肾移植术后Tur—cut针活检、多谱勒超声检查和同位素肾血流动态观察的应用价值

目的：评估Tru-cut针活检、多谱勒超声检查（CDFI）、同位素肾血流动态观察（SPECT）在肾移植术后的应用价值。方法：阴机选择30例肾移植患者,将单纯Tru-cut针活检、CD－FI以及SPECT检测所得结论作对比。结果：三种方式诊断准确率依次分别是82％、73％、79％。结论Tru-cut针活检、CDFI和SPECT检查,均可作为肾移植术后的常规检测手段,三种方法联合使用,在临床上有较高的应用价值。     

细针抽吸活检与多普勒超声检查在肾移植术后的应用价值

目的对细针抽吸活检（ＦＮＡＢ）和多普勒超声检查（ＣＤＦＩＤＤ）在肾移植术后的应用价值进行评价。方法随机选择４０例肾移植病人，将ＦＮＡＢ和ＣＤＦＩＤＤ诊断与两者相结合得出的结论作对比。结果三种方式诊断准确率分别为８１％、８６％和９５％，差异具有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＦＮＡＢ和ＣＤＦＩＤＤ结合检查，可作为肾移植术后的常规监测手段，在临床上有较高的应用价值。     

超声引导下经直肠10针前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌诊断的研究

目的 探讨超声引导下经直肠10针前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析104例经直肠10针穿刺活检的可疑前列腺癌患者。在标准6针系统穿刺法基础上改进确定A组穿刺点后,依据前列腺解剖分区,在经直肠B超显示的前列腺冠状切面的两侧外侧区域（B组）及中央区域（C组）增加4针穿刺点,施行前列腺活检,病例标本分别标注送病理学检查。结果 104例患者中42例确诊为前列腺癌,总阳性率为40.4%。其中所设置的A组穿刺位点阳性25例（占总检出阳性的59.5%）,B组位点阳性9例（21.4%）,C组位点阳性8例（19.0%）。假阴性率为4.7%,术后并发症总发生率为15.4%,未出现严重并发症。结论 超声引导下经直肠10针前列腺穿刺活检术安全、可靠,可以作为临床理想的初次前列腺穿刺活检术式之一。     

SPECT检查结合FNAB在肾移植术后监测中的应用价值

随机选择３４例异体肾移植病例，将单纯单光子发射型计算机断层（ＳＰＥＣＴ）和细针抽吸活检（ＦＮＡＢ）诊断与两者相结合得出的结论作对比，发现其诊断准确率分别为７０．６％、７９．４％和９７．１％，其差异具有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此认为，ＳＰＥＣＴ检查和ＦＮＡＢ技术相结合，能弥补彼此之不足，是一咱理想搭配方式，可作为肾移植术后监测的常规手段，在临床上较高的应用价值。     

高分辨率微细血流成像引导术前经皮穿刺活检

目的分析高分辨率微细血流成像(HDMFI)引导穿刺活检的临床价值。方法回顾性分析46例经手术切除病灶并明确病理诊断的单发占位病变患者,病灶位于浅表31例、腹腔8例、盆腔7例;术前接受超声引导下穿刺活检,最大径<1 cm者接受细针穿刺,≥1 cm者接受粗针活检,其中25例以常规CDFI(CDFI组)、21例以HDMFI靶向引导穿刺(HDMFI组);对比2组取材成功率、诊断符合率及穿刺并发症。结果对CDFI组共行细针活检16例、粗针活检9例,穿刺61次,其中52次取材成功,22例获得明确病理诊断;HDMFI组细针活检15例、粗针活检6例,穿刺48次,46次取材成功,20例获得明确病理诊断。CDFI组穿刺活检取材成功率、诊断符合率分别为85.25%(52/61)、88.00%(22/25),HDMFI组分别为95.83%(46/48)、95.24%(20/21),HDMFI组均高于CDFI组(P均<0.01)。术中及术后均未见穿刺并发症。结论 HDMFI可清晰显示病灶内部微细血流灌注,用于精准引导穿刺效果较CDFI更佳。     

