胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌的临床病理特征和预后分析

目的探讨胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌患者的临床病理特征和预后。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2018年12月在北京协和医院收治的经病理确诊的18例胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌患者的临床病理资料。结果18例患者中,男11例,女7例;确诊肾透明细胞癌的平均年龄为51.4岁。其中左肾8例(44.4%),右肾10例(55.6%);同时性转移3例,异时性转移15例,从确诊肾透明细胞癌到发现胰腺转移的中位发生转移的时间为156个月,主要临床表现有腹痛、黄疸、消化道出血、恶心、乏力、体重下降等。其中胰腺单病灶患者7例(38.9%),多病灶患者11例(66.1%),9例患者(50.0%)除胰腺外还同时存在其他部位转移。5例患者行胰腺转移灶切除,15例患者服用靶向药物治疗。随访时间1~361.5个月,平均随访时间为171.7个月,死亡5例,生存13例,中位生存时间为122个月,5年生存率为81.4%。是否为同时性转移、是否为10年后复发、纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心模型预后评分以及国际转移性肾细胞癌联合数据库评分是影响胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌患者预后的因素。结论胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌罕见,但预后较好,尤其是10年后复发转移至胰腺的患者,行手术切除胰腺转移灶未发现明显的生存获益。     

胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌的临床病理特征和预后分析

目的探讨胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌患者的临床病理特征和预后。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2018年12月在北京协和医院收治的经病理确诊的18例胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌患者的临床病理资料。结果 18例患者中, 男11例, 女7例;确诊肾透明细胞癌的平均年龄为51.4岁。其中左肾8例(44.4%), 右肾10例(55.6%);同时性转移3例, 异时性转移15例, 从确诊肾透明细胞癌到发现胰腺转移的中位发生转移的时间为156个月, 主要临床表现有腹痛、黄疸、消化道出血、恶心、乏力、体重下降等。其中胰腺单病灶患者7例(38.9%), 多病灶患者11例(66.1%), 9例患者(50.0%)除胰腺外还同时存在其他部位转移。5例患者行胰腺转移灶切除, 15例患者服用靶向药物治疗。随访时间1～361.5个月, 平均随访时间为171.7个月, 死亡5例, 生存13例, 中位生存时间为122个月, 5年生存率为81.4%。是否为同时性转移、是否为10年后复发、纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心模型预后评分以及国际转移性肾细胞癌联合数据库评分是影响胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌患者预后的因素。结论胰腺转移性肾透明细胞癌罕见, ...     

肾嫌色细胞癌影像检查与病理检查的诊断价值比较

目的：比较分析肾嫌色细胞癌的影像检查与病理检查的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理检查证实的51例肾脏嫌色细胞癌的临床资料。结果51例患者肿瘤大小1．5～18 cm,平均6．1 cm,影像检查与病理检查结果,显示与相似肾肿瘤较为明显的差异表现。其中5例予以肾部分切除,其余46例行根治性肾切除。术后经随访3个月到4年,3例广泛转移,7例失访,其余41例均未见局部肿瘤复发、转移。结论肾脏嫌色细胞癌术前影像学检查具有较大程度的意义,能与大多数相似肾脏肿瘤进行鉴别;确诊主要依据术后病理组织学检查。     

肾脏偶发癌16例报告

报告１９８８年至１９９７年收治的肾脏偶发癌１６例，占同期肾癌的２１．３％。经Ｂ超扫描发现１４例，ＣＴ扫描发现１１例，术中病理切片证实１例。行根治性肾切除１５例，肾部分切除１例。病理诊断为透明细胞癌１３例，颗粒细胞癌２例，混合型癌１例。病理分期：ＰＴ１４例，ＰＴ２１２例。随访１３例，平均随访３２．５个月。１２例无癌生存，５例术后存活超过５ａ。     

结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌的临床诊治分析

目的:探讨结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法:分析我院从2012年6月至2015年6月收治的经外科手术及病理证实的54例结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌患者的临床资料.结果:结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌占同期结节性甲状腺肿患者的14.9%(54/362).术前超声诊断阳性率为61.1%(33/54).手术方式包括患侧甲状腺全切除+峡部切除+对侧甲状腺部分切除+同侧淋巴结清扫(36例),患侧甲状腺全切+峡部切除(18例).54例患者中获随访48例,时间3月~36月,3例因颈部淋巴结肿大再次手术治疗,1例术后2年出现肺部转移.结论:超声检查对于术前诊断有重要意义,结合术前细针穿刺细胞学检查可进一步提高术前诊断率,结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺微小癌的临床诊断较困难,多于手术后病理诊断.结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺乳头状癌的患者手术治疗效果良好,预后较好.     

