急诊体外循环的临床应用

目的：总结应用急诊体外循环(ECC)抢救和治疗危重患者的经验，并评价其临床应用价值。方法：24例危重患者均在全身麻醉ECC下行紧急心血管手术，其中3例采用常温左心辅助转流，其余采用中低温中高流量灌注；上下腔静脉-主动脉转流16例，上下腔静脉．股动脉转流4例，左心房．股动脉转流3例，股动脉．股静脉转流1例。术中采用温血顺、逆灌等多种心肌保护方法。结果：全组快速建立ECC的时间为10～15min，总ECC时间为78～182min，主动脉开放后自动复跳率83％。手术早期死亡2例，病死率8．3％，其余22例痊愈出院。结论：对心力衰竭难以控制，全身重要脏器面I临不可逆损害的患者，应积极采取ECC的方法，尽早纠正原发病变。快速建立ECC以股动、静脉置管为首选，同时不能忽视对并发症的预防。     

中低流量中深度血液稀释小儿体外循环管理

目的：探讨中低流量中深度血液稀释小儿体外循环（ECC）管理临床经验。方法回顾性分析该院2013年5～7月27例心脏病患儿采用中低流量中深度血液稀释的 ECC 管理策略,探讨其 ECC 管理经验。结果27例患儿 ECC 时间平均为（88．70±48．90）min,主动脉阻断时间平均为（58．10±34．50）,ECC 术中超滤量平均为（243．70±115．80）mL,术后拔出气管插管时间平均为（20．60±17．70）h,输血量平均为（1．34±0．62）U。27例患儿均痊愈出院。结论在小儿 ECC 中采用中低流量中深度血液稀释 ECC 管理策略,是对传统观念的补充,但尚需进一步的机制研究和多中心、大样本量的支持。     

小儿全身麻醉术后复苏的观察和护理

目的：探讨小儿全身麻醉术后复苏的观察和护理方法。方法：筛选我院80例全身麻醉术后患儿，收治时间段在2015年2月－2016年8月间，对患儿行复苏监护，分析患者的临床护理效果。结果：术后平均复苏时间为88．6±9．6（min）。80例患儿术后并发症6例，并发症发生率为7．5％；后经治疗均全部恢复健康。结论：对小儿全身麻醉术后行复苏监护，可降低术后并发症发生率，该护理可在临床上加以推及。     

小儿术后切口延迟愈合52例分析

目的：探讨切口，感染等原因对小儿术后延迟愈合的影响。方法：收集儿外科并发症患者52例，对其病因分析讨论。结果：严重感染，营养不良，电刀损伤，粪、尿污染，皮缘对合不良，缝线反应，脑脊液漏，引流不畅等因素影响小儿术后伤口的愈合。结论：小儿术后切口延迟愈合，原因复杂。因此，应提高术后切口愈合率，减少影响切口愈合的并发症。     

小儿膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗并发症及防治

目的：探讨小儿膜周部室间隔缺损（VSD）经导管介入治疗的并发症原因及防治。方法：选择VSD患儿152例，常规行介入手术治疗。对术中和术后发生并发症41例进行回顾性分析。结果：发生并发症41例（26．97％），心律失常18例（11．84％）；封堵器脱落2例（1．32％），新出现瓣膜反流8例（5．26％），少量残余分流13例（8．55％）。结论：经导管介入治疗小儿膜周部VSD操作简单、成功率高、相对安全、近期临床疗效好．但应进一步加强心律失常、瓣膜反流及残余分流等并发症的防治。     

心内直视手术后的呼吸道护理

目的：探讨如何降低小儿先天性心脏病心内直视术后呼吸道并发症。方法：对60例先心患儿术后加强呼吸道管理，结果：60例手术病人发生肺部感染1例，占1．66％，无呼吸道并发症死亡的病例。结论：加强呼吸道护理，是小儿先心病手术治疗过程中的重要一环，对于降低手术死亡率有重要意义。     

