丝裂霉素C和卡介苗序联灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发47例

膀胱腔内灌注局部化疗或免疫治疗是预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发的一个重要手段。我院自1994年6月～2002年12月应用丝裂霉素C(Milomycin C,MMC)和卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guerin,BCG)顺序联合膀胱灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌局部切除术后复发47例,经随访观察,疗效满意,现报道如下。     

吡柔比星联合α-干扰素防治膀胱癌术后复发的研究

目的：研究吡柔比星加α-干扰素在膀胱癌术后膀胱灌注化疗预防肿瘤复发的效果。方法：84例膀胱恶性肿瘤患者行膀胱部分切除术或经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术后,41采用吡柔比星40mg加α-干扰素300万U＋生理盐水50mL膀胱灌注18次预防膀胱肿瘤复发,43例采用常规治疗,随访2年。结果：灌注后复发率为29.3%;而单用吡柔比星膀胱灌注复发率为46.5%%（P〈0.05）。结论：膀胱癌术后吡柔比星加α-干扰素膀胱灌注化疗预防肿瘤复发,疗效肯定,不良反应小。     

吡柔比星与卡介苗膀胱灌注预防浅表性膀胱肿瘤复发的比较

目的：对单独应用吡柔比星（THP）、卡介苗（BCG）与二者联合膀胱内灌注预防浅表性膀胱肿瘤复发的疗效进行比较。方法：111例膀胱乳头状移行上皮细胞癌患者行经尿道电切术（TURBT）或膀胱部分切除术,术后随机分为3组：（1）THP组33例,术后1W内单次应用THP100mg膀胱内灌注;（2）BCG组36例,术后1W内开始单用BCG定期膀胱内灌注治疗;（3）联合组42例,术后1W内单次应用THP1130mg膀胱内灌注,从第2W开始应用BCG定期膀胱腔内灌注。每3个月进行膀胱镜、尿脱落细胞学检查,随访12—24个月。结果：THP组5例复发,复发率15．16％（5／33）;BCG组5例复发,复发率13．89％（5／36）;联合组1例复发,复发率2．38％（1／42）。BCG组与THP组复发率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但二者单独与联合组复发率比较组间差异显著（P〈0．05）。3组均无严重不良反应和并发症。结论：联合应用THP、BCG疗效优于各自单独应用,对预防浅表性膀胱肿瘤的复发疗效好,有较高的临床应用价值。     

膀胱肿瘤卡介苗灌注疗法介绍

卡介苗膀胱灌注对预防膀胱肿瘤的复发有显著的效果。现将其治疗小的有关问题介绍如下。适应证（1）膀胱肿瘤行电灼、电切及部分切除术后者，可行卡介苗膀胱灌注，预防肿瘤复发；（2）浅表多发或复发的膀眈肿瘤患与，肿瘤直径在（）．5。m以内，临床诊为早期，病理在I～I级，可行卡介苗膀眈灌注治疗。刘且及用法用冻干或水剂！二介伍，每人每次12Om小也用注射用水或生理盐水稀释至4Ornl，每周1次，（次后改为每2周1次，再用6次，而后1个月1次，延续1年。在治疗期间，应每隔3个月复查一次膀眈镜。治注用品及方法用SOml注射器1副，备！：IO…     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术疗效观察

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术手术指征、手术方法和治疗效果。方法对123例膀胱肿瘤行TURBT+术后羟基喜树碱灌注治疗。结果 123例均一次成功119例,4例发生膀胱壁穿孔而改行膀胱部分切除,1例同时行膀胱输尿管再植术。术后106例随访9月-3年。术后3年内,有31例肿瘤复发,复发率24.2%,与文献报导相近,3例术后1年肿瘤全身转移死亡。17例系肿瘤原位复发,再次行TURBT切除术,11例原位+异位复发,行膀胱部分切除术。结论 TURBT治疗膀胱低级别、低分期小肿瘤创伤小,恢复快,安全可靠,术后膀胱灌注能巩固疗效。     

