多抗－单抗夹心法时间分辨免疫荧光分析人甲胎蛋白

本文应用免抗ｈＡＦＰＩｇＧ包板，异硫氰酸苯基－ＥＤＴＡ－ＥＵ３＋标记抗ｈＡＦＰＭＣＡｂ，建立了固相夹心二步法分析ｈＡＦＰ技术。结果显示，分析范围是６．２５～１００．００μｇ／ｍｌ（ｒ＝０．９９），变异系数在１．６７～１７．７４％之间，ｈＡＦＰ最小可测值为０．３５μｇ／ｍｌ．测定７６例孕妇血清样品，同所购ＤＥＬＦＩＡｈＡＦＰ药盒结果相关性好（ｒ＝０．９７）。表明该法较为实用。     

多抗—单抗夹心法时间分辨免疫荧光分析人甲胎蛋白

本文应用兔抗ｈＡＦＰＩｇＧ包板，异硫氰酸苯基－ＥＤＴＡ－Ｅｕ＾３＾＋标记抗ｈＡＦＰＭｃＡｂ，建立子固相夹心二步法分析ｈＡＦＰ技术。结果显示，分析范围是６．２５－１００．００μｇ／ｍｌ，测定７６例孕妇血清样品，同所购ＤＥＬＦＩＡｈＡＦＰ药盒结果相关性好（ｒ＝０．９７）。表明该法较为实用。     

RA患者关节腔滑液及血清中TNF-α水平的测定

肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ－α）是机体炎症与免疫应答的重要调节因子。ＲＡ是免疫介导的炎症性疾病，为了探讨ＲＡ患者ＴＮＦ－α变化，采用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法分析了３０例ＲＡ患者关节腔滑液及血清中ＴＮＦ－ａ水平。３０例ＲＡ患者诊断均符合美国风湿病学会诊断标准。结果显示ＲＡ患者滑液及血清中ＴＮＦ－ａ含量分别为１９．８５±６．０６ｎｇ／ｍｌ及８．４８±２．３５ｎｇ／ｍｌ，３０例正常对照组血清含量为２．４２±０．７９ｎｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１，差别有高度显著性。实验中发现滑液中ＴＮＦ－ａ的个体差异很大，３０例中只…     

ELISA法测定粒系集落刺激因子的初步研究

鼠抗人ｒｈＧ－ＣＳＦ单抗为包被抗体。兔抗人ｒｈＧ－ＣＳＦ多抗为酶标抗体。建立Ｇ－ＣＳＦ定量测定的ＥＬＩＳＡ法。试验敏感度为０．０９５ｎｇ／ｍｌ。批内变异系数为７．３％。批间变异系数为１２．７％。临床初步应用证实１８正常人群对照均未检出，３５例ＡＰＬ患检出率为１４．４％（４／３５），６例感染患均检出，平均０．３５±０．２５ｎｇ／Ｌ．     

肿瘤坏死因子放射免疫分析的建立及初步临床应用

用人重组肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ－α）和特异性兔抗ＴＮＦ血清建立了液相竞争放射免疫分析，最小检出值＞３０ｐｓ／管，标准曲线范围０．３～２４．３ｎｇ／ｍｌ，批内和批间变异系数平均为７．８％和８．４％。本法检测３７名健康献血员血清ＴＮＦ为０．８３±０．２６ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２３例急性黄疸性肝炎、１３例慢性迁延性肝炎、１９例慢性活动性肝炎、２２例肝硬化、２５例肝癌血清ＴＮＦ分别为１．９５±０．５９ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２，０６±０．５１ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１．５８±０．５４ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１．７５±０．６５ｎｇ／ｍｌ和１．５７±０．５３ｎｇ／ｍｌ。２８例肺癌术前血清ＴＮＦ０．９２±０．４２ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２２例肺癌术后血清ＴＮＦ为１．０８±０．２９ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