术前应用细针穿刺活检术的乳腺癌患者术后远期风险研究

目的：探讨术前应用细针穿刺活检术的乳腺癌患者术后的局部复发及复发转移。方法回顾性分析本院2007年1月至2009年1月306例乳腺癌患者病历资料，根据术前是否行穿刺活检，分为两组，其中穿刺组192例，未穿刺组114例，通过随访，分析术前细针穿刺活检术的远期风险。结果两组患者在年龄、肿瘤直径及病理分期方面，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；两组局部复发率（7.8%vs 7.0%）、复发转移率（13.0% vs 12.3%）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；细针穿刺的乳腺癌阳性患者121例(63.0%)，其中Ⅳ期患者的穿刺阳性率最高（100%）。结论乳腺癌患者术前行细针穿刺活检，安全性高，可作为一个经济、有效的术前诊断措施，具有较高的应用价值。     

血清降钙素原检测对于肾移植术后肺部感染的诊断价值

目的：与内毒素和C反应蛋白（ CRP）检测结果进行比较,探讨血清降钙素原（ PCT）检测在肾移植术后肺部感染诊断中的临床意义及其应用价值。方法回顾性分析2010年2月至2013年9月武汉大学移植医学中心98例肾移植术后并发肺部感染的受者临床资料。根据肺部感染的病原体诊断标准将受者分为细菌组（48例）和非细菌组（50例）,比较PCT、内毒素和CRP检测3种方法诊断肾移植术后细菌性肺部感染的灵敏度和特异度,比较3种方法对确诊肾移植术后并发细菌性肺部感染受者的阳性诊断结果。结果 PCT 检测灵敏度为95.8％,特异度为94．0％;内毒素检测灵敏度为77．1％,特异度为72．0％;CRP检测灵敏度为52．1％,特异度为58．0％。血清PCT检测细菌组受者阳性结果高于内毒素和CRP检测（χ2＝7.36,10．04, P均＜0．05）。结论血清PCT检测对于肾移植术后细菌性肺部感染的临床诊断价值高于内毒素和CRP,可作为肾移植受者是否并发细菌性肺部感染的优选诊断指标。     

真空辅助空芯针旋切微创技术在乳腺癌早期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨真空辅助空芯针旋切微创技术在乳腺癌普查中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2021年12月永康市城乡乳腺癌普查中B超BI-RADS 4类的268例患者均在B超下实施真空辅助空芯针旋切标本送快速冰冻活检。对比术中快速病理诊断结果与术后免疫组化检测的病理诊断结果符合率。并对B超BI-RADS 4类形态表现与恶性诊断病例进行相关性分析。结果 268例均顺利完成真空辅助空芯针旋切活检。术后诊断为乳腺癌病例为34例,恶性占比为12.7%。术后诊断乳腺良性疾病为234例,良性占比为87.3%。其中有2例冰冻为良性,术后常规免疫组化诊断为癌,假阴性占比为0.7%。无假阳性病例。B超下BI-RADS 4类肿块的形状、边缘情况、回声模式、血流都是恶性相关重要因素（P<0.05）。结论 真空辅助空芯针旋切活检具有乳腺癌早期应用价值。     

肾移植术后三种活检技术的随机、双盲、前瞻性比较

DerekWR等对50例肾移植术后CsA三联疗法病人进行随机比较三种活检技术-槽氏针传统组织学检查(CH)、细针抽吸细胞学检查(FNAC),槽氏针单克隆抗白细胞抗体染色检查(MABS)。分别于术后7、14、21、28、90天进行穿刺活检。临床疑有排斥反应时,即行活检,共取标本219份。每次活检均取二份槽氏针(19号)样品,二份腰穿针(23号)FNAC样品。槽氏针样品一份行组织学检查,另一份经单克隆抗白细胞抗体染色后行白细胞侵润计数。临床及三种活检技术结果分级标准:1～2级有排斥反应,3级不肯定,4～5级无排斥反应,6级样本不足。     

