寒区部队士兵冷损伤流行病学调查分析

目的 调查我国寒区部队士兵在低温、极低温环境下冷损伤的发生情况。方法 采用整群抽样法,以吉林省临江市、长白县、抚松县及内蒙古赤峰市共2 476名部队士兵为研究对象。调查并分析士兵的一般情况、军事训练相关因素与发生冷损伤的相关性。结果 寒区部队士兵冷损伤发生率为26.65%(660/2 476)。一般情况中的过敏史、文化程度、年龄、兵龄、入伍前居住地、适应寒区温度时间、健康情况、营养状况、入伍前睡眠时间、入伍后睡眠时间与冷损伤相关(P<0.05)。士兵参与军事训练中的调查地点、户外暴露时间、训练后体温、低温耐受力、室外温度、心理状态是否良好、基础体能训练、是否戴防寒帽、是否穿防寒大衣、训练前是否热身、训练后是否饮热饮及是否穿护腿服均与冷损伤发生相关(P<0.05)。结论 士兵机体的一般情况及军事训练中的多种因素与冷损伤的发生相关,科学地制定出寒区冷损伤防治策略,对最大限度地降低士兵寒区训练作业中冷损伤的发生具有重要意义。     

寒区士兵眼部损伤调查分析

目的了解寒区士兵眼部损伤现状。方法 2013年1月通过现场询问及调查问卷的方式,对沈阳军区寒区冬季的北极、东北极及东部三个地理位置多个部队538名战士的眼部损伤情况进行了调查研究。结果 538例中263(48.9%)例不同程度存在一定的眼部损伤,具体表现为眼部干涩、视力模糊、疼痛、见风流泪、畏光,部分战士可合并多种不适,未出现雪盲(角膜损伤及视网膜损伤);发生眼部损伤的兵龄分布中,1年兵中占40.5%,2年兵中占45.9%,3年及3年以上老兵中占58.9%。结论寒区部队没有雪盲症说明预防较好,但其他眼损伤症状发生率较高,应对官兵进一步加强教育,提高其自我保护意识。     

寒区某部冬季训练冻伤发生情况调查与分析

目的:调查了解寒区某部冬季训练期间冻伤发生情况,探讨冻伤原因和防治措施。方法:选择某部参加冬训的士兵1147例,向其发放调查表了解冻伤发生情况。结果:1147例中共发生冻伤87例,占7.6%。其中,新兵冻伤发生率9.6%,非常显著高于老兵的4.8%(P<0.01);南方籍士兵冻伤发生率11.6%,非常显著高于北方籍士兵的4.2%(P<0.01)。冻伤多见于足、手等暴露部位,天气变化、个人冻伤预防知识缺乏等多种因素均可导致冻伤。结论:寒区部队冬季训练时须加强冻伤防治。     

寒区某部冬季耐寒训练伤情调查

为增强军事素质 ,提高士兵的作战生存能力 ,寒区部队每年冬季都要进行野战条件下的适应性耐寒训练。为探索耐寒训练伤的特点、发生规律及防治措施 ,为作训部门制订训练计划提供依据 ,1999年12月 ,我们对寒区某部野营冬训中训练伤发生情况进行了调查。1　对象和方法1 1　调查对象　某部参训官兵 2 136人 ,其中干部4 0 7人 ,入伍 1年士兵 6 13人 ,入伍 2年以上士兵1116人 ,均为男性 ,年龄 18～ 4 4岁。1 2　调查内容　按调查表逐一填写年龄、身高、体重、籍贯、既往史、伤情、伤势、训练内容、机体适应情况等。1 3　调查方法　采用整群抽样法…     

寒区某特警团新兵连膳食评价

为了解寒区部队新兵连的膳食供给情况和是否有利于新战士建立冷习服，以及新战士刚到部队对部队的膳食制度的适应情况，我们用称量法对寒区某特警团新兵连队进行了膳食调查。１对象和方法选某特警团一新兵连１３５人（新战士１０５人），年龄１６～１９岁，平均１８岁，多...     

