Laparoscopic ultrasonography for abdominal tumor staging

In recent years, laparoscopic ultrasonography has been introduced as an adjunct to diagnostic laparoscopy for staging of tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tree, and pancreas. It has proved feasible to visualize most anatomic structures in the upper abdomen consistently and in detail with laparoscopic ultrasonography. Recent publications indicate that laparoscopic ultrasonography may be useful for detecting small liver metastases, lymph node metastases, small primary tumors of the pancreas and bile ducts, and for the assessment of the local extension of tumors of the pancreas and stomach. The ongoing improvements in US technology and the results of larger studies will in the near future determine the precise place of this new imaging modality for staging of abdominal tumors. Received 26 November 1997; Accepted 14 January 1998     

Celiac ganglia block

Pain occurs frequently in patients with advanced cancers. Tumors originating from upper abdominal viscera such as pancreas, stomach, duodenum, proximal small bowel, liver and biliary tract and from compressing enlarged lymph nodes can cause severe abdominal pain, which do not respond satisfactorily to medical treatment or radiotherapy. Percutaneous celiac ganglia block (CGB) can be performed with high success and low complication rates under imaging guidance to obtain pain relief in patients with upper abdominal malignancies. A significant relationship between pain relief and degree of tumoral celiac ganglia invasion according to CT features was described in the literature. Performing the procedure in the early grades of celiac ganglia invasion on CT can increase the effectiveness of the CGB, which is contrary to World Health Organization criteria stating that CGB must be performed in patients with advanced stage cancer. CGB may also be effectively performed in patients with chronic pancreatitis for pain palliation.     

口服枸橼酸铁铵在胆胰系MRI中的应用价值评价

目的:评价口服枸橼酸铁铵在胆胰系MRI中的应用价值。方法:对86例怀疑有胰胆管系统疾病的患者行口服枸橼酸铁铵前、后MRCP及常规胆胰系MRI,对服用对比剂前后MRCP图像质量、邻近脏器边缘分辨力及各序列上胃十二指肠腔与肝脏的对比噪声比进行自身对照研究,由资深放射科医生对两组图像进行评价,SPSS统计软件进行统计分析。结果:服用对比剂后TrueFISP及HASTE序列均显示胃、十二指肠腔内信号显著降低,形成阴性对比;而FL2D序列胃、十二指肠腔内信号增强,形成阳性对比;胃十二指肠腔内液体造成的背景高信号被完全抑制,单层法与多层法MRCP图像质量及邻近的肝胆胰等结构边缘分辨力均明显提高。结论:口服枸橼酸铁铵能明显提高胆胰系MRI的成像质量,对诊断胆胰系病变具有重要的临床应用价值。     

磁共振与超声在胆道系统疾病诊断中的价值

 目的 评价磁共振与超声在胆道系统疾病诊断中的价值.方法 收集手术治疗的病例92例,并将其术前的磁共振胆胰管造影(MRCP)及超声结果与手术结果作对比,利用ROC曲线进行分析.结果 超声诊断胆囊炎、胆囊结石价值比磁共振高,但磁共振对胆总管结石的检出率较高.结论 超声在胆道系统病变诊断中应作为首选,而对胆总管直径超过8 mm的病例术前应做MRCP以便正确选择手术方式.     

MR and ultrasound in screening of patients with suspected biliary tract disease

Purpose: The diagnostic value and cost-efficiency of MR imaging were compared with US before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with clinically suspected biliary tract disease.Material and Methods: In a prospective study of 219 patients, 85 were examined with both MR and US before ERCP.Results: To find the correct diagnosis in the jaundiced patients the sensitivity of US, MR and ERCP was 53%, 93%, and 89%, respectively. In the patients with abdominal upper quadrant pain and normal serum bilirubin, the sensitivity of US, MR and ERCP was 50%, 100% and 70%, respectively. Examination with MR costs four times more than US. Screening with US and supplemental MR in non-diagnostic cases would cost 80% of the total amount compared to screening with MR only.Conclusion: MR had a higher sensitivity than US for diagnosing biliary tract disease and MR was superior to US in visualising stones in the common bile duct and in diagnosing the cause of cholestasis. However, screening with US and supplemental MR in non-diagnostic cases is at present most cost-effective. With increased accessibility and slightly lower costs, MR will probably replace US as screening method in patients with suspected biliary tract disease.     

