Possible origin of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in human dental calculus

Abstract— The sulfated glycosaminoglycans present in human dental calculus have been shown to be dermatan sulfate and chondroitin-4-sulfate. The composition suggests that the glycosaminoglycans present in calculus, particularly subgingival material, could originate as a result of associated periodontal disease since closely similar compounds have previously been identified in normal and inflamed human gingiva.     

Isolation, identification, and quantitation of glycosaminoglycans synthesized by human gingival fibroblasts in vitro

The glycosaminoglycans synthesized by diploid fibroblasts obtained from healthy human gingivae of three donors were isolated, identified, and quantified. Degradation with specific enzymes identified the glycosaminoglycans as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate; hyaluronic acid predominating. The distribution of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the cell layer and the medium was not the same. The cells contained mainly heparan sulfate (48.3%) and the medium mainly dermatan sulfate (47%).     

Possible origin of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in human dental calculus.

The sulfated glycosaminoglycans present in human dental calculus have been shown to be dermatan sulfate and chondroitin-4-sulfate. The composition suggests that the glycosaminoglycans present in calculus, particularly subgingival material, could originate as a result of associated periodontal disease since closely similar compounds have previously been identified in normal and inflamed human gingiva.     

Isolation and identification of oral spirochaetes and Fusobacterium in juvenile periodontitis

Periodontal pocket specimens of 40 juveniles periodontitis (JP) and specimens from gingival sulcus in 40 normal juveniles (NP) were examined. 25 strains of anaerobic oral spirochaete (62.5%) (17 strains were Treponema microdentium, 3 strains macrodentium, 2 strains T orale, 3 strains Borrelia) and 21 strains of fusobacterium were isolated in 40 JP. In 40 NP, 2 strains of spirochaetes (5%) and 3 strains fusobacterium (7.5%) were found. This study shows that there is a relationship between the infection of spirochaeta, fusobacterium and JP.     

Isolation and identification of Candida from the oral cavity

A number of methods of sampling the oral cavity for the presence of candida have been developed. Such techniques play an important role in the diagnosis and management of oral candidosis. In the past, identification of candida isolated from the oral cavity has usually been limited to the genus Candida or to the species C. albicans. However, with the recognition that Candida species differ in the production of putative virulence factors and sensitivity to antifungal agents, greater emphasis has been placed on identification of isolates to species level. As a result a range of commercially available systems for yeast identification can now be used in conjunction with traditional identification procedures.     

Biochemistry of glycosaminoglycans in the skin and oral mucosa of the rat

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were extracted by digestion with papain followed by ultrafiltration and separated by cellulose-acetate electrophoresis and by chromatography of their cetyl-pyridinium complexes on cellulose microcolumns. The uronic-acid content of the tissues ranged from 0.8 to 2.4 mg/g of dry defatted tissue. Hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulphate were found in all tissues with chondroitin-4-sulphate also in skin, palatal mucosa and gingiva. There was 3-fold more hyaluronic acid in palatal mucosa than in any other tissue; it was concentrated in the antemolar rugae. A substance of presumptive salivary origin staining with alcian blue was found in cheek and floor of mouth mucosa. It migrated differently from reference GAG by electrophoresis and was not degraded by testicular hyaluronidase.     

Glycosaminoglycan-like components in oral calculus, parotid saliva, and dental plaque

Abstract— A comparative investigation was performed on glycosaminoglycan-like fractions obtained from calculus, parotid saliva, and dental plaque. The calculus (sub-gingival and supragingival) was obtained from extracted teeth. Human parotid saliva was collected with an acrylic cup and the dental plaque was gathered from different individuals. The samples were hydrolyzed with papain and the glycosaminoglycan-like compounds were precipitated with the conventional methods. The analyses were made from the material precipitated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The results showed that the CPC-precipitate of the plaque material contained less uronic acids, sulphate. hexoses. sialic acid, and proteins than did calculus and saliva. The results revealed further that the CPC-precipitate derived from calculus contained phosphate and some calcium. Both saliva and plaque were devoid of these components. The plaque sample lacked the fractions existing in pherograms of both calculus preparation and preparation of parotid saliva (alcian'blue positive). A part of the fractions in the pherograms of calculus and saliva could be stained with lissamine green.     

