软骨母细胞瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨软骨母细胞瘤（Chondrohlastoma）的临床病理特征、诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法对3例软骨母细胞瘤进行常规病理检查、组织化学染色、免疫组化标记及x线分析,并复习Il盏床资料和相关文献。结果3例Chondrohlastoma患者均为青少年,平均年龄18岁,组织学上肿瘤由增生的软骨母细胞、软骨样基质及散在破骨细胞样多核巨细胞构成,并可见窗格样钙化。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞S-100（＋）、Vimentin（＋）、D2-40（4-）、CD68（－）。结论软骨母细胞瘤是少见的骨肿瘤,多见于青少年,结合临床表现、X线、病理形态及免疫表型一般可以作出正确的诊断。     

外阴血管肌纤维母细胞瘤2例病例报告

目的分析外阴血管肌纤维母细胞瘤（Angiomyofibroblastoma of the vulva，AMFB）的临床病理特征及鉴别诊断。方法对2例发生于外阴的AMFB进行病理形态观察及免疫组化标记，结合文献总结AMFB的临床病理特征及鉴别诊断。结果肿瘤境界清楚，直径〈5cm，镜下显示在粘液样和胶原纤维的背景中肿瘤细胞呈围血管排列的细胞密集区和细胞稀疏区交替分布的特征，肿瘤内血管丰富，大多为小一中等大小的薄壁血管。免疫表型：2例瘤细胞Vimentin均强阳性，1例瘤细胞Desmin（＋），1例Desmin（-）；肿瘤血管成分SMA，CD34，FⅧ均阳性，1例MSA．阳性，1例而阴性；CK，CD31，S-100均阴性。结论AMFB是一种少见的发生于女性生殖道的良性软组织肿瘤，可能起源于血管周围的具有多向分化潜能的干细胞，可向肌纤维母细胞方向分化。需与侵袭性的血管黏液瘤、富细胞性血管纤维瘤、浅表性的血管黏液瘤相鉴别。     

星形母细胞瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨星形母细胞瘤的病理形态学特点、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法应用光镜观察及免疫组织化学方法对1例星形母细胞瘤进行临床病理分析,并复习文献。结果星形母细胞瘤病变常表现为特征性的乳头状结构,瘤细胞围绕在血管周围形成假菊形团结构,细胞突起短而粗;血管出现进行性的胶原化和玻璃。免疫组织化学瘤细胞GFAP,S-100,VIM,EMA反应阳性,Syn,NF反应阴性。结论星形母细胞瘤是一种罕见的胶质肿瘤,组织学起源未定,目前根据组织学特征分为低级别和高级别两组,低级别星形母细胞瘤预后好于高级别星形母细胞瘤。     

神经母细胞瘤21例临床病理分析

目的探讨神经母细胞瘤（NB）的临床病理及免疫组化特征。方法对21例NB进行临床病理分析及免疫组化染色。结果21例NB年龄2．5个月至10岁，平均3．25岁。光镜下，瘤组织由比较一致的小圆细胞构成，弥漫分布或呈巢状排列，可见神经纤维网基质及菊形团结构。神经内分泌标记均有不同程度阳性表达。结论NB伴有神经分化、节细胞及神经胶质分化。免疫组化染色在NB诊断、鉴别诊断中具有重要作用。     

膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤病理形态学特点分析

膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤是副神经节的一种肿瘤，副神经节（paraganglia）是神经内分泌细胞聚集的小结，其分布依交感神经和副交感神经而分为交感神经副神经节和副交感神经副神经节两类。本文结合文献对1例膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤临床组织形态及免疫组织化学结果分析。     

阑尾杯状细胞类癌临床病理分析

目的探讨阑尾杯状细胞类癌（GCC）的组织学来源、临床病理特点和生物学行为。方法采用光镜结合免疫组织化学标记对1例阑尾GCC进行研究。结果本例阑尾GCC为男性。镜检肿瘤主要由杯状细胞构成,内含黏液,核位于一侧,无明显异型性,以单个、小巢或腺泡状结构排列,腺泡中央无腔隙,小管状与杯状细胞间及杯状细胞与隐窝上皮问有移行现象,但阑尾腔表面黏膜未见侵犯。免疫组织化学标记CgA,Syn,CEA,CK均阳性。结论阑尾GCC由散在的神经内分泌和黏蛋白分化的多潜能细胞分化而来,是阑尾类癌的一种亚型,诊断主要依靠常规病理、免疫组织化学的综合观察,生物学行为难以预测,可能和肿瘤组成成分及浸润程度有关。     

