乌岩岭自然保护区药用植物资源调查

目的了解乌岩岭自然保护区药用植物资源种类和蕴藏量。方法采用线路调查、样地调查和计算蕴藏量的方法进行调查。结果非核心保护区药用植物种类繁多,有药学、经济及科研价值,但蕴藏量不匀,有些甚至处于濒危状态。结论本调查报告可为该区域药用植物资源保护和开发提供参考依据。     

青川县野生重楼资源的分布概况

目的 调查青川县野生重楼的种类、分布区域及资源现状.方法 通过走访调查、野外考察、样本采集、标本鉴定和资料查阅相结合的方法,调查了青川县的重楼资源.结果 在调查的青川县21个乡镇35个样品地区中,5个乡镇6个样地有野生重楼分布,主要分布在海拔1000～2200 m的阔叶林和针叶林下,主要为华重楼、黑籽重楼、多叶重楼、平伐重楼等4种,以华重楼的数量最多.初步估算,总蕴藏量为51.72吨.结论 青川县野生重楼的资源分布广泛,是平伐重楼的已知最北端的分布地,重楼野生资源蕴藏量正在急剧下降,有效保护和合理利用势在必行.     

自贡市贡井区蝉蜕的资源调查

结合走访调查、野外考察、样本采集、标本鉴定、资料查阅等方法,调查自贡市贡井区的蝉蜕资源.有13个样地的17个随机样方套中出现了蝉蜕,分布在海拔262～402 m的草丛和针叶林中,年蕴藏量约30吨;代表区域外的蝉蜕集中出现在龙都早香柚林区域,初步估算年蕴藏量约20吨;蝉蜕的资源年总蕴藏量约50吨.开发利用自贡市贡井区蝉蜕...     

不同生境下两种表型盐地碱蓬形态结构研究

目的 对采自东营不同生境下绿色、紫红色两种表型的盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa（L.）Pall.）进行形态结构研究。方法 应用光学显微镜观察并比较两种盐地碱蓬的外部形态与解剖结构。结果：绿色表型的盐地碱蓬主要通过保水、吸水和储水的结构耐受低盐和干旱胁迫;而紫红色表型盐地碱蓬的叶高度肉质化,茎维管组织更加发达,气孔密度变小,分泌组织出现。这些特征使其更好地抵御高盐和水浸的影响。结论 此研究为盐地碱蓬的鉴定和开发利用提供依据。     

自贡市自流井区药用植物资源的调查

目的 调查四川省自贡市自流井区药用植物资源的种类、蕴藏量和分布状况,为该区中药资源的保护、开发和合理利用提供依据。方法 通过野外样地调查、样线调查、采集制作腊叶标本、采集药材和种质资源样品、栽培地调查、市场走访调查和座谈会调查等多种形式统计区内野生药用植物资源状况、中医药使用情况和传统中药知识情况信息,统计分析药用植物种类、蕴藏量和分布信息,并形成自流井区中药资源目录。结果 共采集标本2472份,涉及植物412种;其中,药用植物401种,共涉及114科325属,包含《第四次全国中药资源普查重点调查中药资源(中药材)目录》中野外调查及市场调查品种60种,2020年版《中国药典》一部中收载中药的基原植物101种。调查到栽培药用植物3种,收集中药资源相关传统知识12条。根据临床使用情况,该区药用植物可分为8大药用部位,主要为根和根茎类;功效可分为21大类,以清热药为主。结论 此次普查填补了自流井区中药资源普查的空缺,为区志中药资源目录的撰写提供了数据支持。自流井区的野生植被主要集中在农团乡区域,中药材种植产业目前还处于起步阶段,存在中药材资源利用率低、中药产业化发展滞后的现状,中药产业化发展...     

清远市三尖杉植物资源调查报告

目的了解三尖杉植物资源的分布及利用情况。方法通过深入清远市连州、连南、阳山、连山、清新、佛山、清城等地多个地区对三尖杉植物资源进行实地走访、调查。结果清远市三尖杉植物资源仅分布在连州、阳山等地,且蕴藏量小,本次调查为今后合理开发和利用三尖杉植物资源提供了基本的资料和科学的依据,对其可持续发展提出了诸多建议。结论亟待于采取有效措施对三尖杉植物资源进行保护。     

花岩国家森林公园药用植物资源调查

目的了解花岩国家森林公园药用植物资源的种类和蕴藏量。方法用线路、样地和计算蕴藏量的方法进行调查。结果药用植物种类繁多,具有药学、经济及科研价值,但多数品种蕴藏量不大,有些品种甚至处于濒危状态。结论应对药用植物资源进行保护和开发。     

攀枝花市仁和区的中药资源普查

目的 对攀枝花市仁和区野生药用植物资源的品种、数量、分布以及药用植物栽培等进行调查,全面了解仁和区的中药资源现状,为仁和区药用植物资源的保护和合理规划提供依据。方法 以全国第四次中药资源普查技术规范为指导,通过野外实地样地、样方调查、中医药传统知识走访调查和相关文献资料的查阅等方法对攀枝花市仁和区的中药资源进行普查、整理和分析。结果 完成了全国第四次中药资源普查信息系统随机设置的37个样地,185个样方套,1110个样方的野外调查与统计。采集、制作和鉴定仁和区植物腊叶标本112科,447种,共计2682份,其中,包括73种《中国药典》中收录的重点品种。结论 仁和区的药用植物资源丰富,分布广泛,药材蕴藏量较大,为仁和区康养产业、中药资源的可持续发展与开发利用提供了依据。     

山区植物药材蕴藏量的评定方法

制药工业对各种植物药材需要的增长使我们必须掌握它们最全面的分布和蕴藏量资料。与此相关,进一步完善野生植物药材蕴藏量的评定方法更显得重要。计算各种植物药材蕴藏量的方法学问题虽有很多报道,但对在山区进行调查的特点注意较少。我们根据山区植被和植物区系分布的特点以及多年来在西天山山脉及西南帕米尔山脉计算药材蕴藏量的经验,提出了在山区进行植物药材蕴藏量的评定方法。山区不能机械地套用平原地区药材蕴藏量的计算方法。他们有自己的一些特点: 海拔高度由于在不大的空间范围内有高度差,会使下列环境因子发生变化:绝对温度、空气湿度、土壤类型、白昼光谱组成等。土壤水分状况对于山区来说,水分供     

依法保护野生药材资源确保资源合理开发利用

黑龙江省位于祖国东北边疆,草原辽阔,山多林密,江河湖泊纵横,是一个天然大药库,蕴藏着极为丰富的野生药材资源。全省分布的动、植物药材物种有856种,按商品分类有405种,总蕴藏量为27亿公斤。人参、鹿茸、田鸡、北五味、关龙胆、关黄柏、关苍术、小蒿子防风、宁古塔、黄芪等地道名贵药材产量大、质量好,畅销于国内外,并具有一定的优势。我省由于加强了野生药材资源的立法、普法、执法工     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.