小儿腹腔镜巨结肠改良Soave根治术并发症防治

目的：介绍小儿腹腔镜改良Soave根治术治疗先天性巨结肠症22例，对手术并发症的预防和治疗进行探讨。方法：腹腔镜下分离要切除的病变结肠纱膜，结肠从直肠肌鞘内拖出与肛门吻合。对腹内大出血和术后肛门吻合口感染，部分结肠回缩，以及并发小肠炎进行分析和治疗。结果：本组并发症5例，占22．7％，经治疗后均痊愈出院。术后随访20例均食欲正常、无腹胀，每天自行排便2－5交，肛门吻合口无狭窄、无粪污，体重增加。结论：小儿腹腔镜巨结肠根治术是一种新型手术方法，与传统的先天性巨结肠开腹根治术比较，术中术后并发症少。对术中腹内大出血以及术后肛铁合口感染结肠回缩等严重并发症，只要处理得当完全可以避免。因此小儿腹腔镜为新生儿、婴幼儿先天性巨结肠症的治疗提供了一种新的安全有效的方法。     

小儿阑尾切除术298例分析

目的：探讨小儿阑尾炎的发病规律、病变特点、诊疗和并发症的防治。方法：回顾性分析298例小儿阑尾炎的基本资料、诊疗经过及转归。结果：298例全部治愈，治愈率100％，坏疽穿孔率25％，并发症率7％、误诊率10％。并发症为术后伤口感染11例（4％），主要为阑尾穿孔患儿，急性单纯性阑尾炎和慢性阑尾炎术后无感染者：发生粘连性肠梗阻9例（3％）。结论：小儿阑尾炎，尤其是急性阑尾炎早期症状不典型，坏疽穿孔率、误诊率高，并发症多且后果严重，故应早期诊断和早期手术治疗。     

小切口治疗小儿疝气的应用效果分析与报道

目的：研究并分析治疗小儿疝气患者时使用小切口治疗的效果。方法：收集小儿疝气患者共106例,根据随机对照、平行、单盲的原则将其分为对照组（53例）和观察组（53例）,对照组接受传统斜切口术,观察组则接受小切口治疗,将两组患儿的术后并发症发生率进行观察和对比。结果：观察组术后并发症发生率为3．8％,明显低于对照组的18．9％,P＜0．05。结论：在小儿疝气患者的治疗过程中,小切口治疗能够显著降低术后并发症的发生几率,使患儿更加受益,值得推广应用。     

体外循环与心脏手术后的腹内并发症

应用体外循环(ECC)施行心脏手术后腹内并发症虽不常见,但却是致命的。据文献报告ECC术后腹内并发症的发生率为0.29～2.0％,病死率为13～63％。其中尤以心肺移植术后腹内并发症的发生率为高,占9.5～33％。为降低病死率,早期诊断与及时治疗都甚重要。本文对ECC与心脏术后腹内各系统并发症的发病情况、高危因素、发病机理与处理作一概述。一、胃十二指肠出血或穿孔胃十二指肠出血为ECC术后腹内并发症中常见者。Merrell报告其发生率为24％。Hanks报告43例腹部并发症中胃肠出血19例,多发生在术后1～5周,其中经内窥镜,血管造影,尸检证实出血来源于十     

婴幼儿心脏直视术的并发症分析

目的：探讨婴幼儿心脏直视术围手术期的治疗方法。方法：统计分析1992年2月-2004年7月共1018例婴幼儿围手术期治疗的临床资料。结果：本组死亡58例，死亡率5．70％，术后发生并发症150例．发生率14．85％。结论：婴幼儿心脏直视术围手术期的治疗，重点在于输液成分和量的控制、血管活性药物的合理应用以及呼吸道的管理、防止多器官衰竭的发生。     

