10例脑动脉夹层患者的影像学特点及治疗分析

目的分析10例脑动脉夹层(CAD)患者的影像学特点及治疗情况。方法收集西安高新医院神经内科2006年6月—2013年1月收治10例CAD患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其一般资料、影像学检查结果、治疗结果及预后情况。结果 10例患者中男6例,女4例;年龄15~62岁;有高血压病史者3例,吸烟史者5例,均无糖尿病家族史;自发性脑动脉夹层6例,创伤性脑动脉夹层4例(2例为脑血管介入治疗引起的并发症,2例为运动后创伤);6例为颈动脉夹层,2例为大脑中动脉夹层,1例为椎动脉夹层,1例为大脑后动脉夹层。首次数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查结果显示:血管闭塞6例,其中左颈内动脉(LICA)C1段闭塞3例,左大脑中动脉(LMCA)M1段闭塞1例,右颈内动脉(RICA)C6段闭塞1例,右椎动脉(RVA)V1段闭塞1例;重度线样狭窄2例,其中右大脑中动脉(RMCA)M1远端狭窄1例,左大脑后动脉(LPCA)P2段狭窄1例;局部血管分层狭窄2例,其中LICA C1段分层狭窄1例,LICA C2段内膜分层狭窄1例。经抗血小板聚集、抗凝、支架植入等治疗后,所有患者病变血管全部再通,血管形态均恢复正常。随访2年,磁共振血管造影(MRA)示所有患者血管形态稳定,未出现再发卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作。结论 DSA检查结果显示双腔征和内瓣膜是CAD的特征性表现。目前对于抗凝治疗或是抗血小板聚集治疗仍存在争议,抗栓治疗仍是CAD确诊后的首选方案,治疗后需动态随访并及时复查DSA,血管内支架治疗可作为药物治疗的补充。     

心肌及心室内包虫囊肿所致的大脑中动脉梗塞2例

本文报告2例因心脏包虫囊肿脱落致大脑中动脉梗塞。 例1:女,21岁。突发左侧肢体偏瘫伴感觉减退,发病后3天内患者出现皮肤荨麻疹伴瘙痒,头痛及中度发热。非增强CT示:右侧大脑中动脉梗塞,脑血管造影可见右侧大脑中动脉第一段近端突然中断,符合脑栓塞的表现,未见血管炎及其它引起血管闭塞的病变。脑脊液与血液化验无异常。患者症状在     

脑动脉夹层所致急性脑梗死/短暂性脑缺血发作患者的临床及影像学特征研究

目的探讨脑动脉夹层所致急性脑梗死/短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者的临床及影像学特征。方法选取2013年6月—2018年5月北京友谊医院神经内科收治的脑动脉夹层所致急性脑梗死/TIA患者18例,回顾性分析其临床资料,包括性别、年龄、夹层类型、夹层部位、夹层动脉瘤发生情况、脑血管病高危因素、临床表现、梗死部位、梗死机制、影像学表现、治疗方法及预后等。结果 (1)18例患者中男14例,女4例;年龄32~78岁,平均年龄(60.7±14.2)岁;夹层类型:自发性脑动脉夹层17例,创伤性脑动脉夹层1例;夹层部位:颈动脉夹层10例,椎-基底动脉夹层8例;发生夹层动脉瘤3例;16例有脑血管病高危因素。(2)临床表现:2例TIA患者以头痛起病,16例急性脑梗死患者发病前无任何先兆症状;16例急性脑梗死患者中出现肢体无力9例,头晕8例,肢体麻木6例,构音障碍6例,吞咽障碍2例,头痛2例,意识障碍2例,视力障碍1例。(3)梗死部位:16例急性脑梗死患者中前循环梗死9例,后循环梗死7例;梗死机制:栓塞性梗死9例,穿支闭塞性梗死4例,血流动力性梗死3例。(4)影像学表现:18例患者中14例行头颈部CT血管成像(CTA)检查,11例行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,2例行磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查;共发现狭窄6例,闭塞5例,"新月征"5例,"动脉瘤"样改变3例,典型"鼠尾征"2例,"双腔征"1例,"串珠"样改变1例。(5)治疗方法:18例患者中15例采用抗血小板治疗,1例采用抗凝治疗,1例采用动静脉联合溶栓治疗,1例采用动脉溶栓治疗;预后:2例患者死亡,余16例患者随访3~6个月,其中1例椎动脉夹层患者出现复发性脑梗死。结论脑动脉夹层所致急性脑梗死/TIA以青中年多见,以自发性脑动脉夹层为主并常伴有脑血管病危险因素,但无特异性临床表现,起病初期可无临床症状或仅表现为单纯头颈部疼痛,影像学表现以闭塞及狭窄最常见,一般采用积极抗凝或抗血小板治疗,预后较好。     

