新疆喀什388名维吾尔族孕妇膳食调查

目的 了解维吾尔族孕妇的膳食结构和营养素摄入水平,为在少数民族地区进行妇幼营养的宣传教育、促进孕妇及胎儿健康提供依据.方法 以388名维吾尔族孕妇为调查对象,采用连续3d24h回顾法进行膳食状况调查,将收集的数据录入Excel建立数据库,与《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》进行比较.结果 每天膳食摄入的营养素中钙、铁、锌及维生素B1、B2、C每天摄入量分别为585.36 (58.54％)、27.92 (79.77％)、12.54(76.00％)、1.19 (79.33％)、1.15(67.65％)、53.60(41.23％) mg.碘及叶酸的每天摄入量分别为17.87 (8.94％) μg、123.95 (20.66％)μgDFE.其余的营养素摄入量均达到推荐供给量标准;从植物性食物中摄取的蛋白质量占总蛋白的92.81％,动物性食物仅占7.19％.结论 孕妇三大产热营养素供热比合理,钙、铁、锌,以及维生素B1、B2、C,碘和叶酸摄入量不足.建议增加所缺乏营养素的摄入,更好地促进孕妇和胎儿健康.     

胃上部癌行全胃切除与近端胃切除的疗效对比

目的研究讨论胃上部癌行全胃切除与近端胃切除的临床疗效对比与意义。方法选取本院外科胃上部癌患者100例,其中50例采用全胃切除术治疗,50例采用近端胃切除术治疗,分别对两组患者治疗后并发症发生情况、手术后生存率以及术后恢复情况进行评估。结果两组患者治疗后并发症发生率比较显示行全胃切除术患者并发症发生率显著低于近端胃切除术患者（P〈0.05）;治疗后癌灶大小与患者生存率比较显示癌灶〉3 cm与〈3 cm治疗后1年生存率无较大差异（P〉0.05）;治疗后3～5年全胃切除术生存率显著较高（P〈0.05）。恢复情况比较显示治疗后近端胃切除术患者各项恢复指标优于全胃切除术组患者（P〈0.05）。结论胃上部癌要根据肿瘤的大小,分期,采取合理的手术方式,全胃切除术可降低术后相关并发症,改善生活质量,提高生存率,临床疗效更为确切。     

400例孕妇膳食调查和营养分析

目的了解孕妇膳食摄入情况,并分析其营养状况,以正确进行营养指导和干预。方法以广东省某市400例孕妇为调查对象,调查孕妇的膳食摄入情况,并应用“孕期饮食营养分析指导系统”软件进行营养分析。结果各孕期膳食三大产热营养素的热能供给比例基本合理;中早孕阶段钙、铁、锌和维生素B1、维生素B2的摄入量较低,分别为764．51mg、26．94mg、15．71mg、1．12g、1．13g;各孕期优质蛋白占总摄入蛋白的50．O％以上,平均蛋白质RNI％为48．5％。结论孕妇的膳食结构基本合理,但仍要增加钙、铁、锌及B族维生素等摄入,并加强孕妇的营养指导。     

Dietary micronutrients and gastric cancer: hospital based study

The association between micronutrients and gastric cancer is still unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between dietary intake of micronutrients and risk for gastric cancer. We used data from hospital-based case control study conducted at Clinical Centre Nis (Serbia) from 2005 and 2006. Patients (n=102) with first histologically confirmed gastric cancer and matched non-cancer patients (controls, n=204) were interviewed using structured questionnaire and FFQ (Food frequency questionnaire). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant positive association between gastric cancer and dietary intake of sodium (OR=6.22; 95%CI 1.99–7.86), but a significant negative association between potassium (OR 0.01; 95%CI 0.00–0.08), iron (OR 0.05; 95%CI 0.01–0.56), vitamin C (OR 0.05; 95%CI 0.01–0.38), vitamin E (OR 0.04; 95%CI 0.01–0.29) and niacin (OR 0.07; 95%CI 0.00–0.38) dietary intake. Intake of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, retinol, β carotene, tiamin, vitamin B6, and folic acid was not significantly related to gastric cancer risk.     

