改良膝降动脉为蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复跟腱复合组织缺损

目的　探讨改良膝降动脉为蒂的大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复跟区跟腱复合组织缺损方法及效果。 方法　对3例外伤致足跟区跟腱止点伴跟骨及皮肤软组织缺损的患者,采用以膝降动脉为蒂的隐动脉穿支皮瓣修复跟区皮肤缺损,以膝降动脉关节支为蒂的大收肌腱骨瓣移植修复跟区复合组织缺损。其中跟区皮肤缺损面积为7 cm×9 cm～5 cm×7 cm ,跟腱缺损长度为6～8 cm,切取皮瓣面积为8 cm×10 cm～6 cm×8 cm ,大收肌腱切取长度为7～9 cm。 结果　3例复合组织瓣全部顺利成活,术后随访6～12个月,皮瓣感觉恢复S3～4,双足提踵试验及单足提踵试验均阴性,步态恢复均正常。 结论　应用隐动脉穿支设计皮瓣,皮瓣设计于大腿内侧, 改良了隐动脉皮瓣设计于小腿内侧,造成切口过大,分离血管蒂较长等缺点,疗效可靠,是目前较理想修复方法。     

逆行股前外侧皮瓣与肌皮瓣转位修复膝下截肢后残端软组织缺损

目的：报道应用逆行股前外侧皮瓣与肌皮瓣转位修复膝下截肢后残端软组织缺损创面的临床疗效。方法：对下肢严重创伤后行膝下截肢的创面，设计逆行股前外侧皮瓣与肌皮瓣修复，其中急诊截肢6例，保肢失败而二期行截肢3例，创面面积最大15cm×15cm，最小7cm×7cm，皮瓣面积最大17cm×16cm，最小8cm×8cm，其中带股外侧肌瓣者4例。结果：术后9例皮瓣全部成活，有3例皮瓣边缘出现小面积皮肤坏死，经换药后创面二期愈合，未再次手术。供区无功能障碍，受区外形满意，安装假肢后功能良好。结论：应用逆行股前外侧皮瓣肌皮瓣转位修复小腿膝下截肢后软组织缺损创面，方法简便，成功率高，可以最大限度地保留自身关节，改善假肢功能。     

吻合血管大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复跟腱复合组织缺损

跟腱伴皮肤和跟骨缺损的修复是骨科的难题。应用显微外科技术带血供复合组织辩移植一期修复是目前最有效的方法，高建明、徐达传等首先报道了吻合膝降血管的大收肌腱骨皮辩修复跟腱的应用解剖，高建明，陈振光等首先在临床应用获得成功。我们于2002年10月收治1例右足跟腱伴跟骨止点及皮肤缺损的患者     

尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣修复手腕部深度烧伤

目的探讨应用尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣修复手部及腕部皮肤深度烧伤的临床疗效。方法应用尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣修复手部及腕部深度烧伤所致皮肤软组织缺损11例，皮瓣面积为3cm×5cm-5cm×10cm。结果皮瓣全部成活，功能及外形恢复良好。结论该术式手术简便，不牺牲主要血管，是修复手腕部皮肤软组织缺损的较好方法。     

带腓肠肌肌腱的腓肠神经营养血管复合皮瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损

目的探讨带腓肠肌肌腱的腓肠神经营养血管复合皮瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损的效果。方法复合皮瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损6例,其中3例跟腱背侧部分缺损,2例跟腱内侧部分缺损,1例跟腱完全缺损。切取带腓肠肌肌腱的腓肠神经营养血管复合皮瓣时,保持肌腱与皮瓣深筋膜的联系。皮瓣大小7cm×5cm～11cm×10cm,腓肠肌肌腱大小为5cm×3cm～9cm×4cm。结果6例皮瓣均完全成活,感染控制;6例术后随访3～50个月,皮瓣外观满意,无跟腱再断裂者。患侧踝关节屈伸范围基本正常,功能评定,优5例,良1例。结论带腓肠肌肌腱的腓肠神经营养血管复合皮瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损具有手术操作简单,术后跟腱粘连轻,功能恢复好的优点。     