微导管交换血管内支架成形术治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的效果观察

目的：观察微导管交换血管内支架成形术（ PTA）治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的临床效果。方法回顾性分析行微导管交换PTA治疗的症状性大脑中动脉狭窄患者63例,观察其治疗效果及围手术期脑血管并发症的发生情况。结果63例患者共置入63枚支架,2例置入支架2枚,2例支架未能成功置入,手术成功率为96．8％。其中,血管狭窄率减少≥80％52例、减少≥70％9例。出现脑血管并发症4例,未出现动脉夹层,无死亡病例。结论微导管交换PTA治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄手术成功率较高,脑血管并发症较少,安全有效。     

脑血管造影评估在血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄中的价值

目的探讨脑血管造影评估在血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄中的价值。方法对105例症状性脑缺血发作患者进行术前全脑血管造影，对相关影像学信息进行全面评估，根据评估结果对136支狭窄血管行血管内支架成形术，术后不同时期进行脑血管造影随访。结果70处血管狭窄恢复正常血管直径，54处残余狭窄〈20％，7处残余狭窄为50％～80％。5例因支架不能输送到位而放弃手术；术中血栓保护伞完全被封堵1例。患者术前症状均有不同程度缓解。70例患者获得术后1～36个月的脑血管造影随访，颈动脉再狭窄2例，椎动脉起始部再狭窄6例，颅内动脉再狭窄6例。结论 术前充分评估脑血管造影结果并据此制定个体化治疗策略是保证血管内支架成形术安全性的前提。     

侧支循环与缺血性脑血管病的关系

目的研究脑动脉闭塞或严重狭窄时侧支循环的代偿作用及其与临床症状的关系。方法回顾性分析10例住院的缺血性脑血管病患者,均经头颅CT和(或)MRI及磁共振血管造影术检查确诊,脑血管造影检查发现有1支以上脑动脉闭塞。结果短暂性脑缺血发作4例,反复抽搐1例,眩晕1例,一侧肢体持续瘫痪2例,无症状3例。脑血管造影发现一侧颈内动脉闭塞5例,一侧大脑中动脉闭塞2例,双侧椎动脉闭塞1例,基底动脉闭塞1例,一侧锁骨下动脉闭塞1例。10例患者侧支循环代偿充分,均通过保守治疗,控制危险因素,预后良好。1~33个月随访,患者临床症状全部消失并未再复发。结论一侧脑血管发生闭塞时,可通过多个途径建立有效的侧支循环,从而避免或减轻神经功能缺失的程度。     

Percheron动脉梗死的临床和影像学特征

目的 探讨Percheron动脉梗死的影像学和临床特征.方法 对10例Percheron动脉梗死患者的临床表现、影像学资料、治疗和预后进行分析.结果 10例患者均急性起病且存在不同程度意识障碍,其中垂直注视麻痹3例,语言障碍3例,肢体无力6例,记忆缺损4例.MRI均显示双侧丘脑梗死,1例可见“中脑V字征”,1例脑血管造影发现Percheron动脉闭塞.10例均病情好转出院,但存在不同程度的后遗症.结论 Percheron动脉梗死极为少见,诊断主要依据临床表现和影像学检查,脑血管造影可确诊本病.     