Interaction of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) with hydroxyapatite

Abstract— Selected acidic glycosaminoglycans (GAG) have been used as a model series to study some binding properties of hydroxyapatite. The order of binding was heparin, heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfate/chondroitin-4-sulfate/chondroitin-6-sulfate (all similar) and hyaluronic acid, indicating that the negative charge on the molecules is a major determinant in the binding process. Both calcium and saliva pretreatrnent led to an increase in uptake of selected GAG whereas fluoride even at 1 and 3 parts/10⁶ levels led to a graded reduction in uptake. The clinical significance of these findings may be related to the presence of certain GAG in the dental integuments and to the interaction of a chemically defined group of compounds at a specific solid surface. Such findings may also have an application in studies on endogenous mineralization. The results are in accord with the generally held view that polyanions may interact electrostatically with calcium sites present in the crystal lattice of the hydroxyapatite.     

大鼠颏舌肌成肌细胞的分离和鉴定

目的建立大鼠颏舌肌成肌细胞体外培养方法,观察成肌细胞生物学特性。方法取新生3 d内SD大鼠,机械法分离颏舌肌组织,应用胶原酶、胰蛋白酶两步消化法获得成肌细胞,差速贴壁法纯化细胞,细胞计数法绘制生长曲线,α-sarcomeric actin免疫细胞化学鉴定细胞来源。结果成功获得大鼠颏舌肌成肌细胞,超过90%的细胞α-sarcomeric actin染色阳性,证明其为骨骼肌细胞来源。体外培养的成肌细胞呈现良好的增殖和分化能力,在生长培养基中细胞的倍增时间为4~5d,高密度时细胞相互接触融合形成肌管。结论消化法与差速贴壁法结合能够获得足量、纯净的颏舌肌成肌细胞,所得细胞增殖力强,能表达骨骼肌特异性蛋白。     

人成牙本质细胞的分离和鉴定

目的:分离并鉴定完整的成熟人成牙本质细胞。方法:收集人健康恒牙,采用胶原酶和蛋白酶联合消化法分离出成牙本质细胞,并对分离出的细胞进行细胞形态学和免疫组织化学鉴定。结果:实验分离出的细胞为柱状或立方状,有较长的细胞突起,具有典型的成牙本质细胞形态,免疫组化染色显示细胞表达Ⅰ型胶原、DMP1和DSP蛋白。结论:本研究分离得到了完整的成熟人成牙本质细胞,为后期研究成牙本质细胞的分化、功能及特点奠定基础。     

Interaction of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) with hydroxyapatite.

Selected acidic glycosaminoglycans (GAG) have been used as a model series to study some binding properties of hydroxyapatite. The order of binding was heparin, heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfage/chondroitin-4-sulfate/chondroitin-6-sulfate (all similar) and hyaluronic acid, indicating that the negative charge on the molecules is a major determinant in the binding process. Both calcium and saliva pretreatment led to an increase in uptake of selected GAG whereas fluoride even at 1 and 3 parts/106 levels led to a graded reduction in uptake. The clinical significance of these findings may be related to the presence of certain GAG in the dental integuments and to the interaction of a chemically defined group of compounds at a specific solid surface. Such findings may also have an application in studies on endogenous mineralization. The results are in accord with the generally held view that polyanions may interact electrostatically with calcium sites present in the crystal lattice of the hydroxyapatite.     

The effect of certain systemic medications on oral calculus formation.

A quantitative comparison was made of supragingival calculus that formed in individuals using systemic medications for defined systemic medical problems and individuals not using medication. Measurements of supragingival plaque and calculus were made on the lingual surfaces of the 4 mandibular incisors of 68 consecutive patients presenting for dental examinations and oral prophylaxes. Variables noted in addition to medication and plaque status were: age, sex, time interval since previous prophylaxis, and smoking status. Analysis of results indicated a statistically significant reduction of calculus among individuals medicated with beta-blockers, diuretics, anticholinergics, synthroid and allopurinol despite the high quantity of plaque present.     

人乳牙破牙细胞的体外分离培养及鉴定

目的 采用酶消化法建立成熟人破牙细胞分离和培养方法,为探讨破牙细胞的组织形态学特点及生物学特性奠定基础.方法 采用酶消化法从新鲜离体乳牙中分离获得破牙细胞,结合相差显微镜、苏木素-伊红(HE)染色、特异性抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining,TRAP)染色和扫描电镜对破牙细胞进行组织形态学观察和硬组织吸收功能鉴定.结果 采用酶消化法可分离得到成熟的破牙细胞,形态学上表现为多核巨细胞、有多个伪足;TRAP染色结果显示破牙细胞胞质呈酒红色阳性着色;扫描电镜下观察可见与细胞共培养的牙硬组织薄片表面有吸收陷窝形成.结论 应用酶消化法可以从离体吸收乳牙中成功分离获取人破牙细胞,可为探讨人乳牙根吸收机制提供细胞模型.