淋巴结切除术对子宫内膜癌的临床意义

手术治疗是子宫内膜癌的主要治疗方式,通过手术治疗可以明确诊断、病理分级、临床分期,并为术后的辅助治疗提供充分的临床资料。对于子宫内膜癌患者是否常规进行淋巴结切除仍存在较大争议,特别是对于低危的子宫内膜癌患者而言,因为低危患者淋巴结转移发生率非常低,且不影响患者的预后,但目前没有全面的划分淋巴结转移危险因素及其危险程度的统一标准。本文就子宫内膜癌的淋巴结转移特点,影响淋巴结转移的因素,淋巴结切除的并发症,淋巴结切除术对预后的影响,淋巴结切除的临床意义及淋巴结切除的发展方向等方面加以综述,我们认为对于内膜癌患者应选择个体化的治疗方案,注重术前的全面评估,对于G3,透明细胞,浸润肌层≥1/2,病灶>2cm,宫颈受累等应进行包括腹主动脉旁淋巴结在内的系统淋巴结切除术。     

Lymph nodes metastasis in cervical cancer: Incidences,risk factors,consequences and imaging evaluations

1 Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, consequences and accuracy of imaging evaluation of lymph node (LN) metastasis in a cohort of 406 patients treated with radical hysterectomy (RH), lymphadenectomy of pelvic LN (PLN) and para‐aortic LN (PALN), which was performed primarily by one physician.

2 Methods

From February 2001 to November 2015, patients with cervical cancer of FIGO stage IB were included, if they received RH of class III or type C performed by Dr. M. Wu in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Follow‐up ended in December 2016. Incidences and accuracy of imaging evaluation of LN metastasis were described, and predictive factors of LN metastasis and its impact on survival outcomes were determined in univariate and multivariate models.

3 Results

Among 406 patients with clinical stage IB, 57 (14.0%) had lymphatic metastasis. In multivariate model, positive parametrium was independent factor for general LN metastasis (odds ratio [OR] 5.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.1–12.1) and PLN metastasis (OR 5.3; 95% CI, 2.2–12.8). Positive PLN was independent factor for metastasis to common iliac LN and PALN. After adjusted with clinico pathologic factors, general and site‐specific LN metastases were independent risk factors of progression‐free survival and overall survival (all P values <0.05). Preoperative imaging evaluation had low sensitivity but high specificity for predicting LN metastasis. Various imaging methods had similar predictive accuracy.

4 Conclusion

Lymphatic metastasis was significantly related to the clinico pathologic characters and survival of cervical cancer. More sensitive preoperative evaluation is needed for predicting the LN metastasis.     

Rationale and definition of the lateral extension of the inguinal lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer derived from an embryological and anatomical study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to define the location of the most lateral superficial inguinal node lying along the inguinal ligament, through an embryological and anatomotopographical study, in order to rationalize the lateral extension of the groin lymphadenectomy in vulvar cancer. METHODS: Sections of the upper portion of the femoral triangle belonging to three human fetuses, whose crown-rump (CR) length ranged from 70 to 310 mm, corresponding to a developmental age of 11 and 35 weeks, were studied. In addition, for an objective topographical evaluation of the disposition of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, adult cadavers photographs of dissected Scarpa's triangle, reported in anatomical atlases, were analyzed. RESULTS: Both the embryological investigation and the anatomotopographical evaluation on cadavers photographs demonstrate that the most lateral superficial inguinal lymph node does not rise above the medial margin of the sartorius muscle, nor far lateral to the point where the superficial circumflex iliac vessels cross the inguinal ligament. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the present study, the authors believe that the superficial circumflex iliac vessels could represent the lateral surgical landmark, easily detectable, at which the inguinal lymphadenectomy should cease. Therefore, there is no need to extend the lateral excision to the anterior superior iliac spine. Finally, leaving the fatty tissue laterally to these vessels, some lymphatic channels could be preserved, decreasing the incidence and the entity of wound seroma and lymphedema.     

Radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy for treatment of early stage cervical cancer: clinical experience of 278 cases

This study includes 278 cases of stage I and II cervical cancer subjected to radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy. The clinical experience of 278 cases is reviewed. Of these cases, 215 were in stage I, and 63 were in stage II. Intraoperative complications occurred at a rate of 9.7% and involved injuries to the great vessels, lower urinary tract, nerves, and rectum. Operative mortality was found to be 0.3%. Postoperative complications were observed in 20.1% of patients. Fistulae were observed in 8 (2.8%) patients. The overall survival rate was 83.8%. The 5-year survival rates for stages IA, IB, IIA, and IIB were 100.0%, 87.9%, 71.0%, and 64.0%, respectively. Pelvic lymph node metastases varied from 0% for stage IA to 40.0% for stage IIB and paraaortic involvement varied from 0% for stage IA to 50.0% for stage IIB. Radical surgery seems to be the treatment of choice for patients with early invasive cervical cancer.     

