枕寰枢复合体创伤的影像学诊断

目的:探讨枕寰枢复合体(C_0-C_1-C_2)创伤的影像学诊断。方法:回顾性分析40例枕寰枢复合体创伤的X线、三维CT及MRI表现。结果:X线平片发现枕寰枢复合体骨折共15例,寰枢关节脱位7例,枢椎滑脱2例。三维CT发现枕寰枢复合体骨折28例,骨折合并寰枢关节脱位10例,寰枕关节半脱位5例,寰枢关节无骨折型脱位或半脱位8例。X线、CT检查阴性4例。MRI检查示28例枕寰枢骨折患者椎体有骨髓挫伤水肿表现,18例延髓或颈髓形态或信号异常,15例椎旁软组织及韧带损伤。结论:联合X线、三维CT及MRI诊断枕寰枢复合体创伤,可提高诊断准确性,为临床治疗提供依据。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像显示寰枕融合伴寰枢关节脱位椎动脉V3段走行48例

寰枕融合,又称寰椎枕化,是寰椎的某一部分或整体与枕骨大孔底部存在先天性骨性连接,并使寰枕关节活动完全丧失[1]。寰椎侧块固定是治疗该病常用的手术方法,但寰枕融合伴寰枢关节脱位常伴有椎动脉走行异常,同时颅颈交界位置深、解剖复杂,普通X线片和常规CT、MRI常常不能很好地观察病变形态与周围组织关系。笔者收集2009-03至2012-12武警北京总队第二医院治疗寰枕融合伴寰枢关节脱位48例,重点探讨椎动脉V3段的走行、与变异的影像学特点,以期为手术提供可靠的客观依据。     

上颈椎骨折脱位治疗的相关问题

上颈椎损伤通常指C1～3的损伤,常见的上颈椎损伤包括寰枕关节脱位、横韧带损伤、寰枢关节脱位、寰椎骨折、枢椎齿状突骨折、枢椎创伤性滑脱、侧块骨折、椎体骨折,以及同时伴有上述骨折脱位的叠加损伤。由于上颈椎的解剖结构复杂,且与多种重要的组织结构毗邻,如延髓和脊髓等,急性严重的上颈椎损伤如合并中枢神经损伤,通常是致命的,同时由于上颈椎椎管管径相对较大,故生存患者神经损伤的概率比下颈椎损伤患者要小。近年来,上颈椎损伤的诊疗取得了可喜的进步,手术治疗手段逐渐增多,而且许多以往治疗较为困难或被视为风险极大的术式已逐渐被认识和接受。本刊特邀了几位在上颈椎有较深造诣的专家介绍上颈椎损伤的诊疗经验。     

螺旋CT多组织三维重建在寰枕和寰枢关节病变中的应用

目的　探讨多组织三维重建方法在寰枕和寰枢关节病变中的诊断作用。方法　 10例正常志愿者 ,42例寰枕或者寰枢关节畸形或外伤者 ,经螺旋CT扫描 ,对枕骨、寰椎和枢椎用同样阈值和灰阶行表面遮盖三维重建 (SSD) ;另对枕骨、寰椎和枢椎单独不同灰阶三维重建 ,再行三维多组织重建 (3DMT)。然后比较两者图像。结果　SSD和 3DMT均清楚显示出寰枕和寰枢之间的解剖结构关系 ,3DMT还能显示单个结构的内外表结构 ,避免相邻结构的重叠和遮挡。 3DMT清楚显示了寰枕融合畸形 ,关节的旋转脱位和椎体的骨折。结论　三维重建在寰枕和寰枢关节病变的诊断中有着重要的意义 ,多组织三维重建技术较常规的三维重建更具有优越性     

后路融合固定术治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳与脱位

目的探讨后路融合固定术治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳与脱位的临床疗效及手术方式的选择。方法对23例创伤性寰枢椎不稳与脱位的后路手术治疗进行分析。10例寰枢椎不稳及7例可复性寰枢椎脱位,行寰枢椎内固定、植骨融合术;6例不可复性寰枢椎脱位,行寰椎后弓切除减压、枕颈融合术。结果1例可复性寰枢椎脱位于术后1周死亡;1例术后脱位复发,症状未改善。其余病例随访5个月～5年,枕颈部症状减轻或消失,神经系统症状有不同程度改善;寰枢椎或枕颈部植骨于3～6个月骨性融合;无内固定物松动、断裂。结论后路融合固定术是治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳与脱位的有效方法。术前应仔细分析创伤性寰枢椎不稳或脱位的特点。     