转移性肾上腺癌的临床治疗（附15例报告）

目的:分析我院收治的15例肾上腺转移性恶性肿瘤的临床资料，结合文献复习，总结临床诊治体会。方法:回顾性分析我院2011年1月至2019年5月收治的15例肾上腺转移性恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。男12例，女3例；平均年龄为63岁(53～73岁)。肾上腺转移瘤的最大径中位值为4.4 cm（2.0~9.8 cm），左侧11例，右侧3例，双侧1例。原发恶性肿瘤来源:肺7例，肝3例，肾2例，子宫1例，胰腺1例，腹膜后肿物1例。本研究中15例肾上腺转移恶性肿瘤为原发肿瘤确诊后诊断，距离原发肿瘤诊断的中位时间为15.6个月(5~28个月)。15例患者均行手术切除治疗。结果:术后病理细胞类型:腺癌4例，肝细胞癌3例，透明细胞癌2例，弥漫性大B细胞瘤2例，神经内分泌癌1例，癌肉瘤1例，肺小细胞癌1例，肺大细胞癌1例。术后定期随访患者，15例患者生存4~78个月。患者最终死于肿瘤广泛转移。结论:我院肾上腺转移性恶性肿瘤的原发肿瘤以肺癌最为常见，多数转移瘤在定期复查中无意发现。我院肾上腺转移瘤以左侧多见。肾上腺转移瘤治疗方式有手术治疗、介入治疗、经皮肿瘤消融、免疫治疗、放疗和化疗等。     

26例甲状腺Hurthle细胞肿瘤的外科诊治分析

目的探讨甲状腺嗜酸细胞肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗。方法回顾性分析我院1990至2008年收治的26例甲状腺嗜酸细胞肿瘤。结果本组行单侧甲状腺次全切除12例,单侧甲状腺腺叶切除9例,单侧甲状腺腺叶切除及峡部切除2例,甲状腺全切除术2例,甲状腺全切除加患侧改良颈部淋巴结清扫1例。术后病理：甲状腺嗜酸细胞腺瘤23例,嗜酸细胞癌3例,伴颈部淋巴结转移1例;切除标本中合并结节性甲状腺肿2例、甲状腺滤泡型腺瘤2例及桥本甲状腺炎4例。23例患者获得随访,随访时间9个月至14年,中位随访时间6年,未发现肿瘤复发或转移。结论选择适宜的外科手术方式和术后长期密切随访对甲状腺嗜酸细胞肿瘤的诊治非常重要。     

原发灶隐匿的甲状腺转移癌

目的：提高对原发灶隐匿的甲状腺转移癌特点的认识和诊治水平。方法：回顾总结30例原发灶隐匿的甲状腺转移癌的诊治临床经验。结果：经ECT、^99mTC-MIBI亲肿瘤显像、彩色B超和针吸细胞学等检查,对原发灶的发现有直接或间接征象21例,占70％;经颈部肿物活检诊断5例,占16．67％;靠术中冰冻切片诊断例,占6．67％;误诊2例。29例行甲状腺联合根治术,其1、3和5年生存率分别为100％、96．6％、93．1％。结论：掌握原发灶隐匿的甲状腺转移癌的特点,查明原发灶,尽早行根治性手术,预后良好。     

胸骨后甲状腺肿物的外科手术进路探讨

目的：探讨胸骨后甲状腺肿物切除手术入路及方法。方法：回顾分析我院收治的31例胸骨后甲状腺肿物外科治疗临床资料。结果：27例胸骨后甲状腺肿物患者接受外科治疗，均获成功。其中结节性甲状腺肿10例，甲状腺腺瘤9例，结节性甲状腺肿癌变4例，甲状腺乳头状癌伴气管旁淋巴结转移3例，甲状腺滤泡状癌伴气管旁和纵隔淋巴结转移1例。通过颈部低位领式切口入路切除的占85．19％，颈部领式切口并胸骨正中劈开入路的占11．11％，开胸入路并颈部领式切口的占3．70％。术后并发症发生率为25．93％，其中术后伤口出血较为常见，占42．86％。结论：颈部低位领式切口入路切除胸骨后甲状腺肿物是可行的，它容易操作且安全可靠，又具有损伤小，并发症少等优点。     