胃癌的淋巴结转移与清扫范围关系的探讨

目的:探讨胃癌淋巴结转移的特点及其对手术清扫范围的指导意义.方法:收集我院经手术治疗的103例胃癌患者的临床及病理资料,统计资料中淋巴结转移情况并计算淋巴结转移率,分析淋巴结转移率与肿瘤大小、临床分期、Borrmann分型的关系.结果:103例患者胃癌淋巴结转移率为68.9%(71/103).随着肿瘤直径的增加,淋巴结转移率(度)也增高(P<0.05);临床分期中,胃癌的淋巴结转移率(度)随着临床分期的进展而增高,Ⅰ期患者淋巴结转移率(度)均低于其它期 (P<0.01);Borrmann分型中,Ⅲ型患者的淋巴结转移率为81.6%(40/49),高于其它型(P<0.05),而Ⅳ型患者淋巴结转移度32.4%(161/497)最高.结论:淋巴结转移率和转移度随着胃癌的临床进展而增高.合理行扩大淋巴结清扫术能够及时清除肿瘤可能的转移灶,进而有助于降低患者肿瘤转移的可能性.     

胃癌的淋巴结转移与清扫范围关系的探讨

目的：探讨胃癌淋巴结转移的特点及其对手术清扫范围的指导意义。方法：收集我院经手术治疗的103例胃癌患者的临床及病理资料,统计资料中淋巴结转移情况并计算淋巴结转移率,分析淋巴结转移率与肿瘤大小、临床分期、Borrmann分型的关系。结果：103例患者胃癌淋巴结转移率为68.9%（71/103）。随着肿瘤直径的增加,淋巴结转移率（度）也增高（P〈0.05）;临床分期中,胃癌的淋巴结转移率（度）随着临床分期的进展而增高,Ⅰ期患者淋巴结转移率（度）均低于其它期（P〈0.01）;Borrmann分型中,Ⅲ型患者的淋巴结转移率为81.6%（40/49）,高于其它型（P〈0.05）,而Ⅳ型患者淋巴结转移度32.4%（161/497）最高。结论：淋巴结转移率和转移度随着胃癌的临床进展而增高。合理行扩大淋巴结清扫术能够及时清除肿瘤可能的转移灶,进而有助于降低患者肿瘤转移的可能性。     

内侧入路清扫胰上淋巴结在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用价值

目的:探讨内侧入路清扫胰上淋巴结在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用价值。方法:选择2016年1月至2018年6月在我院行腹腔镜手术的104例远端胃癌患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组各52例。对照组采用常规入路清扫胰上淋巴结,观察组采用内侧入路清扫胰上淋巴结。观察2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症（包括吻合口狭窄、胰瘘、腹腔脓肿,医院死亡率）、术后住院时间。结果:2组手术时间、输血率、中转手术率相比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;2组术中失血量、吻合类型、体内吻合率、胰上淋巴结清扫数量等存在差异（P<0.05）。观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组下地时间和院内死亡率相比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,观察组经口进食时间、住院时间均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:腹腔镜胃癌根治术中采用内侧入路清扫胰上淋巴结可提高淋巴结清扫数,促进术后恢复,值得进一步研究探讨。     

D2 lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer surgery

Gastric cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. Surgery is the most widely utilized treatment for resectable gastric cancer. Evidence indicates that lymph node involvement and depth of invasion of the primary tumor are the most important prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients. Therefore, lymph node clearance is deemed a key procedure in gastric cancer surgery for the prognostic value to patients. Although the appropriate lymphadenectomy during gastrectomy for cancer still remains controversial, extended lymph node dissection （D2 lymphadenectomy） should be recommended in high volume hospitals.     

甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清除术的“平衡”与思考

甲状腺癌近年来发病激增,已成为最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。颈淋巴结清除术作为甲状腺癌根治术的重要组成,存在诸多不规范问题及争论焦点,备受关注。现就颈淋巴结清除术中的几个“平衡”问题予以浅谈分析,以期提高临床医生对于甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清除术精准诊疗的全面认识。     

Therapeutic role of systematic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic role of systematic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in patients with endometrial cancer.MethodsFrom December 2003 to December 2008, 349 eligible patients who underwent surgical staging procedures at primary treatment were retrospectively analyzed: systematic lymphadenectomy group (n = 246) and no-lymphadenectomy group (n = 103). Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsOverall, patients who underwent lymphadenectomy improved 5-year disease-free survival (89.0% versus 80.7%, P = 0.019) and overall survival (92.8% versus 81.5%, P = 0.001) compared to those who did not undergo lymphadenectomy. Overall survival was not related to lymphadenectomy in 212 low-risk patients (93.1% versus 84.6%, P = 0.176). However, this association was found in 137 patients with intermediate and high-risk (86.2% versus 73.3%, P = 0.021). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that FIGO stage (P = 0.037) and lymphadenectomy (P = 0.023) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival.ConclusionsSystematic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy has a potentially therapeutic role on survival in surgically staged patients with endometrial cancer.     