逆行隐血管蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复髌韧带断裂并皮肤缺损

目的：报道以逆行隐血管为蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣转位修复髌韧带断裂并皮肤缺损的新术式。方法：40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本上，解剖观测大收肌腱的形态及其血管的起源及分支分布特点，在2侧新鲜下肢标本上模拟手术设计。以逆行隐血管为蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣转位修复髌韧带断裂并皮肤缺损5例。结果：术后随访18—48个月，大收肌腱骨皮瓣全部成活，疗效满意。结论：逆行隐血管蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣与膝关节比邻，血供丰富，就近转位，操作简便，创伤小，可作为修复髌韧带并皮肤缺损的首选方法。     

带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复小腿创伤的应用解剖

目的 :为带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复小腿及跟骨的创伤提供应用解剖学基础。方法 :在70侧成人下肢标本上解剖观测了膝降动脉的起始、分支、分布及大收肌腱的形态特点和血管分布。结果 :①膝降动脉的主干长 1.2± 0 .5cm ,起点外径为 2 .6± 0 .6mm ,主要分支有股内侧肌支、关节支、隐支。②关节支的主干长 6.6± 1.2cm ;起点外径为 1.9± 0 .5 ,分支营养大收肌腱和股骨内侧髁骨质骨膜 ,并参与吻合形成膝关节动脉网。③隐动脉长 10 .9± 3 .3cm ,起点外径 1.8± 0 .6mm。分支营养缝匠肌下部、膝内侧上部皮肤 ,并参与吻合形成膝关节动脉网。④胫后动脉、腓动脉在内踝上方 11cm处的直径分别是 2 .5± 0 .6mm和 2 .0± 0 .4mm。⑤大收肌肌腱部长 6.8± 1.2cm ,宽 9.6± 2 .0mm ,厚 2 .2± 0 .6mm。结论 :带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨瓣、皮瓣血供丰富 ,供区形态可塑性大 ,可作为修复跟腱、跟骨及皮肤缺损的供体。     

足部逆行复合组织瓣修复拇趾骨外露创面

目的探讨足部逆行复合组织瓣修复拇趾骨外露的临床应用效果。方法应用足背逆行复合组织瓣修复拇趾端缺损23例,皮瓣面积4．0cm×3．5cm～5．5cm×5．0cm。观察皮瓣的成活率、质地、色泽、感觉。结果术后23例皮瓣全部成活,随访3～8个月,皮瓣恢复部分感觉,质地良好,外形满意。结论逆行足背复合组织瓣修复拇趾创面手术操作简单安全,皮瓣厚薄适中,弹性好,色泽与受区一致,利于抗磨、耐压,防止溃疡和损伤等优点。     

带血管蒂腓骨长肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损的临床应用

目的：报道带血管蒂腓骨长肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损的应用解剖、生物学力学和手术方法。方法：在４０侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，对腓骨长肌腱进行显微解剖学观测及生物力学研究。在解剖学研究的基础上，设计并应用带血管腓骨长肌腱及皮瓣转位修复跟腱。结果：采用该术式修复跟腱及皮肤缺损９例。经１０个月～１．５年随访，移植的肌腱及皮瓣全部成活８例，愈合良好，跟腱功能恢复。１例皮瓣边缘性坏死，经短期换药愈合。结论：带血管蒂腓骨长肌腱和皮瓣转位是跟腱及皮肤缺损较理想的修复方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复断裂跟腱术后感染伴皮肤缺损

背景：跟腱位置表浅,皮肤血供较少,开放性损伤后污染较重,难以彻底清创,修复后易发生感染及局部皮肤缺损、肌腱外露,传统换药治疗效果不佳。 目的：探讨腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣联合负压封闭引流技术治疗跟腱断裂术后感染伴皮肤缺损的临床经验。 方法：选择2009至2012年佛山市第二人民医院收治的13例跟腱断裂术后感染、皮缘坏死患者,其中男8 例,女5例;年龄25-65岁;跟后皮肤缺损4 cm×5 cm-7 cm×6 cm。经过扩创、负压封闭引流治疗,待创面肉芽组织新鲜、感染控制后,跟后皮肤缺损采用自体腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复。随访观察创面愈合情况。 结果与结论：13例患者移植皮瓣均成活,创面均获得一期愈合。随访9-14个月,移植皮瓣无继发坏死、感染,皮肤质地及弹性良好,蒂部无明显臃肿。随访后6个月时,采用美国足踝外科学会评分系统评价踝关节功能显示优良率为90%。提示运用负压封闭引流技术可有效控制感染,腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣为跟腱外露提供了良好的覆盖,皮瓣外观、血运、质地、弹性佳,局部无明显瘢痕挛缩,踝关节功能恢复良好。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