肾癌胃转移1例

肾癌胃转移极为罕见,我院曾收治1例,现报告如下: 病案摘要 患者男性,66岁。6年前诊断左肾癌行根治性左肾切除,术后病理为肾透明细胞癌,术后干扰素治疗半年。此次因上腹部不适半年,黑粪1个月,间歇性恶心并呕血2次入院。入院后胃镜检查示:胃体下段近胃窦处后壁4cm×7cm巨大溃疡。病理活检报告为“肾透明细胞癌胃转移”。B超、CT等检查未发现其他部位转移灶。按胃癌D1术式行胃大部切除,术中见肿瘤位于胃体、窦交接部之胃后壁,5cm×8cm大小,已浸透胃壁浆膜层,与周围组织无粘连。术后病理报告:“胃壁小弯侧肾透明细胞癌转移,浸透浆膜,切端干净,淋巴结2/5转移”。术后恢复良好,给予干扰素治疗,现术后7个月,未见复发或转移。     

弥漫硬化型甲状腺乳头状癌的超声及细针穿刺细胞学特征分析

目的:分析弥漫硬化型甲状腺乳头状癌(diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,DSVPTC)的临床病理学特点,总结DSVPTC超声及超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学（fine needle aspiration cytology,FNAC）检查的术前诊断特征。方法:回顾性分析9例DSVPTC的临床、超声资料、细针穿刺细胞学及组织病理学特征。结果:9例DSVPTC 中女性7例,男性2例;7例（77.8%）可见被膜侵犯,8例（88.9%）可见脉管内瘤栓,9例（100%）出现淋巴结转移。超声表现为4例（44.4%）在单侧或双侧甲状腺内见弥散分布的砂粒样钙化,呈“暴风雪”样改变,5例（55.6%）在单侧腺体内呈结节样的不均质区,边界不清。9例术前均行超声引导下FNAC检查,细胞学主要特征为:较多砂砾体、大量淋巴细胞浸润,排列紧密的三维立体细胞簇及排列松散的鳞状化生细胞。结合超声及FNAC检查,DSVPTC术前诊断率为77.8%。结论:DSVPTC侵袭性较强,超声及FNAC 检查对于DSVPTC的术前诊断具有较高的准确率,有利于患者早期诊断及手术方案的制定。     

维持性血液透析并发肾癌的临床病理特点

目的:探讨维持性血液透析并发肾癌的临床病理特点及预后。方法:回顾性分析我院2013年01月至2020年01月收治的10例维持性血液透析并发肾癌患者的临床病理资料,并与同期肾功能正常肾癌患者比较。结果:男6例,女4例;平均年龄49.4(31～63)岁,维持血透时间平均49.6（19～62）个月。3例患者存在获得性肾囊肿。临床表现为肉眼血尿1例,其余9例无肾肿瘤临床症状。肿瘤均单侧单发。肿瘤最大径平均为3.9（1.2～5.4） cm。仅1例血尿患者临床分期T3aN0M0,余9例临床分期T1N0M0。患者均行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术。术后病理证实为肾透明细胞癌9例（90%）,乳头状肾细胞癌1例（10%）。相较肾功能正常肾癌患者,维持性血液透析并发肾癌患者具有年轻、瘤体小和分级低的特点（P＜0.05）,且平均随访64.7（26～104）个月,患者均存活,未见肿瘤复发及远处转移。结论:维持性血液透析并发肾癌患者具有较好的临床病理结果,积极手术治疗预后好。维持性血液透析患者需警惕并发肾癌的风险,由于患者大多无临床症状,故需定期筛查。     

Clinical presentations and outcomes of surgical treatment of follicular variant of the papillary thyroid carcinomas