创伤性寰枢椎不稳的几个问题

创伤性寰枢椎不稳可导致脊髓受压甚至患者死亡。不稳的原因是寰枢椎和齿状突骨折及寰横韧带撕裂。本组报告52例．其中33例为齿状突骨折，8例寰枢爆炸性骨折，4例枢椎弓骨折，7例韧带损伤及1例寰枕脱位。新鲜损伤采用非手术治疗，陈旧性者则行寰椎后弓切除和枕颈融合术，或单行枕颈融合术，本文就其临床和X线诊断作了讨论。     

创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗

目的 探讨创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗。方法 对６３例创作性寰枢椎不稳患者进行后路融合术。其中齿突骨折４６例,横韧带断裂１３例,陈旧性椎椎弓骨折４例。４５例行枕颈融合术,１８例行寰枢椎融合术。结果 术后颈椎侧位Ｘ线片检查,５８例平均随访８个月（６～９６个月）,均获得骨性愈合。结论 陈旧性不稳定齿突骨折、伴有不愈合倾向齿突骨折、横韧带断裂、寰枢椎不稳引起神经症状者均适合于后路融合手术。     

非创伤性寰枕关节失稳的CT表现及相关因素分析

目的 探讨非创伤性寰枕关节失稳的CT表现.资料与方法 回顾性分析182例颈椎CT平扫患者资料,原始图像经后处理工作站行多平面重组(MPR),重点观察寰枕关节形态和关节失稳的CT表现.结果 21例(11.54%)寰枕关节失稳患者均无明确外伤史,其中单侧枕骨髁后旋转型失稳13例,单纯后移位型失稳5例,后移位-旋转复合型失稳3例.矢状面MPR均表现为关节前缘骨皮质连线向后角折,关节面呈阶梯状改变,7例冠状面MPR示双侧寰枕关节同向错动;11例横断面MPR示"窄三角形间隙征".15例显示寰椎上关节突后部平坦.结论 薄层螺旋CT扫描并MPR技术可充分显示寰枕关节的形态学特征,寰椎上关节突后部平坦和矢状面MPR枕骨髁向后移位超过2 mm是诊断寰枕关节失稳的重要征象.     

枕颈固定技术在上颈椎不稳的应用

各种原因引起的寰枢椎不稳或脱位均需要复位和稳定，复位后多数采用寰枢椎内固定和融合，如后路的Gallie和Bmoks手术及Magerl手术，但是对于某些严重的C1，2：联合性骨折，陈旧性寰枢椎脱位或肿瘤、炎症、畸形等伴有脊髓压迫症且难以复位的患者，上述内固定方法往往无法使用。对于此类患者目前国内外均采用枕颈融合术。笔者自2001年10月-2004年6月采用枕颈固定技术治疗上颈椎不稳26例，效果满意。     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎损伤

目的 探讨经后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎损伤的可行性、方法、疗效和适应证. 方法 对13例上颈椎损伤患者行后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定融合术.其中陈旧性齿状突骨折不愈合4例,新鲜齿状突骨折(Aderson Ⅱ C型)2例,寰椎横韧带断裂3例,寰椎骨折4例.13例均采用美国强生Depuy公司生产的后路Summit钉棒系统和山东威高公司生产的PCF钉棒系统行后路寰枢椎椎弓根内同定(万向螺钉直径3.5 mm,寰椎螺钉长26～30 mm,平均28 mm,枢椎螺钉长24～28 mm,平均26 mm),术后不用外固定或用颈领保护1～3个月. 结果 13例共置入寰椎椎弓根螺钉26枚,枢椎椎弓根螺钉26枚.平均手术时间2.6 h,平均出血量470 ml.术中未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤.全组患者获得4～25个月(平均13个月)随访.临床症状得到不同程度的改善,有神经损伤患者日本骨科协会(JOA)评分改善率为72%～91%,平均81%.X线、CT复查示螺钉位置良好,无钉棒断裂、变形、松动,1枚寰椎螺钉前端穿透侧块内上皮质约3 mm,但未影响寰枕关节活动,其余位置满意.3～6个月后所有患者均获植骨融合.1例寰椎骨折患者出现寰枕腹侧融合. 结论 经后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎损伤具有可行性,如果操作方法得当,疗效较好,适应证较广,应用前景广阔.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.