure was studied in relation to age, adiposity and smoking in 13 535 men and 7385 women. There was a progressive increase in blood pressure with increasing alcohol consumption, even at low levels of consumption.     

The effect of long-term microcrystalline chitosan therapy on plasma lipids and glucose concentrations in subjects with increased plasma total cholesterol: a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind crossover trial in healthy men and women

Objective To evaluate the long-term effect of microcrystalline chitosan (MCC) on plasma lipids, especially the concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, in subjects with a moderately increased concentration of plasma total cholesterol.Methods A total of 130 middle-aged men and women without severe disease and with a total cholesterol of 4.8–6.8 mmol/l and triglycerides below 3.0 mmol/l were randomised into two treatment groups. At the beginning of the 10-month trial, all participants received placebo 1.2 g twice daily during a 1-month run-in period. Subsequently, group 1 first received 1.2 g placebo twice daily for 3 months and then 1.2 g MCC twice daily for 3 months. Correspondingly, group 2 received 1.2 g MCC twice daily during the first and 1.2 g placebo twice daily during the second 3-month period. During the final 3-month follow-up period, both groups received MCC. Altogether, 83 participants completed the study.Results No difference was detected in the change in the LDL-cholesterol concentration between the treatments during the crossover trial (P=0.98 for interaction between time period and treatment group, repeated-measures analysis of variance for crossover design). In an otherwise similar analysis, no differences were detected between the treatments in the concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose.Conclusions Treatment with MCC had no effect on the concentrations of plasma lipids or glucose in healthy middle-aged men and women with moderately increased plasma cholesterol concentrations.     

Comparison of the effect of celiprolol and nifedipine on blood pressure and plasma lipids.

During a double-blind, randomized study in hypertensive patients, changes in blood pressure (BP) and in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels during treatment with celiprolol were compared with those occurring during nifedipine treatment. Fifty-three patients (28 men and 25 women) with mild-to-moderate hypertension, aged 20-64 years, were studied. After a 1-month placebo run-in period, patients were randomly assigned to receive either nifedipine (40 mg daily) or celiprolol (200 mg daily) each time using a double dummy technique. After 6 weeks, dosages of each drug could be doubled. Both drugs caused similar reductions in blood pressure but after 12 weeks treatment, the percentage of decrease in diastolic BP (DBP) was more pronounced (p less than 0.01) in the nifedipine group (-18%) than in the celiprolol group (-12%). After 6 weeks, there were no differences in plasma lipids between the two treatment groups. However, the changes after 12 weeks treatment were different (p less than 0.05) between the groups, leading to lower levels of plasma esterified cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apoprotein AI, AII, and B in the celiprolol group. Plasma lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity (LCAT) was not modified, suggesting that reverse cholesterol transport was not affected by the drugs. In both treatment groups, a significant positive relationship was observed between changes in LDL cholesterol and apoprotein B. As compared with nifedipine, celiprolol after 12-week therapy had a rather favorable plasma lipid profile. The clinical relevance of such findings, in terms of prevention of cardiovascular complications, has yet to be established.