Balance-FFE序列在胆管MR检查中的应用研究

目的 探讨MR平衡式稳态自由进动梯度回波序列(Balance-FFE)在胆管疾病中的应用价值.资料与方法 183例胆管病变患者均进行了Balance-FFE和MR胆胰管造影(MRCP).将Balance-FFE冠状位图像和3D MRCP及其原始图像进行比较.结果 胆管系统在Balance-FFE序列中呈明显高信号,并能直接显示胆管结石和胆管狭窄;还能显示胆管外病变和胰头的情况,对周围淋巴结也能较清楚显示,可作为MRCP的有益补充.结论 Balance-FFE序列应作为胆管MRI检查的常规扫描序列.     

胆管磁共振仿真内窥镜的临床应用研究

通过胆管磁共振仿真内窥镜（ＭＲＶＥ）加磁共振胰胆管造影（ＭＲＣＰ）的临床应用,探讨其在胆道方面的诊断价值。方法 １４个月４４例有梗阴性黄疸和有胆道症状的患者行胆管ＭＲＶＥ检查。用呼吸门控快速自旋回波（ＦＳＥ）和屏气多层单次激发快速自旋回波（ＳＳＦＳＥ）序列获得的二维重度Ｔ２ＷＩ传输到计算机工作站,用导航软件显示利用表面应答技术的胰胆管内表面的状态。结果 恶性肿瘤１８例,胆结石１７例、术后胆道并发症     

Paediatric ultrasonography of the liver,hepatobiliary tract and pancreas

In the field of paediatric radiology ultrasonography (US) is the most versatile imaging tool available. Children in general, by virtue of their body composition, are excellent candidates for US exams in whom abdominal anatomy and pathology can be visualised in great detail. The fact that during the US study a clinical history can be obtained strongly adds to the value of the US exam. This does require investment in time and expertise and ideally a paediatric radiologist performing the exam. In this review the role of ultrasonography (US) of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas in children is discussed.     

Reducing the radiation dose during excretory urography: flat-panel silicon x-ray detector versus computed radiography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the possibilities for reducing radiation exposure in uroradiology using digital flat-panel silicon X-ray detector radiography. We compared the subjectively determined image quality of abdominal radiographs and urograms obtained on a digital flat-panel detector radiography system with those obtained on a computed radiography system. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Fifty patients who had a clinical indication for urography underwent unenhanced abdominal imaging that was alternately performed using flat-panel silicon X-ray detector radiography or computed radiography. For patients who required a second radiograph with contrast medium, the examination modality was changed to avoid exposing the patients to excess radiation. The images obtained on flat-panel X-ray detector radiography were obtained at half the radiation dose of the images obtained on computed radiography (800 speed vs 400 speed). The resulting 50 pairs of images were interpreted by four independent observers who rated the detectability of structures of bone and the efferent urinary tract relevant to diagnosis and compared the image quality. RESULTS: At half the radiation dose, digital flat-panel X-ray detector radiography provided equivalent image quality of the liver and spleen, lumbar vertebrae 2 and 5, pelvis, and psoas margin on abdominal radiographs. The image quality obtained with digital flat-panel X-ray detector radiography of the kidneys, the hollow cavities of the upper efferent urinary tract, and the urinary bladder was judged to be statistically better than those obtained with computed radiography. CONCLUSION: With half the exposure dose of computed radiography, the flat-panel X-ray detector produced urograms with an image quality equivalent to or better than computed radiography.     