老干部的营养及抗氧化营养素摄入与健康状况分析

目的了解宁波地区老干部的营养状况、抗氧化营养素摄人情况和营养相关疾病,为制定老年人营养改善措施提供依据。方法对511例宁波地区老干部进行询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查。结果其热能和蛋白质的摄入量稍高于推荐量,但脂肪、胆固醇和钠盐摄入过高;铁的摄入符合要求,钙、锌、维生素B,、维生素B：摄入不足;抗氧化营养素硒、维生素E、维生素C及维生素A（男）均摄入不足;肥胖、超重、高血压、糖尿病的患病率较高,分别为25．2％、30．0％、29．O％、10．6％。结论宁波地区部分老干部膳食结构不合理,营养过剩和营养不足并存,且抗氧化营养素普遍摄入不足。提示老干部因膳食失衡和不良生活方式导致的肥胖、高血压、糖尿病等慢性病不容忽视。     

军队离退休疗养干部营养健康状况712例分析

目的综合评价军队离退休干部的营养健康状况.方法对712例军队离退休干部进行膳食调查和人体测量.结果其蛋白质、维生素A、烟酸、维生素C、维生素E、铁、硒的摄入量符合要求,但脂肪、胆固醇和钠盐摄入过高,钙、锌、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入不足,超重和肥胖者占55%,三头肌皮褶厚度(TSF)、上臂围(MAC)、上臂肌围(MAMC)测量值明显升高(P＜0.01或＜0.001).结论军队离退休干部膳食结构不合理,需加强营养卫生宣教.     

陕西省宝鸡市居民膳食营养与慢性病关系调查分析

目的 了解陕西省宝鸡市居民膳食营养相关情况,为制订相关慢性病防控措施提供科学依据.方法 采用抽样调查、半定量食物频率调查法和营养成分分析等方法进行调查.结果 共调查5 020人.陕西省宝鸡市居民对蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类、奶类等摄入量不足,分别为平均每人每天摄入213.5、126.8、5.2、50.7 g,而对食用油和盐摄入量超标,分别为52.6、9.5 g;不同性别对谷类、蔬菜类、豆类、奶类、油等摄入量比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,城市与农村比较,除油外,其余差异也均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对维生素A、B2、B6和叶酸、钙等摄入量明显不足,对钠摄入量显著超过推荐量,不同性别对营养素摄入量比较,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;居民中超体质量者占27.0%,肥胖者占5.4%.结论 应提倡居民增加蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类、奶类等食物的摄入,限制油和盐的摄入,通过合理膳食防控高血压、糖尿病等相关慢性病的发生.     

胃癌术后残胃无力症46例病因与治疗分析

目的探讨胃癌术后残胃无力症的病因与治疗。方法对近10年1469例胃癌行胃大部切除术后发生残胃无力症46例病人进行病因和治疗结果回顾性分析。结果残胃无力症的病因是综合因素引起,病人对手术的恐惧和精神紧张可能是最主要的诱因。胃癌行大部切除术后发生持续性呕吐,呕吐量>800ml/d。经消化道造影和胃镜检查诊断为残胃无力症,行保守治疗,包括胃肠减压、胃肠内和外营养支持、各种促进胃肠蠕动药物和对症处理,平均治疗14.6天全部治愈。结论胃癌行胃大部切除术后发生残胃无力症是多因素引起,其中精神因素可能为最主要因素。经过检查一旦诊断为功能性残胃无力症,治疗原则为消除患者紧张性情绪,保守治疗,应避免再次手术。     

Towards ensuring the safety of vitamins and minerals

Today, there is a clear need for a risk assessment for vitamins and minerals because the total daily intake for nutrients through regular food, fortified products (Functional Food) and supplements may very well reach critical levels for an individual consumer. Several expert panels of the European Union, the UK, Japan and China will publish their reports on this issue in the near future. The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the US/Canada has already published a new standard. The board has defined the so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) as the highest level of daily intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Their determination involves a multi-step risk assessment procedure on the basis of mainly human data. Several daily UL values that have already been published are of special interest, e.g. 1 mg folic acid, 50 μg vitamin D, 1 g vitamin E, 2 g vitamin C, 2.5 g calcium, 350 mg magnesium.     

中国南极考察越冬队员营养摄入状况调查及分析

目的参照《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量Chinese DRIs》对中国南极考察越冬队员营养摄入基本状况进行现场调查与分析。方法研究对象为中国第24、25次南极考察队越冬队员,共34名,均男性,自由饮食,采用记账法和称重法对考察队员进行膳食调查,然后根据食物成分表计算出每人每日能量和各种营养素摄入量。一年共进行4次。结果禽肉类摄入量等显著超过（中国DRIs）建议摄入量;蔬菜、水果、奶类摄入显著低于（中国DRIs）建议摄入量。能量、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量显著超过（中国DRIs）建议摄入量,维生素A1、B1、B2、C显著低于（中国DRIs）建议摄入量。结论南极考察队员蛋白质脂肪等摄入过高与南极特殊寒冷气候相关。维生素类摄入过低与食品供给条件相关。     