大脑中动脉闭塞的预后

经脑血管造影证实大脑中动脉闭塞和脑梗塞的78例患者研究其预后。23例诊断为整个大脑中动脉闭塞;55例至少有大脑中动脉的一个分枝闭塞。男     

青少年颅内动脉瘤的影像学特征及治疗

目的探讨青少年颅内动脉瘤的影像学特征及治疗策略。方法对16例青少年（年龄为15—18岁;男10例,女6例）颅内动脉瘤的影像学特征、治疗方式及其结果进行回顾性分析。结果青少年颅内动脉瘤占同期颅内动脉瘤的0．9％。以蛛网膜下腔出血发病者8例,以肢体无力、动眼神经麻痹、外伤后鼻衄等发病者8例。共发现20个颅内动脉瘤,其中位于前循环15个,位于后循环5个;动脉瘤的部位：大脑中动脉5个,基底动脉及海绵窦内各3个,后交通动脉、脉络膜前动脉、颈内动脉各2个,眼动脉、大脑后动脉及椎动脉各1个。动脉瘤的直径〈15mm者13个,≥15mm者7个,其中4个〉25mm,属于巨大动脉瘤。3例患者为多发动脉瘤。16例患者中,12例接受治疗：①介入治疗8例：其中5例行动脉瘤内栓塞术治疗,2例行载瘤动脉闭塞,1例海绵窦段颈内动脉假性动脉瘤行支架置入术;②显微外科手术治疗4例：其中2例行动脉瘤颈夹闭术,2例大脑中动脉复杂动脉瘤行颅内外动脉旁路移植后行动脉瘤孤立术。未治疗4例：1例治疗前载瘤动脉闭塞,动脉瘤自愈;术前动脉瘤再破裂死亡1例,2例因治疗风险巨大未行治疗。9例治疗患者经平均45个月的随访,均恢复良好（格拉斯哥预后量表评分为4～5分）结论①大脑中动脉是青少年颅内动脉瘤的好发部位;巨大型、外伤性、多发性、梭形动脉瘤比例较高;②青少年颅内动脉瘤治疗难度较大,部分病例需采用载瘤动脉闭塞或血管旁路移植术后孤立动脉瘤的方法进行治疗,预后较好;⑧青少年颅内动脉瘤的发病方式、影像学特征及治疗特点与儿童颅内动脉瘤相似,而与成人区别较大。     

基于一种新闭塞分型系统的大脑中动脉非急性期闭塞血管内再通治疗的临床研究

目的探讨新的大脑中动脉非急性期闭塞脑血管造影分型系统对大脑中动脉非急性期闭塞血管内再通治疗的血管再通率及围手术期并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年10月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经介入中心连续收治的30例行血管内再通治疗的症状性大脑中动脉非急性期闭塞患者的临床资料。以DSA检查为基础,结合术前CT血管成像、MR血管成像及高分辨率MRI等神经影像检查手段综合判断,依据闭塞部位、闭塞长度及侧支循环等神经影像学特征将大脑中动脉闭塞分为三型(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型)。对所有患者一般资料、病变分型、血管再通率和围手术期并发症等情况进行数据收集,采用脑梗死溶栓(TICI)评估系统评估血管开通情况。术后30 d进行门诊随访或头部CT或MR检查,记录是否发生不良事件(卒中/死亡)。对三型间各资料进行组间比较。结果 30例患者中,Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型15例,Ⅲ型6例。术后25例(83. 3%)患者血管成功再通。Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型病变患者较Ⅲ型患者有更低的围手术期并发症发生率(0、2/15比3/6)、血管夹层发生率(0、1/15比2/6),差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为3. 931、3. 865,P值分别为0. 047、0. 049),以及较高的血管再通率(9/9、13/15比3/6)和更低的术后30 d内出血性卒中发生率(0、1/15比1/6)趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(χ2值分别为3. 771、1. 522,P值分别为0. 052、0. 217)。结论根据新的脑血管造影分型系统,综合评估病变的闭塞时间、长度以及侧支循环的神经影像学特征,有利于筛选非急性大脑中动脉闭塞血管内再通治疗的适合患者,综合权衡血管内再通治疗的风险获益。     