Hepatobiliary ascaridiasis in childhood: echographic diagnosis]

Ascaris lumbricoides infestation in the liver and biliary tract causes various clinical manifestations due to the migration of larvae and adult organisms. Parasites in the bile ducts cause obstruction and such complications as cholecystitis, cholangitis and liver abscesses. We report the US findings of biliary ascaridiasis as observed in a series of 13 children over a 3-year period. The patients (6 females and 7 males) presented hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal distension, right subcostal pain; 3 of 13 exhibited subicteric features and fever. The US features of Ascaris lumbricoides infestation are: hyperechoic linear images due to parasites within the dilated bile ducts, target images; mobile hyperechoic linear images within the gallbladder; intrahepatic abscesses with different features and sizes. Microscopic sections of hepatic tissue show inflammatory infiltration around the Ascaris eggs. Emergency surgery is sometimes to be performed. The value of US, as we assessed it, has been already stressed by other authors.     

CT appearances of abdominal tuberculosis

The purpose of this article is to review and illustrate the spectrum of computed tomography (CT) appearances of abdominal tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can affect any organ or tissue in the abdomen, and can be mistaken for other inflammatory or neoplastic conditions. The most common sites of tuberculosis in the abdomen include lymph nodes, genitourinary tract, peritoneal cavity and gastrointestinal tract. The liver, spleen, biliary tract, pancreas and adrenals are rarely affected, but are more likely in HIV-seropositive patients and in miliary tuberculosis. This article should alert the radiologist to consider abdominal tuberculosis in the correct clinical setting to ensure timely diagnosis and enable appropriate treatment.     

Assessment of prostatism: role of intravenous urography

A prospective study of 502 patients referred for assessment of symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction was performed to determine the value of routine intravenous urography (IVU). The purpose was to establish the rate at which significant occult abnormality in the upper urinary tract is detected with IVU alone; to determine to what extent these abnormalities can be predicted from routine clinical and laboratory evaluation, thus allowing better patient selection for IVU; and to recommend alternative imaging modalities. History, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies constituted the preliminary examination. Abnormalities were found in 23% of patients but significant conditions in only 10%. Occult significant abnormalities that would have been missed without IVU occurred in only 1.5% of patients. Most of these could be detected on an abdominal radiograph. Only one malignancy would have been missed without routine IVU. The authors conclude that IVU in the assessment of prostatism should be limited to patients with positive findings in the clinical work-up. An abdominal radiograph is recommended in the others. Significant cost savings can thus be achieved.     

胃肠道阴性对比剂在磁共振胰胆管成像中的应用

目的：评价马根维显（Gd—DTPA）溶液作为胃肠道阴性对比剂对改善磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）质量的价值。方法：对30例疑有胰、胆管系统疾病的患者口服对比剂前后分别行常规腹部MR和MRCP检查,采用相同的扫描参数及定位。结果：所有病例口服对比剂后MRCP扫描,胃及十二指肠内液体高信号均较前有明显下降,图像质量明显提高。口服稀释的Gd—DTPA溶液前后,MRCP检查胆总管、胰管及胆囊结构的显示效果具有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：口服稀释的Gd—DTPA溶液是一种安全有效降低胃肠道液体高信号强度、改善MRCP图像质量的方法。     

Gallbladder function and fasting enterogastric bile reflux

The relationship between gallbladder function and duodenogastric reflux of bile has been investigated in the fasting phase by 99Tcm-EHIDA biliary scintigraphy in 370 patients with abdominal pain. This isotope is cleared from the blood-pool by hepatocellular function and is excreted into the biliary tract. Obstruction of the common bile duct was found in 79 patients, leaving 291 who were evaluable for duodenogastric bile reflux. Gallblader function was present in 169 and absent in 122 patients. Duodenogastric reflux of bile was observed in 82 patients, 10 of whom had had previous gastric surgery. Only 298 of 169 (17%) patients with a functioning gallbladder showed evidence of enterogastric bile reflux compared to 43 of 122 (35%) with absent gallbladder function (p less than 0.005 by Chi Square). These results suggest that continuous bile flow into the duodenum in the absence of a functioning gallbladder facilitates duodenogastric reflux.     