肺良性转移性平滑肌瘤病的诊治并文献复习

目的探讨肺良性转移性平滑肌瘤病（PBML）的临床和病理学特征及诊治要点。方法报道1例肺良性平滑肌瘤病的病例，从临床和病理资料进行分析，并对相关文献进行复习。结果肺良性转移性平滑肌瘤病临床缺乏特异性，最常见的CT表现为双肺内多发结节，肿瘤的主要成分为分化成熟的平滑肌细胞，免疫组织化学标记肿瘤细胞波形纤维蛋白（＋），结蛋白（＋），肌动蛋白（＋），雌激素受体（＋），孕激素受体（＋）。结论肺良性转移性平滑肌瘤病是一种罕见的肺内良性肿瘤，确诊靠病理学诊断。     

头面部恶性黑色素性神经鞘瘤2例及文献复习

目的 了解恶性黑色索性神经鞘瘤的临床病理特征及其鉴别诊断及预后．方法 收集2例恶性黑色索性神经鞘瘤观察其临床病理特点并进行组织化学及免疫组化染色分析。结果 所有肿瘤均具有恶性黑色素瘤的临床与组织学特征且都伴有多少量不等的黑色素。结论 恶性黑色索性神经鞘瘤少见，恶性度高，临床诊断较困难但有其病理特征．依靠镜下观察及配以组织化学染色、免疫组化染色可确诊。复习文献该肿瘤瘤细胞同时显示神经鞘瘤和黑色素细胞的分化，提示该肿瘤来自神经蝽，进一步单克隆培养实验表明神经嵴细胞具有异质性，可由全潜能细胞，多潜能细胞组成，黑色素性神经鞘瘤可以被认为是具有两种潜能细胞的增生而形成的。     

皮肤扁平疣自体植入疗法疣体脱落的病理及免疫学基础

为探讨扁平疣自体植入疗法疣体脱落的病理及免疫学基础，对反应期疣体进行常规ＨＥ染色（７例）和免疫组织化学标记（６例），结果显示，病理组织学改变（Ｉ）疣体反应区淋巴细胞浸润，同时伴棘细胞水肿，溶解：（２）未见急性炎细胞浸润及坏死细胞残骸，未见单核巨噬细胞聚集及其吞噬现象，（３）真皮层血管扩张充血不明显，免疫学特征（１）反应区浸润的淋巴细胞显示ＣＤ４５ＲＯ＋，ＣＤ６＋，ＣＤ４＋，ＣＤ８＋，ＣＤ２０－Ｍａ     

肿瘤干细胞标志物CD133和CD44在肾母细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的 探讨肿瘤干细胞标志物CD133和CD44在肾母细胞瘤中的表达及其意义。方法 收集2010年1月至2017年10月在安徽省立医院未行放化疗而直接进行手术治疗的肾母细胞瘤患者手术切除组织标本,病理诊断同步进行免疫组织化学方法检测组织中CD133和CD44阳性信号强度和阳性细胞数目,计算免疫组织化学评分。同时收集临床病理参数,分析免疫组织化学评分与临床病理参数之间是否存在相关性。结果 共收集肾母细胞瘤患儿64例,其中男性30例,女性34例。年龄中位数为36个月,其中46例年龄≤36个月,18例年龄>36个月。肿瘤大小（最大直径）2～19 cm,中位数为6.5 cm,其中32例≤6.5 cm,另外32例>6.5 cm。58例表现为预后好的病理特征,6例表现为预后差的病理特征。根据NWTS的分期,24例为1期,26例为2期,4例为3期,8例为4期,2例为5期。免疫组织化学评分结果显示,44%（28/64）的标本为CD133阳性,13%（8/64）的标本为CD44阳性。CD133的免疫组织化学评分与肾母细胞瘤NWTS分期有正相关性（r=0.813,P<0.05）;在女童中CD133评分高于男童（P<0.05）;CD133评分与患者的年龄、肿瘤的大小及病理特征无相关性（P>0.05）。结论 CD133在肾母细胞瘤中高表达,其表达水平与肾母细胞瘤的发生及恶性程度存在关系。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.