Outcome of rationing access to open-heart surgery: effect of the wait for elective surgery on patient outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the waiting period before elective open-heart surgery on patient outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: The Montreal Heart Institute, a referral centre in cardiology and cardiac surgery. PATIENTS: All 568 patients who underwent open-heart surgery on an elective basis or following urgent admission or interhospital transfer between October 1991 and February 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In-hospital death rate, incidence of postoperative complications, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and total length of hospital stay. RESULTS: A total of 206 patients (151 men and 55 women with an average age of 59.0 [standard error of the mean (SEM) 1] years) underwent elective surgery, and 362 patients (264 men and 98 women with an average age of 62.0 [SEM 1] years) underwent urgent surgery. The mean wait for elective surgery was 2.8 (SEM 0.2) months. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the in-hospital death rate (4% v. 4%), the average length of stay in the ICU (4.4 [SEM 0.2] days v. 5.8 [SEM 1] days) or the average total length of hospital stay (9.0 [SEM 0.4] days v. 9.1 [SEM 1] days). As would be expected, postoperative complications developed in significantly more patients in the urgent group (27%) than the elective group (18%) (p = 0.02). Eight patients were admitted on an urgent basis for surgery owing to worsening symptoms or acute myocardial infarction after a mean wait of 4.6 months. One patient died suddenly at home 1 month after medical investigation while awaiting repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. Among the 206 patients who underwent elective surgery there was no relation between waiting time and adverse clinical outcomes after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the wait before elective open-heart surgery had no effect on patient outcome after surgery in our institution. A policy of a short waiting period before elective open-heart surgery for patients whose condition is stable is safe and acceptable only if rapid access to medical and surgical treatment is available should it become necessary.     

心脏直视手术后膈肌麻痹的预防及对策

目的探讨心脏直视手术后膈肌麻痹的预防及对策。方法2003年1月￣2006年7月我中心在体外循环下共完成心脏直视手术2434例,术后并发膈肌麻痹11例(正中开胸8例,侧开胸3例),均为3岁以下患儿,难于脱离呼吸机,后均经肋间切口行膈肌折叠治疗。结果膈肌折叠术后10例顺利脱离呼吸机,治愈出院,1例死亡(并发肺部感染、呼吸衰竭)。讨论术中良好的膈神经保护可减少心脏直视术后膈肌麻痹的发生,术后早期积极的膈肌折叠治疗可明显地改善患儿的呼吸功能。     

心脏直视手术后膈肌麻痹的预防及对策

目的探讨心脏直视手术后膈肌麻痹的预防及对策。方法2003年1月~2006年7月我中心在体外循环下共完成心脏直视手术2434例，术后并发膈肌麻痹11例（正中开胸8例，侧开胸3例），均为3岁以下患儿，难于脱离呼吸机，后均经肋间切口行膈肌折叠治疗。结果膈肌折叠术后10例顺利脱离呼吸机，治愈出院，1例死亡（并发肺部感染、呼吸衰竭）。讨论术中良好的膈神经保护可减少心脏直视术后膈肌麻痹的发生，术后早期积极的膈肌折叠治疗可明显地改善患儿的呼吸功能。     

婴幼儿体外循环术后早期死亡原因分析

目的总结1 172例婴幼儿心内直视手术患儿死亡病例的年龄分布特点及死亡原因,以期进一步提高治疗水平。方法分析2001年1月至2010年12月1 172例婴幼儿先天性心脏病患儿的临床资料,男701例,女471例,平均年龄（12.8±9.5）个月。按手术年代时间段和年龄及病种不同进行分组分析。结果 1 172例婴幼儿体外循环心内直视术后共死亡46例,病死率3.92%;其中急诊手术56例,死亡7例,病死率12.5%;2005年1月至2010年12月的878例患儿中死亡20例,病死率2.28%。婴幼儿的病死率在各年龄段的分布中以小于1岁的患儿较高。死亡原因为：低心排血量综合征18例、呼吸衰竭14例、肾功能衰竭10例,多器官功能衰竭4例。结论婴幼儿体外循环心内直视手术时年龄越小病死率越高,死于心、肺功能衰竭的患儿比例较高;外科技术水平的提高,体外循环管理的改进,术后监护水平的提高可降低患儿的病死率。     

