舒芬太尼用于腹部手术后静脉自控镇痛的临床观察

目的观察舒芬太尼用于腹部手术后患者静脉自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous an-algesia,PCIA)的临床效果。方法60例择期全麻下行腹部手术患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为舒芬太尼组(SF组)、芬太尼组(F组)和对照组(C组),每组20例。SF组和F组术后行PCIA,镇痛药物配方:SF组为舒芬太尼100μg+生理盐水至100 ml,F组为芬太尼1 mg+生理盐水至100 ml,镇痛泵负荷剂量2.5 ml,背景剂量2 ml/h持续输注,自控剂量1.0 ml,锁定时间20 min;C组根据需要间断肌注哌替啶镇痛。监测术前、手术结束、术后24 h、48 h的HR、SBP、DBP,记录术后8、12、24、48 h疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)。结果组间比较,三组术后8、12、24及48 h各时点的静息VAS均有显著差异(P0.01或P0.05),C组VAS分值最高,F组次之,SF组最低;SF组、F组在手术结束及术后24 h时SBP、DBP及HR均低于C组(P0.05),但SF组与F组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论腹部手术后患者采用舒芬太尼行PCIA,镇痛效果确切,血流动力学稳定,可安全用于临床。     

丙帕他莫复合舒芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜术后静脉自控镇痛的效果

目的观察丙帕他莫复合舒芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的镇痛效果及安全性。方法 60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行妇科腹腔镜手术患者,随机均分为两组:丙帕他莫复合舒芬太尼组(PS组):丙帕他莫8 g+舒芬太尼1μg/kg+生理盐水总量100 ml;舒芬太尼组(S组):舒芬太尼2μg/kg+生理盐水总量100 ml。两组镇痛液负荷量5 ml,PCIA镇痛泵维持量2ml/h,追加量0.5 ml,锁定时间15 min。记录术后4、8、12、24和48 h疼痛VAS评分、镇静Ramsay评分及镇痛期间不良反应发生率。结果 PS组与S组术后各时点VAS评分均<2分,两组间差异无统计学意义;S组术后4、8、12 h Ramsay评分明显高于PS组(P<0.05)。镇痛期间不良反应发生率PS组低于S组(P<0.05)。结论丙帕他莫复合舒芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜术后PCIA镇痛效果确切,不良反应发生率低。     

氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼用于心脏手术后静脉镇痛的研究

目的 比较心脏手术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼与单纯舒芬太尼的镇痛效果及不良反应.方法 选择开胸心脏手术术后行PCIA患者38例,随机均分为两组.舒芬太尼组(S组)术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼250 μg/125ml;氟舒芬组(F组)术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼125μg+氟比洛芬酯150 mg/125 ml.两组PCIA泵的设置,维持量0.2 ml/h,单次负荷剂量0.8ml.锁定时间10 min.观察两组镇痛开始时及开始后4、8、24、48 h的疼痛评分、生命体征和不良反应发生率.结果 两组术后镇痛评分差异无统计学意义.F组药物不良反应发生率低于S组(P<0.05).结论 氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼用于心脏手术后PCIA的镇痛效果与单纯舒芬太尼组相似,但不良反应明显降低.     

舒芬太尼术后静脉镇痛及其对血浆β-内啡肽的影响

目的 研究舒芬太尼用于术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果及其对血浆a-内啡肽(a-EP)的影响.方法 45例胃肠外科全麻术后患者行自控静脉镇痛,随机均分为A组(舒芬太尼3μg/kg)、B组(舒芬太尼2μg/kg)及C组(芬太尼20 μg/kg).FCIA不给负荷量.记录术后0、4、8、12、24、48 h VAS评分、镇痛泵的按压次数、并发症和患者的满意度等;于麻醉前、术毕、术后24、48 h测定血浆a-EP含量.结果 三组镇痛、镇静满意,并发症发生率均低,差异无统计学意义.A、B组PCA按压次数显著少于C组,且A组低于B组(P<0.05);A组术后48 h β-EP含量明显低于C组和B组(P<0.05).结论 舒芬太尼PCIA安全有效,优于芬太尼.     

萘普生钠联合舒芬太尼在上肢手术术后静脉镇痛中的应用

【摘要】〓目的〓观察萘普生钠联合舒芬太尼在上肢手术术后自控静脉镇痛中(PCIA)的效果。方法〓选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期行锁骨和上肢手术的患者90例,均采用臂丛神经阻滞,麻醉效果满意,术后行PCIA,随机分为三组:芬太尼组(F组)、舒芬太尼组(SF组)、萘普生钠联合舒芬太尼组(SF+N组),每组30例。3组PCIA配方分别是:①F组:芬太尼20 μg/kg+盐酸昂丹司琼0.15 mg/kg,加生理盐水稀释至100 mL;②SF组:舒芬太尼2.0 μg/kg+盐酸昂丹司琼0.15 mg/kg,加生理盐水稀释至100 mL;③SF+N组:舒芬太尼1.5 μg/kg+萘普生钠10 mg/kg+盐酸昂丹司琼0.15 mg/kg,加生理盐水稀释至100 mL。观察3组患者术后2、6、12、24、48 h视觉模拟评分(VAS)、镇静程度评分(Ramesy)、48 h内患者自控镇痛(PCA)按压次数及不良反应的情况。结果〓3组配方均能为患者提供良好的术后镇痛,3组患者总的PCA按压次数差异无统计学意义。SF+N组患者的VAS评分、Ramesy镇静评分与另二组无显著差异(P>0.05),但患者术后的不良反应SF+N组显著少于F组和SF组(P<0.05),总体满意度高。结论〓萘普生钠联合舒芬太尼用于上肢手术术后静脉镇痛,镇痛效果确切、副作用低和满意度高。     

氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼用于胃肠外科患者术后静脉自控镇痛效果比较

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼在胃肠手术患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)中的效果和安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行胃肠外科手术患者100例,术后行PCIA,背景剂量2 ml/h,按压剂量2 ml/次,负荷量2 ml,锁定时间15 min,药液量100 ml分别含舒芬太尼150μg(A组)、舒芬太尼50μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(B组)、舒芬太尼100μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(C组)、舒芬太尼150μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(D组)。观察并记录术后即刻(T0)、2 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、12h(T3)、24 h(T4)患者镇痛评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA泵按压次数及不良反应。结果 C、D组在T2~T4时VAS评分和PCIA泵按压次数明显低于A、B组(P<0.05),T1~T3时B、C组Ramsay评分显著低于A、D组(P<0.05)。术后24 h内A、D组恶心的发生率明显高于B、C组(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯200 mg复合舒芬太尼100μg/ml静脉自控镇痛可为胃肠外科患者术后提供良好的镇痛效果且不良反应少。     

舒芬太尼患者自控镇痛用于面神经显微血管减压术后镇痛

目的 比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼患者自控镇痛(PCA)用于面神经显微血管减压术(MVD)后镇痛的疗效、安全性及其副作用.方法 将62例MVD术后患者分为舒芬太尼组(S组,n=32)和芬太尼组(F组,n=30),分别使用舒芬太尼和芬太尼进行术后PCA.记录术后1、6、12、24、48和72 h的疼痛评分、生命体征、副作用以及患者总体满意度.结果 术后12 h时安静痛VAS及48 h时需求按压及有效按压次数S组少于F组(P<0.05);两组效果均较满意,S组非常满意率高于F组(P<0.05).结论 舒芬太尼和芬太尼PCA用于面神经显微血管减压术后镇痛时安全有效;等效剂量舒芬太尼镇痛、镇静效果强于芬太尼.     

舒芬太尼在术后皮下镇痛中的应用

目的 比较舒芬太尼与芬太尼术后皮下给药的镇痛效果.方法 90例17～75岁患者,随机分为舒芬太尼组和芬太尼组.每组45例.分别用舒芬太尼100 μg+利多卡因200 mg+地塞米松10 mg和芬太尼1 mg+利多卡因200 mg+地塞米松10 ng行皮下自控镇痛.观察术后4、8、24及48 h镇痛效果,记录药物追加按压次数.结果 术后8～48 h S组VAS评分明显低于F组(P<0.05或P<0.01).自控按压次数舒芬太尼和芬太尼组差异无统计学意义.结论 舒芬太尼术后皮下镇痛效果优于芬太尼.     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼在肝炎产妇剖宫产术后静脉自控镇痛中的比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼在肝炎产妇剖宫产术后静脉自控镇痛(FCIA)中的效果与安全性.方法 120例择期行剖宫产术肝炎产妇,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为舒芬太尼组(S组)和芬太尼组(F组),术后采用PCIA.S组舒芬太尼2μg/kg+阿扎司琼10mg+生理盐水至100 ml;F组芬太尼20 μg/kg+阿扎司琼10 mg+生理盐水至100 ml.记录术后4、8、12、24、48h的VAS镇痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分、BCS舒适度评分;术前及术后第3天的肝功能指标;术后48h内恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率.结果 术后4、8、12、24hS组VAS评分明显低于F组(P＜0.05).术后4、8、12hS组Ramsay评分、BCS评分显著高于F组(P＜0.05).术后48h内S组恶心、呕吐发生率明显低于F组(P＜0.05);两组患者术后第3天的肝功能与术前差异无统计学意义.结论 舒芬太尼镇痛作用优于芬太尼,不良反应轻,对肝炎产妇的肝功能影响不大,可以安全地应用于肝炎产妇剖宫产术后的PCIA.     

舒芬太尼复合曲马多用于老年髋部手术患者术后静脉自控镇痛的研究

目的探讨舒芬太尼复合曲马多用于老年髋部手术后患者自控静脉镇痛（patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA）的效果与不良反应。方法40例择期在腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉下行髋部手术的老年患者,按随机数字表随机分为单纯舒芬太尼组（S组）和舒芬太尼复合曲马多组（T组）,每组各20例。术毕缓慢经静脉注射欧贝8mg,连接电子镇痛泵。镇痛药物：S组为舒芬太尼100μg＋0.9%NaCl100ml,T组为舒芬太尼50μg＋曲马多400mg＋0.9%NaCl100ml,负荷剂量1ml,持续输注速率1.5ml/h,病人自控镇痛（patient-controlled analgesia,PCA）剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15min。分别于术后4、20、24、48h随访病人并记录静息时和运动时的视觉模拟评分（visual analogue score,VAS）,各时点的呼吸频率（respiration rate,RR）,心率（heart rate,HR）,平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）,脉搏血氧饱和度（peripheral oxygen saturation,SPO2）,镇静评分（sedation scale,SS）,记录使用镇痛泵48h内恶心呕吐的发生率。结果术后48h内,2组患者静态和动态VAS评分的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,除术后4h2组患者的动态VAS评分〉3以外,其余各时点2组患者静态和动态VAS均小于3。2组患者HR、SPO2和MAP在各时点组内的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后4、20h,S组患者的RR较T组明显降低（P〈0.01）。术后4、20h,S组SS评分显著高于T组（P〈0.01）。2组恶心、呕吐发生率的差异无统计学意义（10%vs30%,P=0.235;5%vs25%,P=0.182）。结论舒芬太尼复合曲马多可以有效用于老年髋部手术后PCIA,与单用舒芬太尼相比,镇痛效果确切,不良反应减少。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.