浸润性膀胱癌48例钬激光综合治疗疗效分析

目的 探讨肌层浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱手术即钬激光肿瘤汽化剜除术＋膀胱内灌注化疗治疗的临床疗效。方法对2006年4月~2010年6月经尿道膀胱肿瘤钬激光剜除术后确诊为肌层浸润性膀胱癌（T2N0M0）并保留膀胱的48例患者,术后给予膀胱灌注化疗并进行回顾性分析。结果48例患者均获得随访,随访时间36个月,平均32.0个月。46例患者无复发及转移。2例术后复发。复发患者均行全膀胱切除术,无死亡病例。无明显并发症。结论对采用钬激光剜除术保留膀胱手术的肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,术后采用膀胱内灌注化疗的治疗方法,能有效减少肿瘤复发,提高患者的生活质量。     

卡介苗膀胱灌注的并发症2例

卡介苗 (ＢＣＧ )膀胱内灌注用于预防和治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的复发具有较好的效果 ,但如果使用不当 ,也会出现一些并发症。现将我院收治的 2例报告如下。1　病例报告例 1　男性 ,35岁。 1987年 9月因膀胱肿瘤在外院行膀胱部分切除术。术后 2周开始用卡介苗经尿道向膀胱内灌注。每周 1次 ,剂量为 15 0ｍｇ。灌注 8次后 ,病人出现排尿困难 ,且进行性加重。行尿道扩张治疗 ,并用抗结核药物治疗。 1988年 9月症状加重 ,行尿道狭窄内切开术。 1989年11月再次出现排尿困难 ,行尿道口切开术 ,效果不佳。 1991年Ｂ超检查提示双肾积水 ,来我院治疗行会…     

钬激光治疗多发性表浅膀胱肿瘤

目的 探讨钬激光治疗多发性表浅膀胱肿瘤的临床效果.方法 对43例多发性表浅膀胱肿瘤进行钬激光治疗,激光能量1.0～1.4 J,功率10～14 W,频率10 Hz.术后配合化疗药物或卡介苗灌注,观察其疗效.结果 41例应用钬激光将肿瘤顺利切除,2例改行开放手术.操作时间20～160 min,平均55 min.术后对38例进行了随访,随访时间6～24个月,3例复发.结论 钬激光治疗多发性表浅膀胱肿瘤操作较简单、对病人损伤小、疗效可靠.     

鸦胆子油乳膀胱灌注联合体外热疗预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效观察

目的观察鸦胆子油乳膀胱灌注联合体外热疗预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效。方法将66例浅表性膀胱癌术后患者按数字表法随机分为A组(34例)和B组(32例)。A组采用鸦胆子油乳膀胱灌注联合体外热疗方法治疗;B组采用单独鸦胆子油乳膀胱灌注方法治疗。对两组患者随访2年,观察肿瘤复发及药物副作用情况。结果 A组复发2例,复发率为5.88%,B组复发4例,复发率12.5%,A组复发率较B组显著降低(P<0.05),且无一例有全身性药物及局部不良反应。结论鸦胆子油乳膀胱灌注联合体外热疗预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发有良好的效果,且无毒副作用。     

膀胱部分切除术中吡柔比星肿瘤基底部注射加即刻灌注预防切口复发和种植的疗效观察

目的探讨膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌患者行膀胱部分切除术中使用吡柔比星术中肿瘤基底部注射加即刻灌注,以预防切口局部复发和种植的临床效果。方法82例接受膀胱部分切除术患者,分别采取术中肿瘤基底部注射加即刻灌注和术后灌注对照组,对术后复发和切口种植、毒副反应进行比较。结果围术期并发尿路刺激症32例（39％）,伤口感染2例（2．4％）,无围术期死亡患者,手术并发症两组无差别,吡柔比星术中肿瘤基底部注射加即刻灌注术后切口复发种植发生率和发生时间低于对照组。结论膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌患者行膀胱部分切除术中使用吡柔比星术中肿瘤基底部注射加即刻灌注能有效降低切口种植复发的发生率,方法简单、安全。     

Cystectomy and internal urinary diversion in bladder neoplasm. Role of CT in the follow-up