BACKGROUND: The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) presents with biological and morphological features similar to papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pre-operative diagnosis of FVPTC and its clinical course is important in identifying appropriate surgical procedures. METHODS: This study enrolled 85 patients, 68 females (mean age 41.4+/-13.7 years) and 17 males (mean age 50.1+/-12.3 years) with papillary thyroid carcinomas diagnosed as FVPTC. From the patient database at Chang Gung Medical Center (CGMC), 170 pure papillary thyroid carcinoma cases and 85 with minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinomas of gender- and age-matched patients were randomly selected as control groups. All patients were categorized into high- and low-risk groups according to AMES criteria. RESULTS: Of the three groups, 7.1% (follicular), 11.8% (FVPTC) and 34.1% (pure papillary thyroid carcinoma) of patients presented with lymph node or soft tissue invasion (P=0.0001). Additionally, 29.4, 11.8 and 2.4% of patients with follicular carcinoma, FVPTC and pure papillary thyroid carcinoma, respectively, presented with distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Of the 85 FVPTC cases, 75 underwent pre-operative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) examination at CGMC. Only 11 cases were diagnosed pre-operatively with papillary thyroid carcinomas. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for these three groups demonstrated that follicular thyroid carcinoma had a prognosis worse than both papillary thyroid carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: Most FVPTC cases were diagnosed as follicular neoplasm via pre-operative FNAC. In this study, FVPTC patients had a high ratio of distant metastases, few lymph node metastases and soft tissue invasion. Aggressive treatment was indicated for the high-risk FVPTC patients.     

The diagnostic evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid and its clinical application

Objective

The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and its clinical application.

Methods

From April 2009 to February 2011, thyroid FNAC were performed in a total of 186 patients with thyroid nodule or mass in our hospital and 78 of those 186 patients subsequently underwent thyroidectomy. The FNAC findings were compared with the results of the corresponding histological diagnosis.

Results

The results of thyroid FNAC for 186 patients showed that, (1) 166 cases of benign lesions, the detection rate was 89.24% (166/186), including 96 cases of nodular colloid goiter (51.61%), 28 cases of simple colloid goiter (15.05%), 38 cases of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) (20.43%) and 4 cases of thyroid adenoma (2.15%); (2) 4 cases of suspicious malignant lesion, the detection rate was 2.15% (4/186); (3) 16 cases of malignant tumor, the detection rate was 8.60% (16/186). Seventy eight patients including malignant (16), suspicious malignant (4), HT (20) and nodular colloid goiters (38) cases diagnosed by FNAC were performed operation with thyroidectomy and the postoperative histopathologic results showed that there were 2 cases HT combined thyroid papillary carcinoma in HT 20 cases by FNAC, 15 cases of thyroid papillary carcinoma and 1 case of follicular carcinoma in 16 cases of malignant tumor by FNAC and 4 case of thyroid papillary carcinoma in 4 cases of suspicious malignant by FNAC.

Conclusion

Thyroid FNAC is a valuable and reliable method for the diagnosis of the thyroid nodules or mass or even most diffuse thyroid diseases. Diagnosis of HT and thyroid papillary carcinoma can be made by thyroid FNAC. There was larger hint value for nodular colloid goiter and simple colloid goiter according to thyroid FNAC.     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和手术方法的探讨--附6例临床分析并文献复习

背景与目的:肾癌下腔静脉癌栓临床处理困难,肾癌根治性切除的同时再切除肾静脉癌栓和取出下腔静脉癌栓,预后仍然良好。术前明确诊断,特别是对癌栓延伸范围的判断,对手术方式的选择十分重要。本研究结合我们的经验,进一步探讨肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和手术治疗。方法:回顾性分析我院2000～2004年收治的6例肾癌并发下腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料,包括诊断方法、手术治疗和预后。结果:6例患者术前均经B超、CT和MRI明确诊断,肾静脉型1例,肝下型3例,肝内型2例;1例肝内型患者术中死亡,余5例均手术成功。术后随访3～30个月,1例肝下型和1例肝内型患者分别于术后9个月、3个月死于远处转移,其余3例仍存活。结论:CT、MRI是目前无创诊断肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的最佳方法;对无淋巴结和远处转移的患者,应积极手术治疗;手术方式的选择取决于癌栓的延伸范围以及是否侵犯下腔静脉壁。     