Is there a role for double-contrast radiology in the characterization of patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia?]

Nun-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) is a very common disorder: about 30% of subjects may suffer from this syndrome, with a subsequent increase in sanitary cost. NUD is diagnosed by means of both an accurate anamnesis and instrumental investigations like double-contrast upper gastrointestinal X-rays, endoscopy, and US of the biliary tract. Our study was aimed at evaluating the actual capabilities of double-contrast radiology in the characterization of NUD patients. One-hundred consecutive outpatients (53 males and 47 females, age range 15-84 years) with clinical symptoms of NUD were submitted to double-contrast gastric radiological examination. X-rays were performed without pharmacological hypotonicity to better depict functional disorders (i.e., impaired esophageal motility, gastroesophageal and duodenogastric reflux, gastric hypotonicity, and delayed gastric emptying) even though this prevented the though evaluation of morphological features, which are better identified by gastrointestinal endoscopy. 42% of patients, especially middle-aged ones, exhibited only functional disorders. Double-contrast X-rays might therefore be suggested as a useful investigation technique in young patients with clinical symptoms of NUD: it is capable of showing functional disorders and therefore can support upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy in the pathophysiological characterization of NUD patients.     

肝移植术后早期胆道并发症65例诊治体会

目的探讨肝移植术后早期胆道并发症的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析了我院2006年5月～2008年3月以来成功实施的65例肝移植的临床资料。其中尸肝移植54例，亲体肝移植11例，女性占16．92％（11／65），男性占83．08％（54／65）。结果本组65例肝移植患者其中有8例3个月内出现胆道早期并发症，发生率为12．31％（8／65），分别为胆漏3例，胆汁瘤1例，肝内胆汁湖1例，胆泥形成1例，胆道狭窄2例。女性患者早期胆道并发症发生率为9．09％（1／11），男性患者早期胆道并发症发生率为12．96％（7／54）。8例患者中，留置T管引流1例，未留置T管引流7例。治愈6例，好转2例，死亡0例（0％）。其中3例术后3d内出现单纯胆漏，通过留置的腹腔引流管得到及时的诊断，同时应用留置的腹腔引流管持续引流4周～2月后得到治愈。5例经B超、MRCP、ERCP得到诊断；1例胆汁瘤和1例肝内胆汁湖通过B超引导下穿刺引流而得到治愈；1例胆泥形成通过ERCP进行胆道冲洗后好转出院；2例通过ERCP进行球囊扩张或者放置支架后好转出院。结论肝移植术后早期胆道并发症的诊断主要手段是留置的腹腔引流管、B超、MRCP、ERCP等：肝移植术中留置的腹腔引流管对于肝移植术后早期胆漏的治疗起着特殊的作用：B超引导下穿刺引流是治疗胆汁瘤、胆汁湖的重要手段；ERCP下胆道冲洗对胆泥形成非常有效．ERCP下球囊扩张或者放置胆道支架对胆道狭窄的治疗很有效。     

MRCP 2D和3D FASE序列显示术后胰胆管系统的比较

目的 :评价比较磁共振胰胆管成像 (MRCP)二维高级快速自旋回波 (2DFASE)序列和三维高级快速自旋回波(3DFASE)序列对胆道术后胰胆管系统的显示及图像质量评估。方法 :对 72例胆道术后出现不明原因发热、黄疸、肝功能异常、右上腹痛等症状的患者同时行MRCP的两种序列检查 ,并分别与手术、直接胆道造影图像进行对照。结果 :MRCP的这两种序列均能很好显示术后胰胆管系统解剖 ,3DFASE序列显示肝内一、二级胆管优于 2DFASE序列 ,但差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;3DFASE序列显示胰管优于 2DFASE序列 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。MRCP两种序列均获得了较好的图像 ,两种序列图像质量差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :MRCP 3DFASE序列较 2DFASE序列更适于胆道术后胰胆管系统的检查。     