寒区某部官兵进驻热区后皮肤病患病情况调查

目的：调查寒区某部官兵首次进驻热区后皮肤病患病情况。方法：选择寒区部队官兵200例,采用全军皮肤病统一调查表和门诊登记表,调查其进驻热区前后皮肤病患病情况,并进行比较。结果：进驻热区6个月后发生皮肤病139例,占69.5%;与进驻热区前比较,皮肤病患病率升高非常显著（P〈0.01）。进驻热区后感染性皮肤病、外因性皮肤病和心身性皮肤病患病率分别为55.0%、7.5%和7.0%。结论：应加强寒区部队官兵进驻热区后皮肤病的防治。     

士兵卫生需求情况调查

为探讨新时期部队卫生工作特点和规律,我科于1998年12月以问卷调查和座谈方式对基层部队士兵卫生需求情况进行调查发现:士兵因小科病到地方看病者增多;自费购用市场新药者增多;有关部门对士兵就医缺乏必要的卫生指导。由于新时期士兵卫生需求的变化,对现行卫生服务模式进行适当改进,解决好因经费不足给医、患双方带来的矛盾,应作为今后一个时期部队卫生管理改革的重点。1　调查对象和方法1.1　调查对象　陆军入伍第1、2年士兵1770名,距体系医院120km以上。1.2　调查方法　(1)在1998年老兵退伍后,按步、装、炮等不同专业兵成建制集中组织填写…     

温区部队急进寒区应激心血管事件的预警方法及干预策略研究

目的:探讨温区部队急进寒区应激心血管事件的预警方法及干预策略.方法:从高寒对循环系统的影响、温区急进寒区对循环系统的影响、急性冷应激的损伤机制,应激心血管事件预警指标等方面,研究温区急进寒区对心血管系统的影响,并提出干预策略.结果:温区急进寒区会促进机体下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA)和交感神经系统激活,还通过热休克蛋...     

驻寒区某部士兵常见病调查及对策建议

目的探讨驻寒区某部士兵常见病的发生规律,制定有效的防治对策,确保驻寒区士兵的身心健康,提高工作训练的质量和效率。方法查阅驻寒区某部2008~2010年卫生队、队属医院、体系医院的士兵患病登记记录,对寒区常见病的发生情况进行统计和分析。结果寒区18种常见疾病患病率排在前5位的分别是上呼吸道感染、训练伤、胃炎、皮肤病、冻伤;训练伤和冻伤的发生率随军龄的增加而下降(P<0.05);在上呼吸道感染、训练伤、冻伤的患病率上,南方籍的士兵明显高于北方籍的士兵(P<0.05);而训练伤与冻伤的发生主要集中在11~3月份。结论适当的调整新兵的训练强度和训练时间,针对性的对南方兵进行寒冷气候条件下的医学防护知识讲座,不断加大针对寒区常见病,如上呼吸道感染、训练伤、胃炎、皮肤病、冻伤等疾病的预防性和医疗性经费的投入是保障寒区士兵身心健康、提高工作效率的关键。     

驻西安某部士兵口腔医疗需求自我评估情况调查

目的:调查了解驻西安某部士兵口腔医疗需求自我评估情况,为基层部队开展口腔医疗服务工作提供依据。方法:选择驻西安某部士兵(士兵组)138例,同期另选择相近年龄段西安某大学在校学生(大学生组)142例。采用整群调查的方法,对所有入选对象进行口腔医疗需求自我评估情况调查。参照2013年《全军第四次口腔健康调查表》设计调查问卷,内容包括年龄、户籍、是否独生子女、出生地、文化程度等一般情况,以及对口腔疾病自我判断、牙龈出血情况、口腔医疗需求自我评估、是否行定期口腔健康检查等情况。调查对象在现场填写问卷,经确认问卷完整有效后回收。调查问卷全部有效。结果:驻西安某部士兵138例中,自我判断口腔疾病无、轻度、重度、不清楚者分别占41.3%、31.9%、3.6%和23.2%;牙龈经常出血、偶有出血、曾经出血、不出血、不清楚者分别占8.7%、49.3%、7.2%、28.3%和6.4%;自我评估需充填、需拔除、需修复、需洁牙、其他需要、不需要(项目可多选)者分别占87.7%、88.4%、72.5%、60.1%、92.0%和68.8%;口腔健康定期检查、不定期检查、不检查、不清楚者分别占8.8%、25.5%、...     

