64层CT冠状动脉成像技术和冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉疾病诊断的对照研究

目的比较64层计算机断层摄影扫描冠状动脉成像技术(64-slice computed tomography coronaryangiography,64-SCTCA)和冠状动脉造影(coronary artery angiography,CAG)在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析126例疑似冠心病的患者64-SCTCA和CAG检查资料,并对两组资料进行对比分析。结果 64-SCTCA和CAG检查结果中可用于评价的病变血管段支数比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。CAG共发现≥50%狭窄节段242个,64-SCTCA共发现≥50%狭窄节段199个,两种检查方法对病变狭窄的显示情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。全部126例冠心病患者中有91%通过64-SCTCA发现(110/121)。64-SCTCA诊断冠状动脉病变血管的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为81.6%、98.8%、79.5%、99%。结论 64-SCTCA可作为冠心病无创、便捷、可靠的检查方法。     

Left main stem coronary artery dissection during coronary angiography

This paper describes a case of dissection of the main stem of the left coronary artery during coronary angiography with an uneventful clinical course. As far as we know, only one comparable case has been reported before. A brief survey of the pertinent literature is presented. Some possible pathogenetic factors are considered. No specific preventive or therapeutic measurement can be recommended.     

Rotational X-ray coronary angiography.

We designed and implemented a digital flat-panel-based rotational X-ray coronary angiography technique hypothesizing that luminal disease could be identified with less radiation exposure and contrast usage compared to conventional angiography. Individuals scheduled for diagnostic coronary angiography were prospectively enrolled. In addition to conventional acquisitions in standard planes, subjects underwent one additional left coronary artery (LCA) or right coronary artery (RCA) rotational (spin) acquisition using a predefined trajectory. Radiation exposure and contrast volume were recorded for each run. Seventy-five subjects were enrolled. When compared with standard five-view cine acquisition, LCA spin angiography with one cranial and one caudal run resulted in 34.38% +/- 13.65% less radiation, 18.98% +/- 4.97% less contrast, and comparable assessment of stenosis severity. One spin acquisition compared with three standard cine acquisitions for RCA angiography resulted in 59.31% +/- 29.07% lower radiation, no significant change in contrast, and comparable assessment of stenosis severity. Rotational X-ray coronary angiography provides comparable visualization of coronary anatomy compared with traditional nonrotational coronary angiography with significantly less radiation exposure and contrast volume.     

Atrial myxoma's and coronary angiography

Coronary angiography is not an only important component of preoperative evaluation of the patient with underlying coronary artery disease but also diagnostic tool for delineating cardiac myxomas. This also serve as an important surgical anatomical marker. We present two cases which presented with repeated episode of chest pain, were found to have atrial blushing on coronary angiography subsequent confirmation of diagnosis of atrial myxoma on echocardiography. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

冠状动脉造影检查在冠心病诊断中作用的再探讨

目的探讨冠状动脉造影（CAG）检查在诊断冠心病中作用,就其对多年来被认为是金标准作用进行再探讨。方法对138例怀疑有冠心病的患者,均经普通ECG,动态ECG,活动平板和CAG。结果只有71例患者的冠状动脉造影检查符合目前冠心病标准,其余67例患者冠状动脉未达标（轻度-中度狭窄,或完全正常或仅见散在斑块形成）。结论冠心病的诊断是一个较为复杂的问题,CAG检查是诊断冠心病的一个重要依据,有相当比例的冠心病患者（CAG）无明显异常。     

冠状动脉多层螺旋CT成像及冠脉造影对冠脉搭桥术后桥血管的评价

目的观察冠状动脉多层螺旋CT成像及冠脉造影对冠脉搭桥手术后桥血管的评价作用。方法33例冠脉搭桥手术患者,术前常规冠脉造影检查,手术行不停跳冠脉搭桥术,手术后1 a行冠状动脉多层螺旋CT成像,并于冠状动脉多层螺旋CT成像复查后1周内行冠脉造影检查。结果33例患者共行冠脉搭桥101支,冠状动脉多层螺旋CT成像能够成功显示99支,显示率为98.02%。冠状动脉多层螺旋CT成像与冠脉造影结果对比,其对冠脉搭桥手术后桥血管狭窄和阻塞评价敏感度达100%。结论应用冠状动脉多层螺旋CT成像对冠脉搭桥术后桥血管评价简便、无创,具有较好的可信性和可行性。     

Catheter separation during coronary angiography

Complete fracture and separation of a right coronary Judkins catheter during coronary angiography is presented. The possible mechanism underlying the separation and retrieval of the catheter fragment is described.     