Acute biliary disease: initial CT and follow-up US versus initial US and follow-up CT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of ultrasonography (US) versus that of computed tomography (CT) for assessment of acute biliary disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiologic reports and clinical charts were reviewed in all patients who underwent US and CT within 48 hours of each other for evaluation of acute right upper quadrant pain. Radiologic findings and clinical outcome were correlated. RESULTS: CT was the initial imaging study in 57 patients, and CT findings resulted in underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis of acute biliary disease in eight of 11 patients. Follow-up US results were suggestive of the correct diagnosis and provided additional clinical information in seven of these eight patients. US findings resulted in altered clinical treatment in six of 11 patients with acute biliary disease. US was the initial study in 66 patients, and US findings were suggestive of biliary disease or the correct diagnosis in seven of seven patients with acute biliary disease. Follow-up CT did not result in changes in clinical treatment in any patient with acute biliary disease. CONCLUSION: Initial US is better than initial CT in patients suspected of having acute biliary disease. Follow-up CT provides no additional information regarding the biliary system, and its use should be limited to those patients with a wider differential diagnosis or with confusing clinical symptoms and signs.     

腹腔内应用负压封闭引流治疗严重胆胰结合部损伤

目的探讨腹腔内应用负压封闭引流技术(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)治疗严重外伤性胆胰结合部损伤价值。方法回顾分析1998年1月~2015年11月收治的10例严重胆胰结合部损伤患者的临床资料,其中男性8例,女性2例;年龄16~45岁,平均(29.00±10.39)岁。均为闭合性损伤,其中车辆方向盘致伤3例,车辆挤压伤3例,摩托车事故致伤2例,高处坠落伤2例。均行急诊手术治疗:胰腺裂伤仅进行清创、创面止血,单层缝合十二指肠的裂口,在胰腺横断处和十二指肠损伤处行VSD引流。结果手术时间60~280min,平均175min;术后无死亡,1例腹腔行VSD后因腹腔出血转外院治疗,余9例均治愈出院。腹部损伤住院时间为27~43d。术后5例出现消化液漏,其中胰漏2例,十二指肠漏1例,胰漏并十二指肠漏1例,胆漏、胰漏并十二指肠漏1例。前3例经非手术治疗治愈;后2例待腹腔负压引流管周围瘘道完整后再进行确定性手术,分别于第一次手术后第16、23天行空肠-瘘道间Roux-en-Y吻合而治愈。随访6个月~17年,无腹腔感染、腹腔积液、胰腺假性囊肿、肠梗阻等并发症发生。结论腹腔内应用负压封闭引流技术治疗严重胆胰结合部损伤疗效好。对于病情危重、难以耐受复杂手术的此类伤患者,可优先选择简单创面清创止血加VSD进行治疗。     