组织工程化肌腱在肌腱修复过程中的作用

目的：综述肌腱组织工程在肌腱修复过程中的应用进展。 方法：应用计算机检索1993-01/2009-10 PubMed数据库及维普数据库有关肌腱组织工程研究进展、肌腱支架材料生物力学分析、生物材料在肌腱组织工程中应用及组织工程技术在修复肌腱缺损临床应用方面的相关文献,英文检索词为“tendon transplantation,tissue engineering,biologicalmaterial,cell stent”,中文检索词为“肌腱移植,组织工程,生物材料,细胞支架”。检索文献量总计132篇。 结果：目前组织工程化肌腱的研究已经取得了显著的成果,但要真正应用于临床,大批量生产,仍存在一些问题。诸如最适的种子细胞来源、理想的支架材料、最佳的培养条件以及植入体内的检测方法等,在组织工程真正成为一种治疗肌腱缺损和功能重建的选择之前,这些问题都是有待进一步研究和解决的。 结论：要真正实现体外预制有生命的种植体完全替代人体组织、器官功能,尚面临着许多挑战。     

人工肌腱材料与运动性肌腱损伤的修复

背景：运动或疾病导致肌腱损伤,若未予以及时修复常会导致肢体功能障碍,植入人工肌腱后,可形成类似生物腱的组织。 目的：分析运动导致肌腱损伤的原理,以及人工肌腱在运动导致的肌腱损伤的应用价值。 方法：作者检索1990/2010 PubMed数据库及中国知网数据库检索与人工肌腱在运动导致的肌腱损伤的应用的相关研究。 结果与结论：过度运动可导致肌腱断裂损伤,人工肌腱由细胞、生长因子及可降解生物材料构成,在植入人体后,能恢复患者肌腱原有的生物学特性,部分人工肌腱甚至可以增殖和合成胶原。随人工肌腱支架材料的降解,患者体内将逐渐形成在功能和形态上与正常肌腱相似的新生肌腱组织。且随组织工程学的发展,将出现更多应用于运动导致的肌腱损伤、断裂等疾病治疗的新型人工肌腱。     

异体肌腱及跟腱移植后移植物的免疫学特点

背景：异体移植的免疫排斥问题是移植能否成功的首要问题。 目的：总结异体肌腱移植治疗跟腱缺损或异体跟腱移植治疗交叉韧带的免疫学特点。 方法：应用计算机检索1990-01/2012-01 PubMed数据库及万方数据库有关异体跟腱移植或跟腱重建的相关文献。英文检索词“allograft,tendon,immunity,transplatation”,中文检索词“异体,跟腱,移植,免疫”。检索文献量总计83篇。 结果与结论：腱组织的异体移植重建免疫排斥问题给手术增加了失败的危险性,但从目前研究来看经深低温冷冻处理的异体肌腱,是人体肌腱缺损修复的理想替代材料。它不以牺牲正常组织结构为代价,不受个体条件的限制。保证了肌腱移植的成功性,为跟腱再断裂缺损修复提供了可靠保证。而且具有操作简单,切口小,损伤小,效果可靠的优点。 关键词：跟腱;异体;肌腱;移植;免疫;综述文献 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.05.036      

Golgi tendon organs in the proximal tendon of sheep extraocular muscles

Sheep extraocular muscles were prepared for light and electron microscopy and their proximal tendons searched for Golgi tendon organs (GTO). An extensive aponeurotic lamina on the orbital surfaces contained numerous GTO 250–1350 μm in length with characteristic terminal form and relationship with collagen. They differed from usual GTO structure in containing large fluid-filled spaces dividing collagen into several well separated compartments and a muscle fiber entered and terminated in about one third of the receptors. The fibers, Felderstruktur in type, often penetrated deep within tendon organs, and in a few instances two or more fibers entered. This feature is shared by the rare GTO of monkey extraocular muscles. That the presence of GTO in the proximal tendons of extraocular muscles is previously unrecorded may be attributed to the practice of restricting attention to the long distal tendons. The possibility that receptors may be so placed in other species warrants further work especially in those purported to lack any receptor.     

