缺血性脑卒中患者纤维蛋白原和C-反应蛋白水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化与纤维蛋白原和高教C-反应蛋白水平的关系。方法 对缺血性脑卒中患者应用颈部多普勒超声检测颈部血管内中膜厚度覆斑块形成情况，并同期检测患者血纤维蛋白原和高敏C-反应蛋白浓度。结果 125例患者中40例发现有颈动脉粥样硬化病变，其中16例经超声检查诊断为颈动脉粥样硬化斑块，24例诊断为颈动脉内中膜增厚。颈动脉粥样硬化病变的患者平均纤维蛋白原和高敏C-反应蛋白水平显著高于无颈动脉粥样硬化组（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。并且随着平均纤维蛋白原水平和高敏C-反应蛋白水平升高颈动脉粥样硬化病变的发生率升高。结论 缺血性脑卒中颈动脉粥样硬化和纤维蛋白原、高敏C-反应蛋白水平之间有密切的相关性。     

颈动脉粥样硬化及相关因素与脑梗死的关系

目的:观察脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块和D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白,分析其与脑梗死的相互关系.方法:确诊84例急性脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)和67例非脑血管疾病患者(对照组)采用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块,同时检测D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白.结果:脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出阳性率明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白超标准值百分率高于对照组(P＜0.01,＜0.05,＜0.01).结论:颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白与脑梗死的发生及病情密切相关.     

缺血性脑卒中患者纤维蛋白原和颈动脉斑块的关系

背景：纤维蛋白原升高是心脑及周围血管病的独立危险因素，纤维蛋白原及其降解产物大量存在于动脉粥样斑块中，刺激平滑肌细胞增生和迁移而在动脉硬化早期就发挥作用。 目的：分析血浆纤维蛋白原水平和颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系。 设计：描述性观察。 单位：上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院神经内科 对象：为2001-09／12在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院神经内科的81例缺血性脑卒中患者，男53例，女28例；年龄41～85岁，平均年龄（65&;#177;11）岁。 方法：通过颈动脉超声检查，将81例缺血性卒中患者分成颈动脉有斑块组和无斑块组，检查两组患者的血浆纤维蛋白原水平、血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及其他动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。观察各危险因素指标与颈动脉斑块的关系。 主要观察指标：颈动脉硬化的各项危险因素指标，颈动脉斑块。 结果：81例缺血性脑卒中患者全部进入结果分析。①颈动脉有斑块组（45例）纤维蛋白原、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇分别为：（4．38&;#177;1．33）g／L；（5．19&;#177;1．27）mmol／L；（3．15&;#177;0．73）mmol／L，高于无斑块组（36例）（3．20&;#177;1．30）g／L；（4．56&;#177;1．30）mmol／L；（2．49&;#177;0．92）mmol／L，P〈0．05）。②颈动脉斑块在纤维蛋白原低、中、高三组中的比例分别为11％（5例）、16％（7例）、73％（33例），差异有显著性意义（P=0．02）。③颈动脉硬化的多因素分析表明，糖尿病、低密度脂蛋白、纤维蛋白原和年龄水平增高是颈动脉粥样斑块形成的危险因素。 结论：纤维蛋白原在动脉粥样硬化斑块发生发展过程中起重要作用。     

青中年缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉超声特点及相关危险因素的分析

目的 分析青中年缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉彩色多普勒超声特点,并探讨与其相关的危险因素.方法 我院神经内科的青中年缺血性脑卒中病患者156例,选择性别和年龄匹配的健康青中年145例作为对照组,同时完成颈动脉血管超声检查和血液学检查指标,分析两组入选者颈动脉超声特点.按超声检测结果将156例脑卒中患者分为稳定斑块组和不稳定斑块组,进行相关危险因素分析.结果 脑卒中组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率、不稳定斑块发生率、颈动脉狭窄率、血管壁内-中膜厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT)及斑块Crouse积分均明显高于健康对照组(P ＜0.01).在各相关危险因素中,年龄、男性、吸烟史、血糖、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高同型半脘氨酸血症(Hcy)、高尿酸血症在不稳定斑块组与稳定斑块组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他各项指标两组之间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).年龄(OR=1.846,95％ CI =1.293～2.636,P＜0.01)、吸烟史(OR=1.277,95％ CI=1.221～1.675,P＜0.05)、高同型半耽氨酸血症(OR =1.845,95％ CI =1.040～3.273,P＜0.05)、高尿酸血症(OR=1.033,95％CI=1.010～1.057,P＜0.01)是不稳定斑块的独立危险因素.结论 颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与中青年缺血性脑卒中发生密切相关,IMT增加、斑决检出、颈动脉狭窄及不稳定斑块等颈动脉超声特征性改变对中青年缺血性脑卒中有提示意义.年龄、吸烟、高尿酸血症是青中年缺血性脑卒中患者不稳定斑块的独立危险因素.     

缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉粥样斑块发生与踝肱指数相关性研究

目的：探讨缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉粥样斑块发生与踝肱指数的相关性。方法对236例缺血性脑卒中患者（观察组）和260名健康人（对照组）应用彩色多普勒超声检测颈部血管内中膜厚度及斑块形成情况,使用多普勒超声仪测量踝肱指数,并分析踝肱指数与颈动脉粥样硬化的程度和稳定性的相关性。结果236例观察组患者中,检出颈动脉粥样硬化斑块183例（77．5％）,对照组为60例（23．1％）,缺血性脑卒中颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率明显高于对照组（P ＜0．01）。观察组22例踝肱指数异常,发生率为9．3％;对照组有 6例踝肱指数异常,发生率为2．3％,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．01）。缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉内膜增厚组踝肱指数明显低于正常组,颈动脉内膜斑块形成组患者的踝肱指数明显低于增厚组（P ＜0．05）,颈动脉内膜不稳定斑块组踝肱指数明显低于稳定斑块组（P ＜0．05）。Logistic 回归分析显示颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、踝肱指数与缺血性脑卒中明显相关（OR 分别为1．118、0．054,P 均＜0．05）。结论颈动脉粥样硬化与缺血性脑卒中有关,踝肱指数可作为预测缺血性脑卒中发生的指标之一。     

缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化和血清胱抑素C的相关性分析

目的：研究缺血性脑卒中患者血清胱抑素C与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法应用彩色多普勒显像仪检查163例首发缺血性脑卒中患者的双侧颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉,根据颈动脉超声检测结果分为颈动脉内膜中膜厚度（IMT）≥0.9mm及IMT〈0.9mm两组,测定患者一般情况及实验室相关生化指标如：血C反应蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12、尿酸、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白;测定IMT及颈动脉粥样斑块积分。结果（1）与IMT〈0.9mm 组相比,IMT≥0.9mm组的血清胱抑素C值明显增高（2.26±1.11）mg/L比（1.02±0.19）mg/L（P〈0.001）。（2）在缺血性脑卒中患者中血清胱抑素C 与甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、C反应蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、IMT呈显著正相关,与维生素B12呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。（3）颈动脉IMT与各生化指标间的多项式逐步回归分析结果显示,胱抑素C是颈动脉IMT增厚的独立相关因素。结论血清胱抑素C水平与颈动脉血管内膜增厚程度成正相关,可作为临床上早期预测颈动脉粥样硬化发生及程度的指标。     

急性冠状动脉综合征颈动脉粥样斑块稳定性及相关因素分析

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征（acute coronary syndrome,ACS）患者颈动脉粥样斑块特征与临床相关因素的关系。方法136例ACS患者（ACS组）和123例稳定性心绞痛（stableanginapectoris,SAP）患者（SAP组）,2组行超声检查颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及生化指标、冠状动脉血管狭窄程度和炎性因子等相关因素测定,根据斑块内部回声强弱不同将ACS组再分为均质斑块组和非均质斑块组;采用相关分析及logistic回归分析,分析ACS颈动脉斑块稳定性同临床相关因素间关系。结果ACS组和SAP组年龄、尿酸、炎性因子水平、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平及非均质斑块比例比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;ACS组经年龄校正后细胞间黏附因子-1及高敏C反应蛋白水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块积分呈正相关（r=0．31,P=0．04;r=0．81,P=0．01）,ACS患者中非均质斑块组炎性因子明显高于均质斑块组（P％0．05）;以发生ACS与否为因变量进行logistic回归分析发现除年龄外,细胞间黏附因子-1（OR：1．15,95％CI：1．02～1．65,P=0．03）和高敏C反应蛋白（OR=1．32,95％CI：1．20～1．68,P=0．04）是ACS发生的危险因素。结论炎症与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性有相关性,炎性因子是ACS发生的重要预测因素。     

老年2型糖尿病并发缺血性脑卒中与颈动脉内膜中层厚度及视网膜病变的相关性研究

【目的】探讨老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）并发缺血性脑卒中与颈动脉狭窄及视网膜病变程度的相关性。【方法】老年T2DM 患者161例,并发脑卒中58例（脑卒中组）,非脑卒中103例（非脑卒中组）。超声检测两组患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）,并行眼底检查。【结果】两组患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生部位多见于颈总动脉近分叉处,脑卒中组颈动脉不稳定性斑块的检出率、颈动脉 IMT值显著高于非脑卒中组（P＜0．05）,且脑卒中组单纯型糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）及增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）患者 IMT值、颈动脉不稳定斑块数检出率均显著高于非脑卒中组（P＜0．05）;相关性分析显示 IMT与眼底病变程度显著相关（r＝0．5509,P ＜0．05）。【结论】颈动脉 IMT和视网膜病变程度与老年T2DM并发缺血性脑卒中存在相关性。     

血尿酸与脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化关系研究

目的 探讨脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度与血尿酸的关系.方法 122例脑梗死患者按颈动脉硬化程度分为内膜-中膜增厚组、斑块形成组和管腔狭窄组,并设56例正常对照组;测定4组总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸及C-反应蛋白的浓度,进行比较分析.结果 内膜中膜增厚组、斑块形成组和管腔狭窄组的甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸及C-反应蛋白的浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05).Logistic多元回归分析发现颈动脉粥样硬化程度与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05).结论 甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸及C-反应蛋白与脑梗死患者的颈动脉粥样硬化程度正相关.低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸是颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.     

脑卒中高危人群体质指数与颈动脉斑块的关系研究

目的 探讨体质指数（BMI）与脑卒中高危人群颈动脉斑块之间的相关性。方法 利用浙江省人民医院登记的546例脑卒中高危患者的资料,分析其BMI与颈动脉斑块发生的关系,并应用logistic回归分析不同BMI合并影响脑卒中的危险因素对形成颈动脉斑块的危险。结果 logistic回归分析显示,BMI是脑卒中患者颈动脉粥样斑块病变的独立危险因素（OR=1.653,95% CI:1.063~2.572,P=0.026）。超重组以及肥胖组合并脑卒中的相关危险因素包括年龄和高血压,糖尿病组颈动脉斑块的形成率均高于对照组（P0.05）。其中,合并高血压病史组的颈动脉粥样斑块的形成率均显著高于无高血压组,分别是对照组的2.270、3.167和3.647倍（P0.01）。结论 随着BMI升高,特别是具有脑卒中相关危险因素的人群,发生颈动脉粥样斑块的风险也明显升高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.