Contribution of pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy with sentinel node biopsy in patients with IB2-IIB cervical cancer

Objective:

Detection of lymph node involvement in women with IB2–IIB cervical cancer could have a positive effect on survival. We set out to evaluate the incidence of pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph node involvement using the sentinel node (SN) biopsy and its impact on survival.

Methods:

From 2002 to 2010, 66 women with IB2–IIB cervical cancer underwent a pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy with SN biopsy. Survival between groups according to lymph node status was evaluated.

Results:

Mean tumour size was 43.5 mm. At least one SN was detected in 69% of the 45 SN procedures performed. Sixteen of these patients had metastatic SN and the false negative rate was 20%. Metastatic pelvic SNs or non-SNs were detected in 33 patients (50%), including pelvic-positive nodes in 26 (40%), pelvic- and paraaortic-positive lymph nodes in seven (11%), and paraaortic skip metastases in two (6%). Positive paraaortic node was the sole determinant for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS; P<0.001). Differences in DFS and OS between groups according to the nodal status were observed (P<0.001).

Conclusion:

SN procedure gave a higher rate of metastasis detection. Further studies are required to evaluate whether pre-therapeutic node staging, including paraaortic and pelvic lymphanedectomy, should be performed.     

Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with Ib1 stage cervical cancer: Analysis of surgical and oncological outcome

Aim

To evaluate safety, feasibility and oncological outcome of total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (TLRH) in patients with early invasive cervical cancer.

Methods

Data of patients with Ib1 cervical cancer who underwent TLRH were prospectively collected. Inclusion criteria were: good general condition, tumor size <3 cm, and no evidence of lymph node metastases in imaging study (MRI and/or CT and/or PET). Radical hysterectomy was performed with a PlasmaKinetic tissue management system. Adjuvant therapy was administered according to surgical risk factors.

Results

Between September 2001 and October 2007 107 patients underwent laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Conversion to laparotomy was necessary in 6 patients. Median number of resected pelvic lymph nodes was 26. Median blood loss was 200 ml and median duration of surgery was 305 min. Minor intraoperative complications were registered in two patients, while five patients needed a second surgery for postoperative complications. Thirteen patients had microscopic nodal metastasis. A total of 24 patients received adjuvant therapy. After a median follow-up of 30 months 11 patients had a recurrence; survival rate is 95%.

Conclusion

Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy, in experienced hands, has to be considerate an adequate and feasible surgical technique. Considering historical data the oncological outcome can be considered comparable to patients treated with laparotomy, as the relapse rate in our population was 11% and the overall survival good.     

Advances in fertility-sparing surgery for cervical cancer

This article reviews the literature on fertility-sparing surgery in early cervical cancer. The article evaluates selection criteria, preoperative management and the most frequent surgical procedures used for preservation of fertility in cervical cancer. The article also analyzes oncological, fertility and pregnancy results. Oncological outcomes are not statistically different among single groups (vaginal radical trachelectomy, abdominal radical trachelectomy, simple trachelectomy or cone with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy). Oncological results after fertility-sparing procedures in women with tumors smaller than 2 cm are comparable with women with the same risk factors after radical hysterectomy. Pregnancy following fertility-sparing surgery is associated with a variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially second-trimester loss and preterm delivery. Less radical procedures (simple trachelectomy or cone with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy) show statistically significant better pregnancy results. The pregnancy rate after abdominal radical trachelectomy was dramatically lower than in women treated with other types of fertility-sparing surgery. In the future, it will be necessary to optimize the technique and management of fertility-sparing surgery in order to attain good oncological results. Pregnancy outcomes should be given high priority. Fertility-sparing surgery is valuable for women who want to preserve their reproductive capability.     