带血管蒂肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损的实验研究

目的为带血供肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损提供生物力学和组织学依据.方法选用新西兰大白兔15只,其中12只分两组一侧行带血管蒂趾长屈肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损,对侧为游离肌腱移植对照组,术后12周取材,分别行组织学检查和生物力学测试.结果带血管蒂肌腱组移植跟腱组织学形态近似正常跟腱,肌腱最大拉伸力为正常跟腱的67.7%,而游离肌腱组移植跟腱的腱纤维为瘢痕包裹,最大拉伸力为跟腱的35.3%,两者的差异性非常显著(P＜0.01).结论带血管蒂肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损优于游离肌腱移植.     

Preparation and characterization of decellularized tendon slices for tendon tissue engineering

To develop a naturally derived tendon tissue engineering scaffold with the preservation of the native ultrastructure, tensile strength, and biochemical composition of the tendon extracellular matrix (ECM), decellularized tendon slices (DTSs) were prepared using repetitive freeze/thaw of the intact Achilles tendons, frozen section, and nuclease treatment. The DTSs were characterized in the native ultrastructure, mechanical properties, biochemical composition, and cytocompatibility. Histological examination and DNA quantification analysis confirmed that cells were completely removed from tendon tissue by repetitive freeze/thaw in combination with nuclease treatment 12 h. The intrinsic ultrastructure of tendon tissue was well preserved based on scanning electron microscopy examination. The tensile strength of the DTSs was retained 85.62% of native tendon slice. More than 93% of proteoglycans (fibromodulin, biglycan) and growth factors (TGF-β1, IGF-1, VEGF, and CTGF) inherent in tendon ECM were preserved in the DTSs according to ELISA analysis. Furthermore, the DTSs facilitated attachment and repopulation of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts in vitro. Overall, the DTSs are sheet scaffolds with a combination of elemental mechanical strength and tendon ECM bioactive factors that may have many potential applications in tendon tissue engineering.     

Fatigue loading of tendon

Tendon injuries, often called tendinopathies, are debilitating and painful conditions, generally considered to develop as a result of tendon overuse. The aetiology of tendinopathy remains poorly understood, and whilst tendon biopsies have provided some information concerning tendon appearance in late‐stage disease, there is still little information concerning the mechanical and cellular events associated with disease initiation and progression. Investigating this in situ is challenging, and numerous models have been developed to investigate how overuse may generate tendon fatigue damage and how this may relate to tendinopathy conditions. This article aims to review these models and our current understanding of tendon fatigue damage. We review the strengths and limitations of different methodologies for characterizing tendon fatigue, considering in vitro methods that adopt both viable and non‐viable samples, as well as the range of different in vivo approaches. By comparing data across model systems, we review the current understanding of fatigue damage development. Additionally, we compare these findings with data from tendinopathic tissue biopsies to provide some insights into how these models may relate to the aetiology of tendinopathy. Fatigue‐induced damage consistently highlights the same microstructural, biological and mechanical changes to the tendon across all model systems and also correlates well with the findings from tendinopathic biopsy tissue. The multiple testing routes support matrix damage as an important contributor to tendinopathic conditions, but cellular responses to fatigue appear complex and often contradictory.     

Engineering of functional tendon

Surgical tendon repair is limited by the availability of viable tissue for transplantation. Because of its relatively avascular nature, tendon is a prime candidate for engineered tissue replacement. To address this problem, cells isolated from rat Achilles tendon were grown to confluence in culture and allowed to self-assemble into a cylinder between two anchor points. The resulting scaffold-free tissue was composed of aligned, small-diameter collagen fibrils, a large number of cells, and an excess of noncollagenous extracellular matrix; all characteristics of embryonic tendon. The stress-strain response of the constructs also resembles the nonlinear behavior of immature tendons, and the ultimate tensile strength is approximately equal to that of embryonic chick tendon, roughly 2 MPa. These physical and mechanical properties indicate that these constructs are the first viable tendons engineered in vitro, without the aid of artificial scaffolding.