Fifty-seven patients, with prior cystectomy and continent urinary diversion for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, were evaluated with CT. Forty-two of them presented ureterosigmoidostomy and 15 orthotopic ileal bladder. The CT appearance of the normal post-cystectomy pelvis is emphasized. Both early and late surgical and neoplastic complications were detected. Early surgical complications, including urinary fistulae, urinomas, seromas, lymphoceles, and abscesses, were diagnosed over a 6-month postoperative period. Late surgical complications included hydroureteronephrosis, calculosis, and pyelonephritis. Hydroureteronephrosis, due to stenosis of the ureteral anastomosis, was the most frequent complication. All such neoplastic complications as local recurrence, lymphnode distant metastases, were identified. In 83% of cases they were observed over a 2-year postoperative period. Distant metastases in the upper abdomen were never detected. The authors' experience suggests the following as the optimal follow-up: a) CT examination over a 6-month postoperative period; b) yearly CT examinations and urography over 4 postoperative years; c) yearly US examination over the first 2 years after surgery, to depict renal pelvis dilatation. Skeletal scintigraphy is often necessary to detect metastatic bone lesions. It should be performed no later than 2 years after cystectomy.     

腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术联合快速康复外科理念治疗浸润性膀胱癌临床效果研究

目的探讨腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术联合快速康复外科理念治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年12月收治的56例浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床资料,其中,采用传统开放性膀胱癌根治术进行治疗的28例患者作为A组,采用腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术联合快速康复外科理念进行治疗的28例患者作为B组。比较两组患者手术平均时间、术中平均失血量、术后首次排气时间、术后疼痛持续时间、术后切口感染率及术后平均住院时间。对两组患者随访6~12个月,记录并发症发生例数并计算发生率。结果 B组手术平均时间、术中平均失血量、术后首次排气时间、术后疼痛持续时间、术后切口感染率及术后平均住院时间均明显低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患者治愈出院后随访6~12个月,B组随访6个月、12个月的并发症发生率均明显低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术联合快速康复外科理念治疗浸润性膀胱癌安全有效,可加速患者术后康复,与传统开放性膀胱癌根治术比较,具有一定的优势,值得临床推广应用。     

Tuberculosis miliar inducida por instilación endovesical de bacilo de Calmette-Guérin

The intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an efficacious complementary treatment for superficial bladder cancer after transurethral resection. This treatment delays progression, decreases the probability that the patient will have to undergo cystectomy in the future, and improves survival; it is generally efficacious and well tolerated.Among the most common local complications are irritative symptoms, hematuria, local genitourinary infection. Systemic complications are much less common.We present the case of a 71-year-old man who developed miliary tuberculosis secondary to treatment with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin for bladder cancer. This is exceptionally uncommon complication is potentially lethal and requires the immediate discontinuation of treatment.     

经尿道电切治疗膀胱浅表性肿瘤的临床观察及分析

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（Transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TUR-Bt）治疗膀胱肿瘤的治疗效果及手术安全性。方法对我院2006年9月～2010年12月收治的46例膀胱浅表肿瘤患者实行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的病例进行回顾性分析。结果 46例均1次手术切除成功,术后均予用丝裂霉素40mg定期膀胱灌注治疗。术后情况较好;肿瘤术后复发8例,其中5例再次行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术后未复发,3例因肿瘤进展改行全膀胱根治性切除治疗。结论 TUR-Bt对治疗膀胱浅表性肿瘤具有微创、操作简单、出血少、痛苦小、安全性好、恢复快、费用低、并发症发生率低等优点。     

