新复方大青叶片中4种西药成分的含量测定方法的研究

目的:建立新复方大青叶片中扑热息痛、咖啡因、异戊巴比妥和维生素 C 的含量测定方法。方法:采用 HPLC 法测定了扑热息痛、咖啡因、异戊巴比妥和维生素 C 的含量。结果:扑热息痛在199.5～1247μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.81%,RSD=0.99%(n=6);咖啡因在20.64～129μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.8%,RSD=1.43%(n=6);异戊巴比妥在8.42～210.5μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为100.4%,RSD=1.41%(n=6);维生素 C 在40.48～253.0μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.36%,RSD=1.42%(n=6)。结论:含量测定方法简便准确,重复性好,可用于控制新复方大青叶片的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氨溴索口服溶液的有关物质

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氨溴索口服溶液中杂质B[反式-4-(6,8-二溴-四氢喹唑啉环己醇)盐酸盐]与杂质E(2-氨基-3,5-二溴苯甲醛)的含量。方法色谱柱为Ultimate XB-C18(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm),以0.01 mol·L-1磷酸氢二铵(用磷酸调节p H至7.0)-乙腈(50:50)为流动相,检测波长为250 nm(检测杂质B)与238 nm(检测杂质E),柱温为40℃,流速为1 m L·min-1,进样量为20μL。结果杂质B进样浓度在1.215~19.44μg·m L-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),检测限为2.43 ng,平均回收率均在100.0%~100.6%(n=3),RSD均<1.6%;杂质E进样浓度在1.032~16.512μg·m L-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 4),检测限为0.825 ng;平均回收率均在95.9%~100.1%(n=3),RSD均<0.65%。结论该方法简单可行、灵敏度高,适用于盐酸氨溴索口服液中有关物质的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定毛发样本中地西泮、去甲西泮和奥沙西泮

目的:建立测定毛发样本中地西泮、去甲西泮和奥沙西泮的HPLC分析方法。方法:采用超声法结合液液萃取法作为前处理方法。采用Athena C₁₈-WP(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)色谱柱;以甲醇-0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(磷酸调pH 3.4)-乙腈(30∶43∶27)为流动相;柱温50℃;流速0.7 mL·min^-1;检测波长254 nm。内标为氯硝西泮。结果:本方法在0.1～25 ng·mg^-1范围内具良好的线性关系,定量限为0.1 ng·mg^-1,检测限为0.05 ng·mg^-1,批内准确度(n=6)在88.2%～103.9%,批间准确度(n=24)在88.5%～106.2%,精密度小于或等于9.19%,提取回收率稳定,符合方法学要求。将该方法应用于实际病人的毛发样本,测得地西泮及其代谢物去甲西泮、奥沙西泮浓度分别是(0.307±0.016)ng·mg^-1、(0.244±0.012)ng·mg^-1     

正相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中奥沙西泮的浓度

目的 建立以高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中奥沙西泮的浓度.方法 血浆样品用乙醚萃取,在55℃水浴中用氮气吹干,残留物用甲醇溶解后进样.色谱柱为Shim-pack CLC-CN(150 mm×6.0 mm,5μm),流动相为正己烷-甲醇-无水乙醇(80∶17∶3,VNN),流速为1.10 mL· min-1,柱温为30℃,紫外检测波长为230 nm.结果 奥沙西泮在0.02～5.0 mg· L-1范围内线形关系良好Y=7.163×10-3+ 1.030C(r=0.9996).方法 回收率近100％,日内和日间RSD均小于5％(n=5).结论 本方法适用于血浆中奥沙西泮的检测.     

RP—HPLC法测定阿双西林片中阿莫西林和双氯西林的含量

目的:建立同时测定阿双西林片中阿莫西林和双氯西林含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Hypersil C_(18)色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,10μm),甲醇-20 mmol·L~(-1)磷酸盐缓冲浪(52:48,磷酸调pH 5.0±0.1)为流动相,检测波长为230 nm。结果:阿莫西林在50～500μg·mL~(-1)范围内,峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.92%,重复性试验RSD为0.82％(n=6);双氯西林在25～250μg·mL~(-1)范围内,峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.2％,重复性试验RSD为0.86％(n=6)。结论:本法准确、简便、快速,适用于阿双西林片剂的质量控制。     