Finger and toe temperatures on exposure to cold water and cold air

INTRODUCTION: Subjects with a weak cold-induced vasodilatation response (CIVD) to experimental cold-water immersion of the fingers in a laboratory setting have been shown to have a higher risk for local cold injuries when exposed to cold in real life. Most of the cold injuries in real life, however, occur in the foot in cold air rather than in the hand in cold water. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the within-subject relation between CIVD in the fingers and toes exposed to cold water and cold air. METHODS: In 4 experimental sessions, 11 healthy male subjects immersed their toes and fingers in 5 degrees C water and exposed the fingers and toes to -18 degrees C cold air for 30 min. The pad temperature of the middle three digits was measured. RESULTS: CIVD in water was more pronounced in the fingers (onset time 5.1 +/- 1.8 min; amplitude 5.0 +/- 2.1 degrees C) than in the toes (onset time 10.6 +/- 6.0 min; amplitude 3.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C). Out of 22 skin temperature responses to cold air, 13 were not identifiable as CIVD. The mean skin temperatures for fingers and toes during the last 20 min of cold exposure were 25.6 +/- 7.1 degrees C and 20.9 +/- 6.8 degrees C, respectively, for air and 9.3 +/- 1.9 degrees C and 7.1 +/- 1.3 degrees C for water immersion. There was a strong relation between the mean temperature of the fingers during cold-water immersion and toes during cold air exposure (r = 0.83, P < 0.01), showing that a weak CIVD response in the hand is related to a weak response in the foot. DISCUSSION: We conclude that the cold-water finger immersion test is related to the temperature response in the toes and may thus continue to serve as a valid indicator for the risk of local cold injuries.     

Ending the cold war

A theoretical basis for designing tactics which a psychosocial change agent may use in appropriate situations to reduce or eliminate rigid Cold War mind‐sets is presented. The theory is based on a ‘modes of function’ model which the agent uses to guide conduct of situations. Depending on the mode, the agent asks queries which evoke movement from lower to higher modes. When the highest mode—the Synergic Mode—is reached, the party addressed (individual or social unit) acts not only to achieve its own goals, but also to promote the goals of others, with least impedance to anyone.     

Comparative cold responses of men and women to external and internal cold stimuli

Experiments were conducted comparing the relative contribution of internal and external cold stimuli in the initiation of horripilation (cutis anserina or "goose flesh") in men and women. Five men and five women were compared. Subjects wore a water perfused vest which covered the entire thorax and allowed torso skin temperature to be maintained at either 34 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 26 degrees C, or 22 degrees C in four separate experiments. After stabilization, the subject's legs were immersed in water maintained at 16 degrees C for 20 min. After removing their legs from the water, subjects then pedalled a stationary bicycle ergometer at minimum resistance to facilitate the return of cooled venous blood to the thoracic core. Horripilation was episodic in both men and women but related significantly to torso skin temperature in men and percent body fat in women over the range of torso skin temperatures tested. There was no significant association between horripilation episodes and either the stabilization, immersion, or minimal exercise phase of the experiment. Core body temperature, as measured by rectal and esophageal thermistors, decreased significantly in men from 37.0 degrees C and 36.6 degrees C at 34 degrees C torso skin temperatures, but remained unchanged in women. The results suggest that skin cooling initiates horripilation whose occurrence and pattern are affected by different combinations of morphological or physiological variables in men and women.     