Superficial urinary bladder tumors treatment results--a 10-year experience

BACKGROUND/AIM: The most common urinary bladder tumors are superficial tumors. Due to their tension to relapse and progress towards deeper layers after surgical therapy, an adequate therapy significantly contributed to the improvement of the results of urinary bladder tumors treatment. Staging and gradus of the tumor, presence of the cardnoma in situ (CIS) or relapses significantly influenced the choice of the therapy. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of the intravesicelly applied BCG (Bacille Colmette-Guerin) vaccine or chemiotherapy in the prevention of the relapses and further progression of superficial urinary bladder tumors. METHODS: All of the diagnosed superficial tumors of bladder were removed by transurethral resection (TUR). After receiving the patohistological finding they were subjected to adjuvant therapy, immune BCG vaccine or chemiotherapy (epirubicin, doxorubicin, mitomycin-C). The third group did not accept adjuvant therapy, but had regularly scheduled cystoscopic controls. The appearance of relapses, progression of stage and gradus of the tumor, as well as possible unwanted effects of adjuvant therapy were registered. RESULTS: The applied immunotherapy (BCG) influenced decreased tumor relapses (7%) and statistically important difference between patients who had taken adjuvant chemotherapy (relapses 18.4%) and those without this therapy was acknowledged. Gradus of tumor did not show statistically significant difference on tumor relapse. A significantly longer period of time in the appearance of tumor relapse after BCG (29.33 months), had significant importance comparing to chemio (9.44 months) or non-taken adjuvant therapy (9.84 months). Very small number of unwanted effects suggested an obligatory undertaking adjuvant therapy after TUR of superficial tumors. CONCLUSION: A significant decrease of relapses as well as avoidance of further progression of urinary bladder tumors, has introduced adjuvant therapy in all of the protocols, while the dosing scheme is not unique yet due to trying to find the optimal dose, the length of application and possible dose maintenance.     

鸦胆子油乳膀胱内灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发

目的评价鸦胆子油乳膀胱灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效和安全性。方法对365例浅表性膀胱癌患者行TURBT或膀胱部分切除术,术后1周给予10%鸦胆子油乳60 m l膀胱内灌注,药物于膀胱内保留2 h,每周1次,连续6周,以后每月1次,连续12个月。定期做血、尿常规、肝肾功能及膀胱镜检查,并记录每次膀胱灌注后的全身及局部反应。结果365例均未见全身性药物不良反应,随访9~36个月,平均23个月,复发35例,复发率9.6%。结论鸦胆子油乳膀胱灌注防止浅表性膀胱癌术后复发疗效满意,安全性好。     

髂内动脉化疗联合手术治疗膀胱癌

目的：提高膀胱癌手术治疗的效果，尽可能保留有功能的膀胱，降低膀胱癌术后复发率。方法：对72例不同分期、分级的膀胱移行细胞癌患者随机分为两组，Ⅰ组40例行膀胱部分切除术或经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TUR—Bt），术后加丝裂霉素膀胱灌注化疗；Ⅱ组32例术前行卡铂配伍阿霉素髂内动脉灌注化疗2次，后行膀胱部分切除术或经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术，术后加丝裂霉素膀胱灌注化疗。均随诊2年，比较两组间治疗后膀胱癌复发率。结果：Ⅰ组，2年膀胱癌复发18例，复发率45％。Ⅱ组，2年膀胱癌复发6例，复发率18．75％。两组复发率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。Ⅱ组髂内动脉灌注化疗前后膀胱癌细胞分级（G）降低15例，分期（T）降低16例。结论：术前加用卡铂配伍阿霉素髂内动脉灌注化疗可使部分膀胱癌降级、降期，提高手术切除率，降低术后膀胱癌复发率，术前加用卡铂配伍阿霉素髂内动脉灌注化疗结合保留膀胱的手术是治疗膀胱癌的有效方法。     

Treatment Options for High-Risk T1 Bladder Cancer

Purpose:   To review the standards and new developments in diagnosis and management of high-risk T1 bladder cancer with emphasis on the role of radiotherapy (RT) and radiochemotherapy (RCT). Material and Methods:   A systematic review of the literature on developments in diagnosis and management of high-risk T1 bladder cancer was performed. Results:   First transurethral resection (TUR), as radical as safely possible, supported by fluorescence cystoscopy, shows higher detection and decreased recurrence rates. An immediate single postoperative instillation with a chemotherapeutic drug reduces the relative risk of recurrence by 40%. A second TUR is recommended to assess residual tumor. For adjuvant intravesical therapy, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) demonstrated the highest efficacy. Early cystectomy should be reserved for selected patients. A recent phase III trial comparing RT versus conservative treatment in T1 G3 tumors could not show any advantage for RT. Data from Erlangen, Germany, using combined RCT in 80% of the patients, compare favorably with most of the contemporary BCG series. Conclusion:   Results of intravesical therapy are still unsatisfying and early cystectomy is associated with morbidity and mortality. RT alone proved not superior to other conservative treatment strategies. However, data on RCT are promising and demonstrate an alternative to intravesical therapy and radical cystectomy.