短暂性脑缺血发作120例患者全脑血管造影结果分析

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)全脑血管造影的临床意义。方法选择120例TIA患者行全脑血管造影检查,比较脑动脉颅内段、颅外段病变分布情况。结果 120例患者全脑血管造影检查阴性13例(10.83%),动脉硬化性改变24例(20%),血管狭窄或闭塞78例(65%),非动脉硬化性改变5例(4.17%),其中烟雾病3例,动脉夹层2例。颈内动脉系统的TIA以颅内段血管狭窄或闭塞为主,椎-基底动脉系统的TIA以颅外段血管狭窄或闭塞为主。结论颅内段血管狭窄是颈内动脉系统TIA的主要病因,颅外段血管狭窄是椎-基底动脉系统TIA的主要病因,建议TIA患者早期行脑血管造影检查,指导临床治疗。     

高分辨率磁共振血管壁成像在脑动脉夹层分离诊断中的价值

目的 探讨高分辨率磁共振(high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HR-MRI)血管 壁成像对脑动脉夹层分离(cerebral artery dissection,CAD)的诊断价值.方法 回顾性纳入确诊为CAD且完成CT血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)、磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)、数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)和HR-MRI检查的患者,比较和分析4种影像学技术对CAD的检出率和诊断价值.结果 共纳入15例患者,其中颈内动脉夹层分离5例,椎动脉夹层分离7例,大脑中动脉夹层分离2例,基底动脉夹层分离1例.HR-MRI可见壁内血肿11例,内膜瓣9例,双腔征3例,假性动脉瘤2例.15例CAD患者共检出CAD18处,HR-MRI、DSA、CTA和MRA分别检出17处(94.44％)、14处(77.78％)、5处(27.78％)和6处(33.33％),检出率存在显著差异(x2=24.939,P＜0.001),HR-MRI(P均＜0.01)和DSA(P均＜0.05)检出率均显著高于CTA和MRA,但HR-MRI与DSA之间无显著差异.结论 HR-MRI是一种敏感性较高的CAD诊断方法.     

Coronary artery dissection following angioplasty evaluated by fractional flow reserve: report of three cases]

Fractional flow reserve was measured in three patients with coronary artery dissection occurring after percutaneous coronary intervention. In Case 1, fractional flow reserve decreased from 0.88 to 0.73 and angiography showed coronary artery dissection 20 min after balloon angioplasty. In Case 2, angiography showed good results, but the fractional flow reserve decreased to a low value(0.69). Intravascular ultrasonography revealed dissection. In Case 3, angiography clearly showed dissection, but fractional flow reserve remained high(0.91). Stent implantation was performed in all three patients, but might not have been necessary in Case 3. Dissection with low or diminished fractional flow reserve value may cause a pressure gradient in the true lumen. Stent implantation is necessary in such cases. On the other hand, cases of dissection in which the fractional flow reserve value is maintained may also cause a pressure gradient in true lumen, but stent implantation may not be necessary. Fractional flow reserve measurements may be useful for the assessment of coronary artery dissection and evaluating the indications for stent implantation.     

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection as a rare cause of an acute coronary syndrome

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare cause of an acute coronary syndrome. This report describes a previously healthy woman without cardiovascular risk factors who presented with an acute anterior non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography revealed an isolated longitudinal dissection in the middle part of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with normal flow of the contrast media. The patient was treated conservatively with heparin, aspirin, clopidogrel, and beta-receptor blocker. Stress exercise test was normal at discharge. After an event-free follow-up of three and a half months coronary angiography showed a completely normal LAD. Literature about epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection is reviewed.     

Spontaneous coronary dissection complicating unstable coronary plaque in young women with acute coronary syndrome: case reports

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) causing acute myocardial infarction is a rare event. It occurs mostly in young women without traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease, particularly during the peripartum period. We describe two occurrences of SCAD in young women in whom coronary atherosclerosis was also present. In both cases, angiography showed extended coronary dissection on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), starting from an atheromasic stenosis on the middle LAD segment. Coronary dissection could complicate an unstable atheromasic plaque, especially in young women presenting with acute coronary syndrome.     