Homocyst(e)ine and coronary heart disease: pharmacoeconomic support for interventions to lower hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia

Homocyst(e)ine, a sulphur-containing amino acid, is an intermediate formed during the metabolism of the essential amino acid methionine. Biological and epidemiological evidence suggest that elevated plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine are a risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). In the general US population, hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia is common and most often due to mild nutritional deficiencies in the B vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B(12) and vitamin B(6)). While high homocyst(e)ine levels can be effectively lowered using folic acid and other B vitamins, it is unknown whether such vitamin therapy will lead to clinical benefits. Given that strategies for homocyst(e)ine-lowering are safe and inexpensive, however, even small reductions in CHD risk will be highly cost effective. Thus, it may be prudent for patients to ensure an adequate daily intake of dietary folic acid and other B vitamins and for physicians to screen high-risk adults such as those with established CHD as we await definitive results from ongoing clinical trials.     

Pathogenesis and management of primary osteoporosis

The pathophysiology of primary osteoporosis and the various therapeutic regimens that have been used are reviewed. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem because the incidence of hip, wrist, and vertebral fractures associated with bone loss is high. Postmenopausal women are at increased risk for developing osteoporosis because bone mineral content is lower in women than in men, dietary calcium intake is frequently insufficient, intestinal absorption of calcium decreases with age, and the rate of bone loss accelerates at menopause. The efficacy of many single and combination therapies in preventing or treating osteoporosis has been studied. Differences in study design and diagnostic techniques and the heterogeneous nature of osteoporosis make evaluation of clinical trials difficult. Exercise helps to maintain skeletal mass, but amenorrhea caused by vigorous activity may be harmful. The efficacy of estrogen replacement therapy is documented best; many studies have shown that estrogens slow the rate of bone loss and reduce the incidence of fractures, but the association of estrogen use with endometrial cancer and breast cancer is of concern. Progesterones may protect against endometrial cancer, but undesirable effects of oral contraceptives have resulted in a hesitancy to use combination hormonal therapy. All adults should meet daily nutritional requirements for calcium, but this intake may be insufficient for elderly persons and is below recommended doses for treating osteoporosis. A daily intake of at least 1000-1500 mg of elemental calcium has been shown to slow the rate of bone loss. Nutritional requirements for vitamin D should be met, but benefits from pharmacologic doses have not been demonstrated. The role of fluoride, calcitonin, anabolic steroids, and vitamin D metabolites is unclear. Fluoride has the potential to increase bone mass, but effects on bone histology and fracture rates require further study. The major goals for the management of osteoporosis are maintenance of bone mass and prevention of fractures. An adequate intake of calcium and regular weight-bearing exercise are important preventive measures. Despite the documented effectiveness of estrogens, risks associated with long-term use are of concern.     

Effects of Caramel Colour III on the number of blood lymphocytes: a human study on Caramel Colour III immunotoxicity and a comparison of the results with data from rat studies.

Administration of the colour additive Ammonia Caramel Colour (Caramel Colour III) to rats has been associated with decreased lymphocyte counts, specifically in rats fed a diet low in vitamin B6. This effect is rapidly reversible and is caused by an imidazole derivative (THI) in Caramel Colour III. In the present paper, the conduct of a human study with Caramel Colour III is outlined and the results of blood lymphocyte counts are presented. No decrease in the number of blood lymphocytes occurred in marginally vitamin B6-deficient humans who consumed Caramel Colour III at the acceptable daily intake level (200 mg/kg body weight/day) for 7 days. These data are discussed in relation to the effects of Caramel Colour III and THI on blood lymphocyte numbers in rats.     

Dosage considerations in the combined use of ocular-specific vitamins and nutrients and multivitamin products: A systematic review and analysis