Exercise-induced angina in the cold

Exercise-induced angina (AP) is a common complaint of cardiac patients, particularly when exercising in the cold. To investigate the effects of environmental and inspired air temperature on AP, 9 patients with a history of cold-induced AP underwent progressive cycle ergometry tests in a climatic chamber on 4 separate occasions: (1) room environment (RE) (24 degrees C), and room inspired air (RA) (22.5 degrees C); (2) RE and cold inspired air (CA) (0.7 degrees C); (3) cold environment (CE) (-7.5 degrees C) and RA; and (4) CE and CA. Measurements of oxygen consumption, heart rate, blood pressure, and ventilation were made every minute and at test endpoint, which was either AP (85%) or fatigue (15% of all tests). Expired air temperature and skin temperature at 5 sites were also recorded. Results indicated that angina occurred sooner, and mean exercise time was significantly reduced in both RA/CE (-24%) and CA/CE (-15%) when compared with the RA/RE. Breathing CA in the RE did not significantly reduce exercise tolerance. Skin temperature was lower in both CE's compared to the RE's at all sites. Submaximal systolic blood pressure and calculated rate-pressure product were significantly higher in the CE's vs RE's. The adverse effects of cold on exercising angina patients are due to the earlier onset of angina, which appears to be induced more by the effects of exposure to the cold environment (-7.5 degrees C) than by cold air inhalation (0.7 degrees).     

Canoeists' disorientation following cold immersion

As an initial step to a broader study of the disorientating effects of cold water immersions on top class competitive canoeists a survey was made of the incidence of hazardous immersions amongst a majority sample of the better canoeists in the country. Virtually the entire entry to one of the most important national competitive meets was canvassed. A total of 288 canoeists in the 1st and 2nd divisions were identified and asked to participate. Replies were received from 247 (86%).All those responding had had extensive experience of canoeing in winter spate and were capable of fast and efficient first-time canoe rolls in cases of capsize. Particular interest was focussed on the 85 (34%) who had experienced at least one capsize in cold water during training or competition in mid-winter.Respondents viewed the winter capsize seriously. Despite their familiarity with the conditions in which they trained all 85, recalling their capsize experiences, reported being concerned, most (79%) only modestly so, but a significant proportion (21%) confessed to feelings of extreme alarm.A number of marked physical symptoms that regularly attend on a capsize were widely reported, the most usual of which was severe pain in the forehead (89%) and breathing and speaking difficulties when afloat (64%). Additionally 62% reported sensory problems including visual difficulties, dizziness and disorientation. Five canoeists admitted fainting.Despite these hazards few preventive measures were taken and clothing with negligible thermal insulation properties was commonly worn. It is concluded that transient cold immersions can be disturbing, and can disorientate the canoeist, but that although conscious of this and to his own potentially high cost, he takes little notice of it in his desire to compete successfully.     

Hot flakes in cold cases

In the past, it was almost impossible for forensic scientists to separate DNA from an undefined number of different individuals in mixed stains where, for example, two or more suspects had handled the same weapon. Such samples often contain complex mixtures with the consequence of ambiguous or inconclusive mixed DNA profiles. Using the method described of comprehensive and/or targeted screening of shed cells adhering to tapings of garments or objects enables such stains to be individualized. To evaluate the method, 500 microscopically selected single skin flakes were analyzed using two different commercial STR kits to compare the success rates for each PCR typing system. The method has been validated for use in routine casework and has been shown to be rapid, sensitive, and reproducible. It can be predicted that many cases in the archives with body tapings, which have not yet been examined will benefit from this new or perhaps more appropriate, reanimated, technical development, and of particular importance are serious crimes, the so-called cold cases. The remarkable forensic value of this simple but time-consuming technique is exemplified by 2 out of approximately 100 cases already successfully solved using this approach.