Safety and efficacy of dual‐axis rotational coronary angiography vs. standard coronary angiography

Objective: To determine the safety and efficacy of dual‐axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) by directly comparing it to standard coronary angiography (SA). Background: Standard coronary angiography (SA) requires numerous fixed static images of the coronary tree and has multiple well‐documented limitations. Dual‐axis rotational coronary angiography (DARCA) is a new rotational acquisition technique that entails simultaneous LAO/RAO and cranial/caudal gantry movement. This technological advancement obtains numerous unique images of the left or right coronary tree with a single coronary injection. We sought to assess the safety and efficacy of DARCA as well as determine DARCA's adequacy for CAD screening and assessment. Methods: Thirty patients underwent SA following by DARCA. Contrast volume, radiation dose (DAP) and procedural time were recorded for each method to assess safety. For DARCA acquisitions, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), symptoms and any arrhythmias were recorded. All angiograms were reviewed for CAD screening adequacy by two independent invasive cardiologists. Results: Compared to SA, use of DARCA was associated with a 51% reduction in contrast, 35% less radiation exposure, and 18% shorter procedural time. Both independent reviewers noted DARCA to be at least equivalent to SA with respect to the ability to screen for CAD. Conclusion: DARCA represents a new angiographic technique which is equivalent in terms of image quality and is associated with less contrast use, radiation exposure, and procedural time than SA. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Sources of error in quantitative coronary angiography

Many studies have reported the accuracy of quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) based on experiments using moderated-size phantoms imaged under unrealistic radiographic conditions. However, these observations may not be generalizable to the setting of clinical angiography. To determine QCA accuracy in a realistic radiographic setting and evaluate the impact of the x-ray system line spread function, plexiglass phantoms were imaged inside and out of a human thorax. A realistic radiographic background was associated with a 38% increase in variability of results (p < 0.05). Low concentrations of contrast and large image intensifier input screens were associated with significantly larger errors and variability in results (p < 0.05). There was a systematic overestimation of diameter in the smallest phantom. A mathematical model of the x-ray line spread function was developed that explains the observed overestimation of the smallest phantom and provide a rational approach for correction of the line spread function for QCA. Many factors encountered in clinical coronary angiography such as nonuniform radiographic background, low concentrations of contrast, and small vessel diameters have a significant adverse impact on the accuracy and/or variability of gradient-based edge detection QCA systems. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Internal mammary artery angiography should be a routine component of diagnostic coronary angiography

Left internal mammary artery (LIMA) angiography was performed with diagnostic coronary angiography in 130 cases for which the coronary findings made use of the LIMA as a bypass graft a consideration. In 98% of the cases the approach to LIMA angiography was femoral with a 5F LIMA catheter first directed into the proximal subclavian and then advanced over a guidewire placed into the distal subclavian well beyond the origin of the LIMA. After withdrawing the wire the catheter was brought proximally to selectively can-nulate and visualize the LIMA with nonionic contrast media. The only complication was a single transient occipital visual field loss. LIMA caliber too narrow to permit use as a graft was found twice, LIMA occlusion unrelated to prior surgery was found once, and LIMA occlusion related to prior surgery was found twice. Subclavian and/or vertebral stenosis was present five times. Large proximal branches of the LIMA best identified prior to surgery were present 12 times. Based on this experience, LIMA angiography (1) can be performed safely with a high degree of success, (2) demonstrates significant findings in 15% of cases, and 3) should therefore be performed whenever coronary angiographic findings make it appropriate to consider LIMA to coronary artery bypass grafting.     

The continuing value of invasive coronary angiography

In 1975, Gofredo Gensini stated, "The primary goal of coronary arteriography is the identification, localization, and assessment of obstructive lesions present within the arteries of the heart." The operative word here is assessment. I interpret assessment to mean determining the pathophysiologic significance (ischemia versus no ischemia) of the coronary stenosis in question. Copyright (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

16层螺旋CT判别冠状动脉斑块的性质及其临床意义

目的比较16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉造影确诊的两个类型冠心病患者冠状动脉斑块类型分布,并探讨其临床意义。方法将60例住院冠心病患者（均经冠状动脉造影证实为冠心病）,据临床诊断分为稳定型心绞痛组（SAP）24例、急性冠脉综合征组（ACS）36例,行16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像,根据螺旋CT值分为软斑块、混合斑块、硬斑块,分析各种不同性质的斑块在两个类型冠心病组的分布。结果两个类型冠心病组斑块类型的分布存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,急性冠脉综合征组以软斑块为主（占50%）,混合斑块次之（31%）;而稳定型心绞痛组则以硬斑块为主（占62%）。结论16层螺旋CT冠脉成像可较准确地显示斑块性质,结合冠心病临床分型对冠状动脉斑块稳定性的判别有一定临床价值。     

A comparison between dual axis rotational coronary angiography and conventional coronary angiography

