人类精液中一氧化氮和尿酸含量检测的关系

目的探讨人精液中一氧化氮(N0)与尿酸含量的关系,对精了质量的影响。方法参照WHO标准方法,进行精液常规分析,按精子密度、活动率不同分为(正常、<20、20~40、>40)4个组。采用镀铜镉还原荧光法检测NO代谢产物硝酸盐(NO3-)。采用尿酸酶一过氧化物酶偶联法检测精液尿酸含量。结果70例不育组精液中尿酸含量和NO含量为(236.4±47.8)μmol/L、(78.7±1.6)μmol/L与正常生育组(398.6±52.3)μmol/L、(41.84±1.6)μmol/L呈显著性差异(P<0.01)。将尿酸含量与NO含量进行相关性分析,两者呈显著性负相关(r=-0.96,P<0.05)。不育各精子密度和活动率组精液尿酸含量随精子密度及活动率增加而上升,N0含量随之下降(P<0.01),结论精液尿酸含量测定可作为评价精子受活性氧损害的重要指标,证明尿酸对活性氧尤其在医学领域极为重视的NO损害精子具有保护性作用。     

男性不育精液中NO的含量与生殖细胞凋亡的关系

目的:探讨人精液中一氧化氮(nitricoxide,NO)与生殖细胞凋亡的关系。方法:采用镀铜镉还原荧光法检测NO代谢产物硝酸盐(NO-3)。用脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶(TdT)介导的缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法和透射电镜,分别检测和观察生殖细胞的凋亡及凋亡细胞的超微结构。结果:生育组精液中NO的含量为(56.83±11.65)μmol/L,生殖细胞的凋亡率(4.60±1.25)%,与不育组(128.86±23.76)μmol/L和(17.36±3.05)%相比较有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。不育组NO的含量和生殖细胞的凋亡率呈显著的正相关(r=0.96)凋亡的生殖细胞核染色质浓缩在核周形成新月形,电子密度增高,核膜折叠,核裂解形成凋亡小体。结论:不育者精液中NO的含量与生殖细胞的凋亡率有密切关系。高浓度的NO可能是导致睾丸生殖细胞凋亡率增加而致使男性生育力下降的原因。     

人精液一氧化氮含量与男性不育的相关性

目的:研究精液中一氧化氮(NO)含量对精子凋亡的影响及其与男性不育之间的相关性.方法:采用精子质量检测系统对精液标本进行常规检查;应用硝酸还原酶法测定精液中NO的含量;应用瑞-姬染色和TdT介导的原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测凋亡精子;观察凋亡精子的形态结构改变.结果:不育组精液中NO(58 37±14 14)μmol/l比正常生育组精液中NO(35 20±8 23)μmol/l含量高;正常生育组精子凋亡率9 67%±2 54%比不育组精子凋亡率33 98%±10 54%低.结论:不育组精液中精子的凋亡率随着NO含量的增高而增加.高浓度的NO导致精子凋亡率增加而致使男性生育力下降.     

司机职业对男性精液质量的影响

目的探讨司机职业与男性精液质量的相关性.方法422例不育男性(司机63例、非司机359例)和61例生育男性精液进行计算机辅助分析(CASA)和精子形态学分析.结果(1)不育组和生育组比较,不育组精子密度、活动率、前项运动级别显著性降低,畸形率显著性升高(P＜0.01).(2)不育司机组和不育非司机组比较,不育司机组精子密度、活动率和前项运动级别显著性降低,畸形率显著性升高(P＜0.05).不育司机组精子密度、活动率和前项运动级别与驾龄之间呈显著性负相关,畸形率与驾龄之间呈显著性正相关(P＜0.01).结论司机职业可能对男性精液质量有不良影响.     

2165例男性不育患者精液分析

目的探讨精液分析各参数在男性不育的诊断与治疗中的临床应用价值.方法采用WLJY-9000伟力彩色精子质量分析系统对2165例男性不育患者与58例已生育的正常健康体检男性的精液标本进行分析.结果不育组精液量、pH值、STR、LIN、WOB、MAD略低于生育组,而ALH、BCF略高于生育组,但均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).与生育组比较,不育组30min内完全液化者率、精子密度、A级精子率、B级精子率、精子活率、VCL、VSL、VAP均呈显著性降低(P＜0.01),而畸形精子率、WBC ～ 者率、无精子症者率均呈显著性升高(P＜0.01).结论采用伟力彩色精子质量分析系统对不育患者的精液进行多项参数分析,可为男性不育的诊断和治疗提供有力的临床依据.     