胰腺及壶腹236例术中针吸活检的临床意义

目的 探讨术中细针活检细胞组织学诊断在胰腺壶腹周围占位性病变的诊断价值。方法 对天津肿瘤医院，自1992年12月-2002年12月经手术治疗236例胰腺壶腹周围占位性病变行术中细针活检，所有病例均经病理证实其符合率。结果 236例中细针活检诊断找到恶性肿瘤细胞134例（56．8％），未找到恶性肿瘤细胞为82例（34．7％），6例（2．5％）为可疑，14例（5．9％）为取材不满意。无假阳性诊断，假阴性为9．4％。结论 胰腺壶腹周围占位性病变术中细针活检细胞学检查，对明确良恶性肿瘤诊断、指导术式选择是一种较实用，有效的方法。     

彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图在移植肾排斥反应中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图在检测移植肾排斥反应中的应用价值。方法对46例肾移植受者术后进行了彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图检查。根据检测结果将46例肾移植术后受者分为3组,移植肾正常组(30例)、急性排斥组(9例)和慢性排斥组(7例),并与超声引导下肾组织穿刺的病理检查结果进行比较。结果16例急、慢性排斥反应的患者移植肾动脉搏动指数及阻力指数均高于移植肾正常组;急性排斥组肾脏长径及肾皮质厚度明显大于移植肾正常组;慢性排斥反应时肾皮质厚度、肾脏长径、宽径均小于移植肾正常组。结论彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图对移植肾血流灌注及排斥反应判断有独特的优点,搏动指数、阻力指数以及肾皮质厚度可作为有无移植肾排斥的指标之一。     

高度致敏肾移植患者的围术期处理

目的 探讨高度致敏肾移植患者的围手术期处理.方法 对22例高度致敏肾移植患者术前组织配型及预处理,术后抗排异方案以及肾功恢复情况进行研究.结果 17例患者术前经血浆置换3～8次后群体反应性抗体(PRA)降至30%以下,5例患者术前PRA仍大于50%.术后发生超急性排斥反应(HAR)1例(9.9%),抗排异反应未能逆转,予以切除移植肾;急性排斥反应(AR)8例(36.3%),经甲强龙+ATG(ALG)冲击治疗后6例肾功恢复正常,2例转为肾功能延迟恢复(DGF);术后DGF5例(22.7%),予以血液透析+低剂量抗排异药物维持,肾功均恢复正常.结论 避开相应抗体进行良好的组织配型,是高度致敏患者肾移植成功的关键;术前行血浆置换降低高度致敏患者PRA,使用ATG或ALG可降低手术风险,提高排斥反应逆转率.     

肝、肾联合移植治疗肾移植术后移植肾功能衰竭并肝硬化一例报告

目的 报告1例移植肾功能丧失并肝炎后肝硬化者再次接受肝，肾联合移植。方法 给1例肾移植术后移植肾功能丧失并肝炎皇肝硬化患者先行失功能移植肾的切除。针对患者群体反应抗体（PRA）较高（66%），切除术后第5d开始每天给予环磷酰胺50mg。连服3个半月，并行血浆置换2次。PRA降至23%。3个半月后施行一期肝，肾联合移植，肝移植采用原位背驮式肝移植术式。供肾移植于左髂窝，肝血流开放后每间隔30min检测PRA1次，术后免疫抑制治疗采用他克莫司（FK506）。霉酚酸酯（MMF）和激素。结果 术后移植肝，肾立即发挥功能。肝动，静脉血流开放后，，PRA由23%降至5%。并维持在8%左右。术后乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原转阴，丙型肝炎病毒抗体阴性，随访3个月，移植肝，肾功能正常。结论 对于移植肾功能丧失，且合并有肝硬化，肝功能不良者，再次施行肝，肾联合移植是可行的。     