Intra-arterial thrombolysis in a patient presenting with an ischemic stroke due to spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection.

We describe a case of a 38-year-old male who presented with acute onset of right-sided hemiplegia and aphasia, who was transferred for emergent percutaneous intervention. Angiography revealed a dissection with total occlusion of the left internal carotid artery (ICA) with propagation of thrombus in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Therapy was directed at the MCA and not the ICA. Intra-arterial thrombolysis was performed on the M1 and M2 branches of the left middle cerebral artery, resulting in almost complete resolution of symptoms during the angiography procedure. Heparin was continued postprocedure, and the patient was discharged home on warfarin and aspirin with minimal residual symptoms.     

Transcranial bypass for spontaneous intracranial carotid artery dissection--a case report

A case of spontaneous intracranial artery dissection (IAD) of the anterior circulation is reported. A 32-year-old man developed left hemiparesis with headache. Angiographies (AGs) showed progressive occlusion of the distal end of the right internal carotid artery. He underwent a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis 20 days after his initial symptoms. He improved gradually after operation. The prognosis and treatment of IAD are discussed. The authors conclude that cases with IADs of the anterior circulation should be followed up by cerebral AG or magnetic resonance angiography and that early bypass surgery should be considered to prevent massive cerebral infarction in some cases.     

Primary coronary artery dissection: its incidence, mode of the onset and prognostic evaluation

The incidence, mode of the onset and prognosis of primary coronary artery dissection in 1,445 consecutive patients with myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angiography were elucidated in the present study. Primary coronary artery dissection was observed in four patients (0.28%). The first case was a 28-year-old man, who developed angina at rest, followed by inferior myocardial infarction. His coronary angiogram showed dual lumina in the proximal to distal segments of the right coronary artery, which were separated by a flap. A left ventriculogram showed severe impairment of contraction (akinesis) in its inferior segment. Six years later, he was classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I. The second case, a 54-year-old man, developed vasospastic angina followed by inferior myocardial infarction. His coronary angiogram showed a similar dissection from the proximal to distal segments of the right coronary artery. A left ventriculogram showed akinesis of the inferior segment and a coronary angiogram five years later showed marked resolution of the dissection. Twelve years after the infarction, he was classified as NYHA functional class I. The third case, a 46-year-old woman, experienced sudden onset of inferior myocardial infarction. Her coronary angiogram showed dissection from the middle to distal segments, and the posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery. A left ventriculogram showed akinesis of the inferior segment, and three years later, she was asymptomatic. The fourth case, a 28-year-old woman, developed anterior myocardial infarction following delivery. Her coronary angiogram revealed dissection from the proximal to middle segments of the left anterior descending artery. A left ventriculogram showed akinesis in the anteroseptal segment and dyskinesis in the apical segment. She died suddenly four years after her myocardial infarction. Thus, primary coronary artery dissection is not extremely rare and it may have been associated with coronary vasospasm in at least two of these four cases.     

Internal Mammary Artery Graft Dissection: A Case-Based Retrospective Study and Brief Review

The left internal mammary artery is the preferred graft for treating left anterior descending coronary artery disease. Dissection is a rare but grave sequela of internal mammary artery graft angiography. The available medical literature is scant, perhaps as a result of under-reporting.We report a case in which dissection of the internal mammary artery graft occurred during diagnostic angiography, and we discuss its management. In addition, we review the available literature and provide a retrospective analysis of the data from our own catheterization laboratory. In our single-center analysis of 542 cases of selective internal mammary artery graft angiography, we found only the single case of internal mammary artery graft dissection (0.2%) that we report here. Our review of the literature revealed 7 reported cases of internal mammary artery graft dissection, 3 of which were iatrogenic. There were no identifiable risk factors for such dissection. After treatment with angioplasty and stenting, all patients had good outcomes during follow-up.