HPLC-MS测定人血浆中非那雄胺及相对生物利用度

目的:建立正常人血浆中非那雄胺的 HPLC-MS 测定法,研究2种非那雄胺片在正常人的相对生物利用度。方法:以普罗帕酮为内标,血浆样品沉淀蛋白后,经 Nucleodur C_(18)柱分离后采用质谱检测器检测,20名健康志愿者采用自身对照随机交叉试验设计,分别单剂量口服非那雄胺片5mg 后测定两者相对生物利用度。结果:非那雄胺与内标分离度好,内源性杂质不干扰测定,回归方程为 Y=5.930×10~(-3)X 2.363×10~(-3),r=0.9998。在1.53～306.7ng·mL~(-1)。范围内非那雄胺浓度与峰面积比的线性关系良好,定量限为1.53ng·mL~(-1),回收率为95.8%～103.6%(n=5),日内 RSD 为2.2%～4.7%(n=5);日间 RSD 为2.2%～3.6%(n=5)。单次服用5mg 非那雄胺片试验制剂或参比制剂后的药代动力学参数 AUC_(0→24)分别为(359.14±55.78)h·ng·ml~(-1)和(351.42±57.84)h·ng·mL~(-1),AUC_(0→∞)分别为(378.74±59.28)h·ng·mL~(-1)和(371.10±59.72)h·ng·mL~(-1),C_(max)分别为(46.80±6.29)ng·mL~(-1)和(48.63±8.47)ng·mL~(-1),T_(max)分别为(1.90±0.50)h和(1.80±0.41)h。相对生物利用度为103.20%±15.08%。结论:该方法简单,准确度高,灵敏度好,可用于非那雄胺在人体内过程研究。方差分析结果表明2种制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,双单侧 t 检验结果表明两种制剂为生物等效制剂。     

舒筋片定性定量方法研究

目的建立舒筋片的定性定量研究方法。方法应用TLC鉴别方内麻黄、大黄、红花和牡丹皮;采用HPLC对舒筋片中士的宁、丹皮酚、盐酸小檗碱和芍药苷进行含量测定。结果 TLC图谱中呈现出这4种物质的特征性斑点,且斑点显色清晰,分离度好;士的宁在4.18~37.58μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,r=1.000,平均加样回收率102.3%,RSD=0.59%(n=6)。盐酸小檗碱在34.5~172.5μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,r=1.000,平均加样回收率97.7%,RSD=0.88%(n=6)。丹皮酚在4.09~36.79μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均加样回收率99.8%,RSD=0.62%(n=6)。芍药苷在7.24~65.16μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9996,平均加样回收率99.6%,RSD=1.9%(n=6)。结论本法简单易行,重复性好,可以作为舒筋片的质量控制的标准,为医院制剂定性定量方法研究提供了科学依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定烯丙雌醇的含量及有关物质

目的:建立烯丙雌醇含量测定及有关物质检查方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱:Alltima C_(18)柱(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),流动相:乙睛-水(95:5),检测波长:205 nm(含量测定),210 nm(有关物质),流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1)。结果:烯丙雌醇与各主要杂质及强制破坏产生的降解产物的杂质峰均分离良好,烯丙雌醇浓度在107.2～964.8μg·mL~(-1)范围内,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,回归方程:A=11370C 40119,r=0.9998(n=7);精密度为0.34%(n=6);平均回收率为99.76%(RSD=0.64%,n=9),最低检出限为4.08 ng。结论:该法准确、灵敏、专属件强,可用于烯丙雌醇的含量测定利有关物质检查。     

HPLC法同时测定肿痛安胶囊中5种成分的含量

目的建立同时测定肿痛安胶囊中:天麻素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的HPLC法。方法色谱柱:Phenomenex Luna C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温:25℃;流动相:甲醇-水梯度洗脱;检测波长:230nm;进样量:5μL。结果天麻素质量浓度在12.46～199.30μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_1=0.999 5,平均回收率为101.2%,RSD值为1.6%(n=6);升麻素苷质量浓度在12.07～193.20μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_2=0.999 7,平均回收率为100.1%,RSD值为1.8%(n=6);5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷质量浓度在8.12～129.90μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_3=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.1%,RSD值为1.7%(n=6);欧前胡素质量浓度在12.52～200.40μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_4=0.999 6,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD值为1.4%(n=6);异欧前胡素质量浓度在12.65～202.40μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_5=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.0%,RSD值为0.7%(n=6)。结论该方法简单、准确,可同时测定5种成分的含量,可用于肿痛安胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定甲氧氯普胺及其片剂的含量和有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定甲氧氯普胺及其片剂的含量和有关物质。方法:采用 C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH 4.0)-乙腈(100:25),流速0.8 mL·min~(-1),检测波长240 nm。结果:甲氧氯普胺在39.65～158.59μg·mL~(-1)范围内,线性关系良好,回归方程 Y=23.7X 6.3,r=0.9999。平均回收率为99.2%(n=9)。最低检出限为0.086μg·mL~(-1)。结论:本方法快速、简便、准确,专属性强。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.