血浆异常凝血酶原的放射免疫测定

本文根据凝血酶原抗体与异常凝血酶原有１００％交叉反应的特点，用凝血酶原免疫家兔获得抗体，建立了血浆异常凝血酶原的放射免疫测定。标准曲线范围为７．８～１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ，最低检测值为７．８ｎｇ／ｍｌ；平均回收率为１００．４％，批内和批间ＣＶ分别为８．３５％和７．７６％。３９名健康人均值为１５４．４９±３３．５２ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１８例原发性肝癌测定值４０６．７８±１５７．４５ｎｇ／ｍｌ．本法简便，对原发性肝癌检测阳性率达７８．０％，高于目前常规ＡＦＰ测定的阳性率。     

脑室注射血管紧张素Ⅱ对雄性大鼠血清睾酮含量的影响

雄性大鼠脑室注射２４及１２０ｎｇＡⅡ后４ｈ，血清睾酮含量分别为３．４６±０．９３及１．４９±０．７８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，明显低于生理盐水对照组（５．０６±１．０８ｎｇ／ｍｌ），Ｐ＜０．０５及Ｐ＜０．０１。在脑室注射ＡⅡ（１２０ｎｇ）后２ｈ、４ｈ及７ｈ，血清睾酮含量均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中以４ｈ降低最为明显，相当于对照组血清睾酮含量的３０．７９％。     

应用ELISA和滴金免疫测定法检测血清肌红蛋白

从人心肌提取肌红蛋白（ｍｙｏｇｌｏｂｉｎ，Ｍｂ）抗原，制备抗Ｍｂ血清和单克隆抗体，在此基础上建立了检测血清Ｍｂ的ＥＬＩＳＡ和滴金免疫测定法（ｄｏｔｉｍｍｕｎｏｇｏｌｄｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎａｓｓａｙ，ＤＩＧＦＡ）。ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测范围２５～８００ｎｇ／ｍｌ。批内ＣＶ＜５％，批间ＣＶ＜７％。健康男、女献血员各３２例和７４例老年人，血清Ｍｂ测定结果，参考值上限分别为５５．４０、５０．６７和６５．７５ｎｇ／ｍｌ。１５例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者血清Ｍｂ含量均大于１３０ｎｇ／ｍｌ．滴金免疫测定法可在５ｍｉｎ内完成检测，Ｍｂ含量＞１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ为阳性。７例ＡＭＩ患者检测结果均为阳性。两种方法结合应用对ＡＭＩ的早期诊断及疗效观察极有价值。     

化学发光免疫分析法测定血清甲状腺素

建立了以鲁米诺、过氧化氢作为发光底物，辣根过氧化物酶作为标记酶的化学发光免疫分析法，用于血清中甲状腺素水平测定，此法灵敏度为４．６ｎｇ／ｍｌ，不同水平Ｔ＿４批内变异系数为４．５％～７．８％，批间变异系数为７．０％～７．４％。加入Ｔ＿４５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ、１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ、２００ｎｇ／ｍｌ，回收率分别为１０５％、１０１％、１０４％，与放免法有较好的相关性，ｒ＝０．８３１，Ｐ＜０．００１，关系式为Ｔ４－ＣＬＩＡ＝０．９１５Ｔ４－ＲＩＡ＋２７．１（ｎｇ／ｍｌ），ｎ＝２６。　此法操作简便，检测速度快，适合于临床应用。     

化学发光免疫分析测定血清甲状腺素

建立了以鲁米诺，过氧化氢作为发光底物，辣根过氧化物酶作同标记酶的化学发光免疫分析法，用于血清中甲状腺素水平测定，此法灵敏度为４．６ｎｇ／ｍｌ，不同水平Ｔ４批内变异系数为４．５％～７．８％，批间变异系数为７．０％～７．４％，加入Ｔ４５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ，２００ｎｇ／ｍｌ回收率分别为１０５％，１０１％，１０４％，与放免法有较好的相关性，ｒ＝０．８３１，Ｐ〈０．００１，关系式为Ｔ４－ＣＬＩＡ     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.