肾癌腔静脉癌栓的诊断与治疗

背景与目的：肾癌可侵犯肾静脉,形成癌栓延伸至腔静脉,甚至右心房。肾癌腔静脉癌栓临床处理困难,但是在根治性肾切除时取尽癌栓,患者可获得长期生存。本文报告我们处理肾癌腔静脉癌栓的体会。方法：回顾性分析1995年5月～2003年10月经手术治疗的14例肾癌腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料,包括术前诊断、手术方法和患者的预后。结果：B超发现腔静脉癌栓9例,漏诊5例;CT诊断癌栓12例,漏诊2例;8例MR1检查均发现腔静脉癌栓并对癌栓范围显示清楚。14例中肝下腔静脉癌栓12例、肝内膈下和膈上腔静脉癌栓各1例,术后随访时间6～37个月,13例无瘤生存,1例(ⅢC患者)于术后23个月因癌死亡。结论：B超和CT是诊断肾癌腔静脉癌栓常用方法,MR1判断癌栓范围较B超和CT准确。对没有淋巴和远处转移的肾癌腔静脉癌栓患者外科治疗能获良好的远期效果。     

Particularités cliniques et thérapeutiques des carcinomes épidermoïdes de la thyroïde : étude de cinq cas

The Herrenschmidt tumor or primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare tumor. It represents less than 1% of all thyroid cancers. It is characterized by its rapid and aggressive evolution like anaplastic carcinoma. Our work is a retrospective study of five cases of pure squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid confirmed histologically. All patients were female, with an average age of 57; the reason for consultation was a goiter, characterized by its hard consistency. Cervical lymph nodes were palpated in one patient. The curative total thyroidectomy was possible only in two patients. The prognosis was generally poor with a survival of about a few months, especially in bad quality of life. Radical surgery when possible seems the only potential curative. However, late diagnosis and the aggressive evolution allow only palliative thyroidectomy, to avoid compression.     

合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤的肾细胞癌的临床特征：倾向评分匹配分析

背景与目的：随着肿瘤诊疗技术的进步,肿瘤患者的生存时间不断延长,第二原发肿瘤在临床上的报道也越来越多。探讨合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤的肾细胞癌（renal cell carcinoma,RCC）临床和病理学特征。方法：回顾性纳入2008年1月—2019年1月复旦大学附属肿瘤医院诊治的女性RCC患者520例,其中合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤39例,单一RCC 481例。本研究应用倾向评分匹配（propensity score matching,PSM）法对两类患者临床资料按1∶5进行匹配,比较两组患者临床病理学特点［年龄、体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）、肿瘤家族史、TNM分期、美国癌症联合会（American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC）临床分期等］。通过Kaplan-Meier法统计合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤RCC患者和单一RCC患者的预后情况。结果：经过倾向评分匹配后,合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤38例,单一RCC 185例。两组患者肿瘤家族史倾向评分匹配前差异有统计学意义（P=0.012）,匹配后,两组患者肿瘤家族史差异有统计学意义（P=0.042）。倾向评分匹配前两组患者总体生存情况差异有统计学意义（P=0.014）,倾向评分匹配后共纳入患者223例,所有患者都获得随访,随访时间为3~130个月,其中合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤组患者死亡8例,存活30例,中位生存时间为34.5个月,单一RCC组患者死亡57例,存活128例,中位生存时间为59.0个月。在随访时间内,合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤组的生存率均低于单一RCC组,两组总体生存情况相比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0.041）。结论：合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤的RCC并不少见,而肿瘤家族史可能使雌激素相关肿瘤患者再发RCC的风险升高。当合并第二原发雌激素相关肿瘤时,RCC患者的预后显著较单一RCC患者更差。     

Biomarkers for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer

Thyroid tumor contributes 1% of the total tumor but 90% of the endocrine related tumors. Majority of the thyroid cancers are being diagnosed by Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histology. Although histology is considered as gold standard, it has some limitations, like variants of papillary and follicular cancer creates confusion among pathologists, where the morphological features are indistinguishable. Conventional histology and FNAC fails to provide any prognostic and therapeutic information. To address this problem, several immunohistochemical markers are proposed and their efficiency in thyroid cancer diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are being evaluated. Among the discussed immunohistochemical markers, few have potential in accurate diagnosis and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma. Hector battifora mesothelial antigen-1 (HBME-1) and Galectin-3 (GAL-3) shows highest specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer respectively. Overexpression of EGFR in thyroid cancer is in proportionate with the severity of the advanced thyroid carcinoma, which required further evaluation and validation. Surgery and radio-iodine therapy is the main treatment modality, however; combined targeted therapeutic approach against different thyroid cancer receptor and biomarkers can reduce the side effect, and improve therapeutic efficiency. This review is oriented towards the finding of the potent thyroid cancer receptor having enhanced sensitivity and specificity, with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic efficiency.