肝肾联合移植13例临床分析

目的 探讨肝肾联合移植的适应证、手术并发症及生存情况.方法 回顾性分析2003年10月至2008年12月施行的13例肝肾联合移植患者的临床资料,分析围手术期死亡率、并发症情况及生存情况.结果 13例肝肾联合移植患者围手术期死亡率30.8%(4/13).术中、术后腹腔出血4例(30.8%);肺部感染7例(53.8%);移植肾急性排斥反应1例(7.7%).本组随访4.4～60个月,中位数40个月.存活1年以上8例,2年以上6例,3年以上5例,4年以上3例,5年以上1例.肝肾联合移植前有1例患者经历肝移植(例2)和2例患者经历肾移植(例3、例4),例4患者于肝肾联合移植术后第29天死于肺部感染、多器官功能衰竭,例2和例3肝肾联合移植术后分别存活40 m、48 m.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终未期肝肾疾病的有效方法.肝/肾移植术后再行肝肾联合移植是可行的.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the indications, complications and survival results of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods From Oct 2003 to Dec 2008, the clinical data of 13 patients who underwent combined liver-kidney transplantation (CLKTs) were retrosptiverly analyzed in our institution. The perioperative mortality rate, complications and the result of follow-up were analyzed.Results The perioperative mortality rate (within 30 days) was 30.8% (4/13). Postoperative complications included intrabdominal bleeding in 4 patients ( 30. 8% ); pulmonary infection in 7 patients (53.8%); acute renal rejection in one (7. 7% ). Survivors were followed up from 4.4 to 60 months, with the median time of 40 months. Eight patients have survived more than 1 year; six patients have survived more than 2 years; five of them have survived for more than 3 years; and three of them have survived for more than 4 years, with one surviving for more than 5 years. One patient had undergone liver transplantation ( case 2 ) and two patients had had kidney transplantations ( case 3 and case 4 ) before this CLKTs.Postoperatively case 4 died of pulmonary infection and multiple organ failure at day 29, while case 2 and case 4 survived respectively 40 m, 48 m after CLKTs. Conclusions CLKTs is an effective therapy for end-stage liver and kidney disease. CLKTs for patients with irreversible liver and renal insufficiency after initial liver transplantation or kidney transplantation was feasible.     

The value of myocardial perfusion imaging in screening coronary artery disease before kidney transplantation

The value of myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in pre-transplant evaluation of kidney transplant recipients is controversial. We assessed whether myocardial SPECT predicts major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and determined whether SPECT findings affected transplant recipients' medical and invasive treatment. We analyzed 301 patients referred for myocardial SPECT before kidney transplantation and combined the results with information from patient files and the Transplantation Registry. During the median follow-up time of 96 months (IQR 70.75-118.25 months), the incidence of MACE was higher in patients (n = 37) with severely abnormal SPECT (>10% reversible perfusion defect) than in patients (n = 35) with mildly abnormal or normal SPECT (51.4%, 29.4%, and 27.0%, respectively, P = .011). Severely abnormal SPECT findings predicted long-term MACE in a univariable analysis but not after adjusting for other risk factors. Following SPECT, 29 patients (9.6%) underwent coronary angiography and 14 (4.6%) were revascularized. New antithrombotic or statin medication was prescribed to 7.3% of patients with ischemia in SPECT. Kidney transplantation patients are at high long-term risk of MACE even with normal preoperative myocardial SPECT. Abnormal SPECT did not predict MACE when adjusted for other risk factors. Minority of the patients underwent coronary revascularization or had changes in preventive medication before transplantation.     

Prise en charge des patients avant l’initiation d’un traitement de suppléance de l’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale en 2013 en France

This study evaluated the management of patients with end-stage renal disease prior to initiation of renal replacement therapy. Among the 51 million national health insurance general scheme beneficiaries (77% of the population), persons 18 years and older, starting dialysis or undergoing preemptive renal transplantation in 2013, were included in this study. Data were derived from the French national health insurance system (SNIIRAM). In this population of 6674 patients (median age: 68 years), 88% initiated renal replacement therapy by haemodialysis, 8% by peritoneal dialysis, and 4% by renal transplantation. During the year preceding initiation of dialysis, 76% of patients had been hospitalised with at least one diagnostic code for renal disease in 83% of cases, 16% had not received any reimbursements for serum creatinine assay and 32% had not seen a nephrologist; 87% were taking at least one antihypertensive drug (60% were taking at least a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor) and 30% were taking a combination of 4 or more classes of antihypertensive drugs. For patients initiating haemodialysis in a haemodialysis centre, 39% had undergone a procedure related to arteriovenous fistula and 10% had been admitted to an intensive care unit. This study, based on the available reimbursement data, shows that, despite frequent use of the health care system by this population, there is still room for improvement of screening and management of patients with end-stage renal disease and preparation for renal replacement therapy.     