64层螺旋CT腹部扫描参数优化的初步研究

目的 利用测量模型探讨64层螺旋CT腹部扫描合理的管电流值.方法 (1)模型研究:设置管电压为120 kVp,管电流分别为450、400、380、360、340、320、300、280 mA,扫描测量模型中的CTP515低对比分辨率模块,3名阅片者独立评价图像质量,获得最优管电流条件及导致图像质量发生质变的管电流区间值后应用于临床研究.(2)临床研究:选取3个月内行2次腹部CT平扫检查患者45例.首次检查均采用管电流450 mA,第2次检查采用完全随机化分组方法把受检者分为3组,每组各15例,管电流设置组l使用最优管电流,组2使用最优管电流+区间值,组3使用最优管电流-区间值,3名阅片者对肝门、胰腺、肾上极3个层面进行诊断接受率评价,对腹主动脉、门静脉、肝脏、脾脏、胆囊、胰腺、肾皮质、肾髓质进行图像主观噪声评价.图像质量比较采用秩和检验,各组间受检者个体化因素比较采用方差分析.结果 (1)腹部CT扫描最优扫描管电流为340 mA,导致图像质量发生质变的区间值为40 mA.(2)对腹主动脉、门静脉主干、肝脏、脾脏、胰腺、胆囊、肾皮质、肾髓质及肝门、胰腺、肾上极3个层面的图像质量评分,组1内(340 mA和450 mA)和组2内(380 mA和450 mA)比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05);组3内300 mA的评分为(2.92±0.62)、(2.92±0.62)、(2.64 ±0.84)、(2.72±0.82)、(2.63±0.71)、(2.51±0.84)、(3.04±0.72)、(3.04±0.72)、(2.63±0.71)、(2.52±0.73)、(2.93±0.81)分,450 mA的评分为(3.93±0.72)、(3.94±0.72)、(3.41±0.64)、(3.43±0.61)、(3.62±0.93)、(3.63 ±0.71)、(3.93±0.81)、(3.93±0.81)、(3.43±0.61)、(3.52±0.92)、(3.84±0.82)分,二者比较差异均有统计学意义(Z=-2.449～-2.236,P值均＜0.05).结论 降低管电流以降低腹部CT扫描辐射剂量的方案是可行和有效的,腹部CT扫描合理的管电流条件为340 mA.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the appropriate low tube current of abdominal CT on a 64-slice spiral CT. Methods (1) Phantom study:The phantom Catphan500R was scanned with a fixed 120 kVp,and 450,400,380,360,340,320,300,280 mA, respectively. 15, 9, 8, 7, 6 mm diameter low-contrast objects with 1% contrast were scanned for evaluating image quality. CT images were graded in terms of lowcontrast conspicuity by using a five-point scale. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the appropriate tube current and the interval leading to the qualitative change. (2) Clinical study: 3 groups of 45 patients who had 2 examinations of non-enhanced abdominal CT within 3 months were enrolled. All patients were scanned with 450 mA at first scanning. For the second scanning, group-1 was scanned with optimal tube current, group-2 was scanned with optimal tube current plus interval, group-3 was scanned with optimal tube current sinus interval. CT images were graded in terms of the diagnostic acceptability at three anatomic levels including porta hepatis, pancreas and the upper pole kidney, and the image noises of eight organs including abdominal aorta, portal vein, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, renal cortex, renal medulla were graded by using a five-point scale. The image quality was compared with non-parametric rank sum test,and the individual factors of the patients were compared with the A VONA. Results (1) The optimal tube current and interval leading to the qualitative change were 340 mA and 40 mA respectively. (2) There were no significant differences in image quality between 340 mA and 450 mA in group-1, between 380 mA and 450 mA in group-2 (P ＞ 0. 05). There was significant difference in image quality between 300 mA and 450 mA in group-3 (the mean scores for 300 mA were 2. 92 ± 0. 62,2.92 ± 0. 62,2.64 ± 0. 84,2. 72 ±0.82,2.63 ±0.71,2.51 ±0.84,3.04 ±0.72,3.04 ±0.72,2.63 ±0.71,2.52 ±0.73,2.93 ±0.81respectively; for 450 mA were 3.93 ± 0. 72,3.94 ± 0. 72,3.41 ± 0. 64,3.43 ± 0. 61,3.62 ± 0. 93,3.63 ±0.71,3.93 ±0.81,3.93 ±0.81,3.43 ±0.61,3.52 ±0.92,3.84 ±0.82 respectively) (Z = -2.449 to - 2. 236, P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion Radiation dose can be effectively reduced by using an appropriate and lower current of 340 mA.