ObjectivesTo provide guidance for safe and appropriate vitamin and mineral supplementation regimens for patients who use vitamins marketed for ocular use concurrently with general-purpose multivitamin (MVI) supplementation.Data sourcesPrimary and tertiary evidence was compiled from secondary literature reference databases.Study selectionDosage exposure with the use of supplements marketed for the prevention of ocular disease, including those recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS), when used in combination with conventional MVI/nutrient products was determined. An analysis of the data was performed to suggest appropriate supplement recommendations.Data extractionCombined dosages for single and duplicate ingredients found in ocular supplements and select MVI/nutrient supplements were compared with U.S. Food and Drug Administration--recommended daily value intake levels and the National Academy of Medicine recommendations on vitamin and nutrient tolerable upper intake levels (TUILs).ResultsWith the exception of copper, all studied product components that conformed to AREDS guidelines for vitamin and nutrient levels far exceeded U.S. Food and Drug Administration--recommended daily value intake level limits. Furthermore, vitamin A and zinc exceeded the National Academies of Medicine TUIL when a multivitamin product was combined with an ocular-specific vitamin or nutrient that conformed with AREDS-recommended dosage levels. Several products marketed specifically for ocular use failed to provide AREDS-recommended vitamin or nutrient levels even when combined with MVI products.ConclusionWith the exception of vitamin A and zinc, the addition of typical multivitamin preparations to AREDS-recommended vitamin and nutrient regimens do not result in vitamin and mineral dosages that exceed TUIL as outlined by the National Academy of Medicine. However, combined AREDS and MVI regimens can create a substantial vitamin or mineral burden that is not appropriate for all older adult populations, particularly those with comorbidities, contributing to susceptibility of component toxicity.     

The pharmacokinetics of linezolid are not affected by concomitant intake of the antioxidant vitamins C and E

In vitro metabolism experiments have suggested a possible role for endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the in vivo clearance of linezolid, a synthetic antibiotic of the oxazolidinone class. This observation has resulted in the hypothesis that dietary antioxidant supplements might disturb the balance of ROS in vivo and thereby lower the clearance of linezolid. The purpose of this open-label, two-group parallel design study was to investigate whether continuous intake of widely used vitamin C or vitamin E will affect the pharmacokinetics of linezolid. A total of 28 healthy volunteers (27 male and 1 female), including 22 of Chinese origin, were administered a single oral dose of 600 mg linezolid on days 1 and 8. Half of the subjects received daily oral doses of 1000 mg vitamin C on days 2 through 9, whereas the other half were administered daily oral doses of 800 IU vitamin E during the same time period. Serial blood samples for assessment of the pharmacokinetic parameters of linezolid and its two inactive metabolites were collected on days 1 and 8, whereas vitamin concentrations were measured prior to and after the vitamin intake on these days. Urine was collected on days 1 and 8 to assess the fraction of dose excreted as linezolid and its major metabolites. All linezolid samples were analyzed according to validated HPLC/MS/MS methods. Linezolid was well tolerated in both groups with no reported clinically significant adverse events. No significant changes were found between the day 1 and day 8 AUC0- infinity and Cmax values of linezolid in either the vitamin C treatment group (p = 0.55 and p = 0.64, respectively) or the vitamin E treatment group (p = 0.06 and p = 0.49, respectively). Assessment of other pharmacokinetic parameters did not imply any change across the study groups. In conclusion, linezolid pharmacokinetics are not affected by concomitant administration with vitamins C and E. Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary in patients taking vitamin C or vitamin E. These no-effect drug interaction data are in accord with current literature indicating that antioxidant vitamins have only subtle effects on overall ROS balance in vivo.     

Vitamins and minerals: their role in nail health and disease

Nail health and appearance are global concerns. We investigated the use of biotin vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin A, retinoids, retinol, retinal, silicon, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, and vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) in nail health and disease. The evidence that we adduce in this paper suggests that: 1) proper nail care seems to help maintain nail health; 2) no evidence supports the use of vitamin supplementation with vitamin E, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin A, retinoids, retinol, retinal, silicon, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, or vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) for improving the nail health of well-nourished patients or improving the appearance of nails affected by pathologic disease; and 3) brittle nail syndrome appears to abate with supplementation with a 2.5-mg dose of biotin daily or a 10-mg dose of silicon daily, a useful form of which is choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid.     

Effect of food intake on blood lead concentration in workers occupationally exposed to lead

Results from a cross-sectional study showed the concentration of lead in the blood of male workers, aged 20-55 years, occupationally exposed to lead in a steel factory, to be negatively correlated with the daily nutritional content of dietary fiber, iron and vitamin B1 (thiamine) intake. Furthermore, in experiments with rats injected subcutaneously with lead acetate, lead levels in blood and femur of animals on a vitamin-rich laboratory chow were lower than those fed a general laboratory chow. Moreover, in the group fed the vitamin-rich chow, lead excretion in feces increased, while excretion in urine did not. These results suggest that lead excretion from the body may be increased by a high intake of nutrients such as thiamine, iron and fiber, that lead excretion in feces via bile may be enhanced by a large intake of vitamins such as thiamine and that accordingly the lead concentration in the blood of the workers is reduced.     

Effects of the colour additive caramel colour III on the immune system: a study with human volunteers.