临床肝肾移植三例体会

目的　探讨肝肾序贯移植和同期联合移植的手术难点及围手术期处理要点。方法　对2例肾移植术后发生药物性肝损害的病例实施肝移植 ,并对 1例巨大多囊肝、多囊肾的病例实施肝肾联合移植。结果　 2例肾移植术后实施肝移植的病例 ,其中 1例因术后肾功能衰竭导致多器官功能衰竭死亡 ;另 1例术后肝、肾功能良好 ,现已存活 1年。肝肾联合移植病例术中采用肝后腔静脉直接阻断法 ,使重达 10kg的巨大病肝得以顺利切除 ,并采用腔静脉成型术完成改良背驮式肝移植。术后免疫方案采用人源化单克隆抗体达利珠单抗免疫诱导下的以FK5 0 6、霉酚酸酯 (MMF)和激素的三联用药 ,肝、肾功能恢复良好 ,现为术后 6个月。结论　序贯性肝肾移植在术前应该准确评估移植肾功能 ,如果移植肾功能不良 ,应果断选择实施肝肾联合移植。肝后下腔静脉直接阻断法在实施巨大病肝切除时具有较大优势。肝肾联合移植术中及术后建议采用达利珠单抗免疫诱导下的免疫三联用药。     

A preliminary report of the HTK randomized multicenter study comparing kidney graft preservation with HTK and EuroCollins solutions

The main goal of transplantation is to restore good renal function and to improve the quality of life of thousands of dialysis patients, something which can only be achieved by providing them with well functioning grafts. Delayed renal allograft function is a serious problem. It is important to prevent this complication because it makes the diagnosis of acute rejection in the early postoperative period difficult, increases the necessity for diagnostic procedures, introduces dialysis treatments and prolongs hospital stay. The aetiology of delayed graft function (DGF) is multifactorial, and factors including donor management, technique used for organ procurement and preservation, age, anatomical variations in the graft, ischemia periods, use of cyclosporine A (CyA) or recipient immunological reactions have been implicated. Using different preservation solutions DGF rates vary from 30% to 60%. Recent clinical data have demonstrated better preservation and improved renal function posttransplant with HTK and University of Wisconsin (UW) solutions compared to EuroCollins solution. In a randomized multicenter study in collaboration with the Eurotransplant organ exchange organization, the efficacy of the HTK solution in renal transplantation was compared to EuroCollins and UW solutions in two parallel prospective randomized trials. The first preliminary results comparing HTK and EuroCollins solutions are reported here.     

Ineffectiveness of dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging as a screening technique for coronary artery disease in patients with end-stage renal failure

The efficacy of dipyridamole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) thallium as a screening test for coronary artery disease (CAD), was studied in 45 patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing evaluation for renal transplantation. Coronary arteriography, dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging and clinical follow-up were performed in all patients. Nineteen patients (42%) had an obstruction of 50% or more in at least one coronary artery. Fourteen patients had a positive thallium scan, but 7 of these were false-positives (sensitivity 37%, specificity 73%). The sensitivity was considerably lower than that quoted for non-ESRF patients in the literature, and significantly lower than a control group of 19 patients without ESRF having comparable severity and distribution of CAD. Five of the 6 patients who died of cardiac causes over a mean follow-up period of 25 months had normal thallium imaging, but all had significant coronary artery disease at cardiac catheterization. Dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging has not proved a useful screening test for angiographically significant CAD, and does not predict cardiac prognosis in this population.