男性不育与精子凋亡关系的研究

目的探讨男性不育与精子凋亡的关系。方法采用计算机辅助精液分析对正常生育组（n=20）,不育组（n=60）男性进行精液参数检测,瑞-吉染色检测精子凋亡情况。结果在不同人群中精子凋亡均有一定发生率,正常生育组为（3.52±2.11）%,不育组为（18.26±9.34）%,两者差异极显著（P〈0.01）,并且精子凋亡与精子密度、精子活力以及精子正常形态率呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。结论精子凋亡与男性不育存在着十分密切的关系,精子凋亡增加,可能是少精症、弱精症和畸形精子症患者不育的原因之一。     

饮酒与男性不育的关系研究

目的探讨长期高浓度过量饮酒者精液中一氧化氮（NO）含量其精子质量和生精细胞凋亡与不育的关系。方法随机将146例精液分为5组,采用硝酸还原酶法特异地将NO代谢产物硝酸盐（NO3^-）测还原成亚硝酸盐（NO2^-）总量代表NO水平。用脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT）介导的缺口末端标记（TUNEL）法和双目光学显微镜,分别检测和观察生精细胞的凋亡率及形态结构。用SQA-V全自动精子质量分析仪,测定精子质量。结果未饮酒生育组精液中NO的含量为（54.81±11.45）μmol/L,生精细胞的凋亡率（4.52±1.23）%,精子质量活率（80.24±0.17）%、活力a＋b（78.32±0.12）%、畸形率（5.30±0.13）%,与长期高浓度过量饮酒各组结果相比,均呈显著性差异（P〈0.01,见表2）。长期高浓度过量饮酒各组NO的含量和生精细胞的凋亡率呈显著的正相关（r=0.93）。凋亡的生精细胞核染色质浓缩于核周形成新月形,核裂解形成凋亡小体。结论长期高浓度过量饮酒者精液中NO的含量和生精细胞的凋亡率均升高,精子质量低下。提示长期高浓度过量饮酒可致机体NO过度产生而促使生精细胞凋亡致男性不育的因素之一。     

冷冻保存对正常和不育症精子PH-20表达和凋亡的影响

目的探讨冷冻保存对人精子膜蛋白PH-20表达和精子凋亡的影响。方法 14例正常生育力精液标本(A组)和20例不育症精液标本(B组)行冷冻保存。Western blotting检测PH-20蛋白在人精子中的表达,免疫荧光用来观察PH-20蛋白在人精子上的定位,应用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶(Td T)介导的原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测精子凋亡情况。结果解冻后正常生育组和不育组的PH-20/β-actin平均吸光度与冷冻前比较均有显著性下降(P0.05);解冻后正常生育组和不育组的PH-20阳性率与冷冻前比较均有显著性下降(P0.05)。解冻后正常生育组的精子凋亡率与冷冻前的比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。而解冻后不育组的精子凋亡率与冷冻前的比较均显著性下降(P0.05),且不育组的降低程度大于正常生育组。结论冷冻-解冻过程可引起精子PH-20蛋白表达减少和精子PH-20阳性率降低,但冷冻保存对正常生育者的精子凋亡率无显著影响。     

人精液中ACE,HYD,ACP和GGT检测的意义

目的探讨人精液中项体酶、透明质酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰基移换酶与男性不育的关系.方法参照WHO标准方法,进行精液常规分析,按精子密度、活动率不同分为(正常、＜20、20～40、＞40)4个组.采用改良的Kennedy法检测精子顶体酶(ACE)活性.用Singer法测透明质酸酶(HYD)活性.采用磷酸苯二钠法检测酸性磷酸酶(ACP).用以Glucana为底物动力学方法测定精液γ-谷氨酰基移换酶(GGT)活性.结果98例不育各组的ACE、HYD、ACP和GGT活性明显低于正常生育组(P＜0.01),并且随精子密度和活动率减少而降低,随精子畸形率增高而下降.结论精液酶类的检测是评价精子成熟、活动率及穿卵受精能力的重要指标之一,是精液常规参数不可替代的,对男性不育的诊断治疗具有重要价值.     

解脲支原体感染精液的精子动态分析

目的采用计算机辅助的精液分析(CASA)研究解脲支原体(UU)感染的精了各项参数的影响.方法应用荧光定量PCR的方法对228例男性不育患者的精液进行UU检测,同时采用CASA分析其精子的动态参数.结果UU感染对精液的密度无影响,而对精子的活率、精子活率、A、B、C、D级精子的百分率和密度均有非常显著性差异(P0.01;代表精子运动的参数VCL、VSL、VAP、BCR均有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01),ALH、WOB、LIN、STR均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论解脲支原体感染可明显降低精子活率、精子活力、精子运动速度等,并改变精子运动方式,是造成男性不育的重要原因之一.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.