Administration of the colour additive Caramel Colour III to rats has been associated with decreased numbers of lymphocytes and several other changes in the immune system, as well as in immune function parameters, specifically in animals fed a diet with a relatively low vitamin B6 content. The effects are caused by the imidazole derivative 2-acetyl-4(5)-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI). Caramel Colour III is commonly used in food products such as bakery products, soya-bean sauces, brown sauces, gravies, soup aromas, brown (dehydrated) soups, brown malt caramel blend for various applications, vinegars and beers, and effects in humans on dietary intake cannot be excluded. Elderly male volunteers with a marginal deficit in vitamin B6 were considered a relevant and potentially sensitive group to study possible effects of Caramel Colour III on blood lymphocyte numbers (total and within subsets) or on proliferative responses of lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. In addition, several other haematological parameters, as well as serum immunoglobulin levels and immunoglobulin production in vitro by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mononuclear blood cells were studied. The results of this double-blind intervention study demonstrated that in a selected test group of apparently healthy elderly male volunteers with a biochemically marginally deficient vitamin B6 status, Caramel Colour III containing 23 (commercial sample) or 143 (research sample) ppm THI and administered at the level of the current acceptable daily intake of 200 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 days did not affect any of the factors investigated.     

Alcohol intake and nutrition]

This article contains summaries of our studies carried out at the society of the research "alcohol and health" with discussions on some related studies. Items included: (1) Discussions on "could alcoholic beverage regard as a nutrient?". (2) Nutrients in alcoholic bevarages. Distilled alcoholic beverages contain little nutrients except energy, while brewered alcoholic beverages contains nutritionally significant amounts of magnesium, niacin, and vitamin B2. (3) Dietary habits and alcoholics. Survey studies on researchers working at a brewing industry revieled that positive correlations were observed between intakes amounts of alcoholic beverages and intakes amounts of pulses, fishes, eggs, and seasonings and spices. While, negative correlations were observed between intake amount of confectioneries, fruits and daily products, and intake amount of alcohol. As nutrients, intakes of energy and sodium increased and intakes of dietary fibers, niacin, vitamin C, carotene, and zinc decreased in proportion to increase in alcoholic intakes. (4) Effect of alcohol intake on metabolism of nutrients. To clarify the influence of alcohol intake on nutrients metabolism, our research group carried out several animal experiments. Thiamin status evaluated by blood thiamin level and erythrocyte transketolase activity a thiamin dependent enzyme, decreased significantly by excess administration of alcohol. Effect of alcohol on metabolism of zinc, a cofactor of alcohol dehydrogenase, was not significant in our experiments, although other researchers reported that zinc metabolism was influenced by alcohol intake. In addition, we found that copper concentration in liver decreased significantly in alcohol administered rats as compared to control rats. The mechanisms concerning alcohol intakes on copper metabolism remains to be clarified.     

维生素B2在胃癌中的作用及机制研究

摘要：目的　探讨维生素B2（Vit B2）在胃癌中的表达及其生物学意义。方法　选择39例胃癌患者（胃癌组）和40例健康体检者（对照组）,检测2组血清Vit B2水平,分析其与胃癌患者临床病理特征的关系。培养人胃癌MGC-803细胞,并取对数生长期细胞分别给予0、10、25、50、100 μmol/L Vit B2处理,检测细胞氧化磷酸化（葡萄糖、乳酸和琥珀酸脱氢酶）水平。实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）检测己糖激酶Ⅱ（HKⅡ）、丙酮酸激酶M2（PKM2）和葡萄糖转运体1（GLUT1）mRNA水平。CCK-8法检测胃癌MGC-803细胞的增殖活性。流式细胞术检测胃癌细胞的凋亡情况。结果　胃癌患者血清Vit B2水平低于对照组［（207.85±39.71）μg/L vs. （246.07±45.43）μg/L］,且血清Vit B2水平与胃癌患者的TNM分期和分化程度有关;与0 μmol/L Vit B2组相比,25、50、100 μmol/L Vit B2组细胞葡萄糖消耗量和乳酸生成量均降低,琥珀酸脱氢酶含量均升高,HKⅡ、PKM2和GLUT1 mRNA水平均降低（均P＜0.05）;且50 μmol/L Vit B2组变化最明显。对照组、Vit B2组、阿帕替尼组和联合用药组胃癌细胞增殖活性依次降低,细胞凋亡率依次升高,组间多重比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　胃癌患者血清Vit B2水平降低,Vit B2和阿帕替尼联合用药可提高其对胃癌的抗肿瘤效果。