宫颈癌广泛子宫全切及盆腔淋巴结清除术后血清蛋白质变化

目的比较宫颈癌患者在广泛子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清除手术前后血清中蛋白质的变化,寻找评价治疗效果的可能性指标。方法采用铜离子结合芯片、表面增强激光解吸离子化飞行时间质谱仪以及配套软件,检测49例宫颈癌及71例年龄相配的健康女性血清,筛选出一组有分类意义的差异蛋白质。用同样的方法检测35例宫颈癌广泛子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清除手术后10d及术后3个月的血清,比较这一组差异蛋白质的变化。结果宫颈癌与正常对照组比较,共有47种蛋白质质谱峰差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),有分类意义的蛋白质有6种,质荷比(M/Z)为M8929.31、M7930.52、M9127.31、M8141.01、M7963.06和M9280.63,在宫颈癌患者中低表达,含量明显低于正常对照,用质荷比为M8929.31的蛋白质建立决策树分类模型,敏感性为97.96%(48/49),特异性为98.59%(70/71)。经手术治疗后,除M/Z为M9280.63的蛋白质较手术前略有下降外(P>0.05),其余5种则明显回升(P<0.05),术后3个月时复查,这6种蛋白质继续回升(P<0.05)。结论质荷比为M8929.31、M7930.52、M9127.31、M8141.01、M7963.06及M9280.63的一组蛋白质与宫颈癌密切相关,有可能成为评价宫颈癌治疗效果以及判断预后的一组指标。     

The importance of an extended lymphadenectomy in the management of high-grade invasive bladder cancer

The role of a regional lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of high-grade invasive bladder cancer has evolved over the last several decades. A growing body of evidence suggests that an extended lymph node dissection may provide, not only improved prognostic information, but also a clinically significant therapeutic benefit for both lymph node-positive and -negative patients undergoing radical cystectomy. The extent of the primary bladder tumor, number of lymph nodes removed and the lymph node tumor burden are important prognostic variables in patients undergoing cystectomy. In addition, the concept of lymph node density may further improve stratification of lymph node-positive patients. The historical development and contemporary rationale for an extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy are reviewed.     

宫颈癌59例淋巴结转移情况简析

目的　分析宫颈癌患者后腹膜淋巴结的转移情况。方法　 5年来进行广泛性子宫和盆腔淋巴结切除的FIGOⅠ期和Ⅱ期患者 59例 ,其中 57例术前进行了间接法盆腔淋巴结造影。切除的淋巴结分装标记送病检。结果　有淋巴结转移者 1 8例 ,转移率 30 %。切除的淋巴结数目 1 3～ 35个 ,平均 2 2个。转移部位以髂内最多 ,其余依次为闭孔、髂外、髂总、腹股沟深淋巴结 ,右侧多于左侧 ,但P >0 .0 5。临床Ⅰ期淋巴结阳性 2 4 .3 % ;Ⅱ期 40 .9% ,P >0 .0 5。术前淋巴造影与术后病理相符 2例 ,不符 2 8例 ,二者无相关关系 ,P >0 .0 5。结论　宫颈癌患者的盆腔淋巴结转移问题不容忽视。目前采用的临床分期尚存在一定的局限性。盆腔淋巴结切除对临床Ⅰ期宫颈癌是必要的。淋巴结的转移部位无特殊性。间接法淋巴造影技术尚待改进     

腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术中对前哨淋巴结的辨认和处理

目的 探讨腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术中对前哨淋巴结的辨认和处理,并寻找外阴癌淋巴引流的主要途径。方法 收集3例外阴鳞癌患者,在腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术前,于肿瘤的外上方皮内和皮下注射亚甲蓝注射液,在腔镜下切除腹股沟淋巴结的过程中寻找蓝染的淋巴结和淋巴管,并确定其所在的位置。结果 3例外阴癌患者均显示出蓝染的前哨淋巴结和淋巴管,并予以切除。前哨淋巴结均为位于腹壁浅静脉上内方的耻骨结节旁淋巴结。结论 腹股沟前哨淋巴结在腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术中容易辨认和切除,耻骨结节旁淋巴结是外阴癌重要的前哨淋巴结。     

宫颈癌保留盆腔神经的广泛子宫切除术的疗效分析

目的:探讨保留神经的广泛子宫切除手术的可行性.方法:2011年1月至2015年12月,陕西省肿瘤医院收治57例子宫颈癌(诊断为Ⅰa2-Ⅱa期)患者,按纳入和排除标准随机分为两组,A组27例,实施保留盆腔神经的广泛子宫切除术(NSRH);B组30例,实施广泛子宫切除术加盆腔淋巴结清扫术(RH),比较两组间的总手术时间、术中失血量、宫旁及阴道切除长度、切除淋巴结数量及膀胱、直肠功能恢复情况.结果:两组患者均顺利完成手术,保留组总手术时间、术中失血量、宫旁及阴道切除长度、切除淋巴结数量等方面与对照组比较,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);拔除尿管平均时间(213.2±60.4)h、术后残余尿量(50.7±7)ml、肛门排气时间(53.2±4.3)min、术后排便时间(72.4±3.3)min与对照组(297.6 ±72)h、(70.8±9)ml、(68.1±5.6)min、(89.5±6.7)min比较,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后随访3~24个月,两组患者排便、排尿无异常,均无复发、转移及死亡病例.结论:NSRH有利于术后膀胱、直肠功能恢复,对早期宫颈癌治疗具有安全性和可行性.