Background: Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for the investigation of coronary artery disease, and is carried out in multiple, predefined stationary views, at different angulations around the patient, for both left and right coronary arteries. Dual axis rotational coronary angiography (DARA) is an alternative technique wherein the c‐arm rotates around the patient in a preprogrammed single acquisition, exposing the entire coronary artery at different angulations. The DARA system has been recently installed in the Cardiac Catheterisation Suite at Mater Dei Hospital, Malta, where a monoplane and a biplane machine are available. This study was carried out in order to compare DARA with conventional single and biplane coronary imaging, with respect to radiation dose, contrast loads, and procedure time. Methods: This study was carried out over the period from September to December 2010. Four hundred sixty‐three patients were studied. Patients referred for the investigation of native coronary anatomy, for whatever indication, were consented and included, and randomly assigned to one of four groups depending on which machine and modality was used: monoplane conventional, monoplane DARA, biplane conventional, and biplane DARA. Results: DARA was statistically significantly superior in dose area product, fluoroscopy time, amount of contrast used, and procedure time. These reductions ranged between 12 (contrast used) and 71% (procedure time). Conclusions: The advantages of such systems are obvious to both patient and healthcare provider, and DARA may prove to be an important and useful tool in the refinement of diagnostic coronary angiography by reducing patient contrast and radiation doses and reducing procedure time. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

冠状动脉内超声显像与造影对冠状动脉病变检出的比较

目的研究冠状动脉造影（ＣＡＧ）正常者的冠状动脉内超声显像（ＩＣＵＳ）检查结果，结合临床表现及辅助检查，藉以提出ＩＣＵＳ检查的适应证。方法对连续４００例临床待诊或确诊为冠心病的患者行ＣＡＧ同时行ＩＣＵＳ检查。结果４００例患者中，１３５例ＣＡＧ正常者，而ＩＣＵＳ检查示：２８例正常，３８例冠状动脉内膜增厚，６９例有不同性质的斑块。分组分析，斑块组与非斑块组之间的冠心病高危因素比较，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜００５）。结论表明ＩＣＵＳ对冠状动脉病变的检出较ＣＡＧ敏感，认为ＣＡＧ检查结果正常者，若临床上心绞痛症状典型、年龄较大、血脂较高、吸烟及心电图有异常改变者，尤其是男性患者宜进一步行ＩＣＵＳ检查。     

Prediction of coronary artery disease severity in patients referred for coronary angiography

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic coronary angiography is often followed by coronary stenting. Therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is currently the standard treatment for patients undergoing coronary stenting. Clopidogrel loading is usually given prior to the procedure. Some pretreated patients, however, are found to have triple-vessel disease (3VD) or left main disease (LMD) that requires referral for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Surgery in patients pretreated with clopidogrel may be complicated by excessive bleeding or delayed to avoid that risk. HYPOTHESIS: A risk factor-based formula may predict the likelihood that patients referred for coronary angiography will have 3VD or LMD. METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 2,180) referred for coronary angiography constitute the training subset (n = 1,296) used to build the model, and the validation subset (n = 884) used to test the model. Logistic regression models selected five variables showing strong associations with the presence of 3VD or LMD: age, gender, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and prior myocardial infarction (MI). A formula based on these variables and on the training subset was constructed to calculate the probability of 3VD or LMD. RESULTS: Applying this model to the validation subset predicted 3VD or LMD with 79% sensitivity, 53% specificity, 45% positive predictive value, and 83% negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: This simple formula based on five clinical variables is helpful in predicting the likelihood that patients, referred for coronary angiography, will have 3VD or LMD. Use of this formula can help decide in which patients clopidogrel loading prior to angiography should be avoided.     

CTA在不同冠心病亚组中的诊断价值

目的评价CT冠状动脉成像（CTA）在不同冠心病亚组中的诊断价值。方法分别利用CTA（采用64层螺旋CT）与冠状动脉造影（CAG）对冠状动脉狭窄程度与冠脉内斑块性质进行对比分析,评价CTA与CAG的诊断符合率,并探讨稳定型心绞痛、不稳定型心绞痛、非ST段抬高性心肌梗死的斑块性质差异及临床意义。结果与CAG相比,CTA在显示冠状动脉病变的敏感性为96．96％,特异性为93．76％,假阴性率3．04％,假阳性率为6．24％,阳性预测值90．25％,阴性预测值为98．11％;以CAG为标准,CTA在显示冠脉斑块的整体符合率为85％;稳定型心绞痛（SAP）、不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）、非sT段抬高性心肌梗死（NSTEMI）的钙化斑块比例顺次降低,而混合斑块与软斑块比例顺次升高。结论CTA与CAG的诊断符合率较高,可用于诊断冠脉病变,并可对冠脉斑块性质作出初步诊断。     

Combined dissection of the right coronary artery and right coronary cusp during coronary angiography

Dissection of coronary arteries during diagnostic coronary angiography is infrequent; dissection of the coronary cusp is extremely rare. The combination of coronary artery and coronary cusp dissection has not been reported previously. A case of right coronary artery dissection and right coronary cusp dissection during diagnostic coronary angiography is described. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.