Atrial fibrillation as a nonpsychiatric predictor of delirium after cardiac surgery: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of cardiac surgery and the occurrence of postoperative complications, including arrhythmias, low-output syndrome, delirium, and death. The aim was to evaluate its direct influence on prognosis of patients subjected to cardiac surgery. MATERIAL/METHODS: This is a pilot study of the CODACS trial (COnsciousness Disorders After Cardiac Surgery). Two hundred sixty patients admitted for open-heart surgery were prospectively included in the study. Preoperative AF was diagnosed on the basis of multiple electrocardiographic examinations and confirmed by 24-h Holter monitoring. Diagnosis of delirium following surgical intervention was based on DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: Preoperative AF was diagnosed in 23 patients (8.8%): in 15 patients in the nondelirious group (7%) and 8 (27.0%) in the delirious group. Preoperative AF was an independent predictor of postoperative delirium (p<0.001), increasing its risk of occurrence over sevenfold (OR=7.2). AF also increased the risk of such postoperative complications as supraventricular arrhythmia (AF: 78.3% vs. non-AF: 22.8%, p<0.001), stroke (8.7% vs. 1.3%, p<0.001), and low-output syndrome (21.7% vs. 17.3%, p=0.033) and worsened prognosis, significantly increasing the risk of death (8.7% vs. 0.8%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative AF was an independent risk factor of postoperative delirium (OR=7.2). It was also associated with significantly worse postoperative outcome (supraventricular arrhythmia, stroke, low-output syndrome, and risk of death). These results and data from available studies suggest that preoperative AF should be considered as an important predictor of postoperative outcome. This problem should be the subject of future research to establish beneficial treatment options.     

腹腔镜微创治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄

目的 总结腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术的技术要点和经验.方法 回顾性分析2004年以来应用腹腔镜治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄139例的病历资料.结果 139例手术都获得成功,无手术失败及术后并发症的发生,均痊愈出院.结论 腹腔镜治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄是安全可靠的,具有术后恢复快、并发症少、微创、美观等特点.     

Open-heart surgery in elderly patients

Between March 1975 and March 1980, 50 patients aged 70 to 78 years underwent open-heart surgery at the Montreal Heart Institute. Coronary bypass was performed in 23 patients, valve replacement in 16 and combined coronary and valve surgery in 11. There were four early deaths, all due to cardiac causes. Early postoperative complications occurred in 58% of the patients. There were seven late deaths, five in the valve replacement groups and two in the isolated coronary bypass group. The cumulative survival rate 5 years after surgery was estimated at 76%. While 82% of the survivors were in functional class III or IV before surgery, 90% were in class I or II when last seen, after an average postoperative follow-up of 3 years. Nonfatal late complications occurred in eight of the survivors, one of whom suffered a major hemorrhage due to anticoagulant therapy. Thus, open-heart operations can be offered to the elderly, with a low risk of operative death. The late clinical improvement, with a return to a normal lifestyle, justifies a surgical approach for patients in otherwise good general condition.     

带蒂大网膜移植在胸外科手术的应用

目的:探讨部分难治性胸科疾病手术中应用带蒂大网膜移植的方法及临床应用价值.方法:对31例胸外科手术应用了带蒂大网膜移植在胸部、胸腔相应部位或脏器进行包裹、填塞、插入等不同术式.结果:本组11例食管癌胃代食管、胃食管吻合术病例均在术后第7天进食流质,无吻合口瘘发生;2例肝破裂和3例脾破裂术后无出血,无感染,恢复快;5例支气管胸膜瘘病例术后随诊6月～2年均无支气管胸膜瘘复发;7例慢性脓胸病例术后恢复顺利,3例慢性结核性胸壁脓肿并窦道形成病例术后继续规则抗痨治疗6～12个月,均痊愈出院,随诊9月～3年无复发.结论:带蒂大网膜移植术操作简单,创伤性少,应用于外科治疗胸部软组织缺损等部分胸科疾病及预防手术后并发症可以取得良好效果.     

"匙孔"微创手术治疗儿童腹股沟疝341例

目的:探讨儿童腹股沟疝手术方式的改进--"匙孔"微创法,观察其治疗效果及评估其临床应用推广价值.方法:对采取"匙孔"微创法治疗的本组341例儿童腹股沟疝资料进行回顾性分析.结果:治愈率为100%,并发症明显降低,手术患儿年龄范围扩大到大龄儿.结论:"匙孔"微创手术治疗儿童腹股沟疝与传统手术方法及现代腹腔镜手术相比较,具有损伤小,疗效佳,操作简单,无须特殊设备等优点,具有良好的社会、经济价值,值得临床尤其是基层医院推广应用.