慢性乙型肝炎血清HBV DNA基因检测及其临床意义

目的探讨不同类型慢性乙型肝炎患者病毒复制水平与肝损害程度的关系。方法 150例慢性乙型肝炎(轻度70例、中度60例、重度20例)患者血清HBV DNA含量采用荧光标记(Ampli Sensor)定量PCR方法检测。结果慢性乙型肝炎轻度、中度患者HBV DNA含量(105.58±1.92、106.27±2.05)与慢性乙型肝炎重度患者HBV DNA含量(105.73±1.90)相比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),且不同HBV DNA水平患者的TBil、ALT、AST差别无显著性(P>0.05)。结论随着肝损害程度的加重,慢性乙型肝炎轻度、中度、重度患者血清HBV DNA基因含量未发生显著变化,同时血清HBV DNA含量与TBil、ALT、AST水平无明显关系。     

慢性乙型肝炎血清HBVDNA基因含量与临床的相关性研究

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎（慢乙肝）患者病毒复制水平与HBV标志物（HBV—M）模式及肝损害程度的关系。方法360例慢性乙型肝炎（轻度160例、中度140例、重度60例）患者血清HBVDNA含量采用荧光标记（AmpliSensor）定量PCR方法检测,HBV—M检测采用ELISA法。结果血清HBVDNA含量与HBV—M模式有关,血清HBeAg阳性组HBVDNA含量（106．35±1．84）显著高于HBeAg阴性组（104．73±1．88）（P〈0．01）。慢乙肝轻度、中度患者HBVDNA含量[（105．58±1．92）,（106．27±2．05）]与慢乙肝重度患者HBVDNA含量（105．73±1．90）相比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,且不同HBVDNA水平患者的TBil、AI』、AST差别无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论血清HBeAg的存在影响HBVDNA的水平变化,随着肝损害程度的加重,慢性乙型肝炎轻度、中度、重度患者血清HBVDNA基因含量未发生显著变化,同时血清HBVDNA含量与TBil、ALT、AST水平无明显关系。     

慢性乙型肝炎血清HBV DNA水平与血清ALT的关系

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)复制水平与丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)之间的关系。方法对180例慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA含量采用荧光标记(AmpliSensor)定量PCR方法检测,并比较HBV DNA含量与ALT的关系。结果慢性乙型肝炎轻度、中度患者HBV DNA含量(105.58±1.92,106.27±2.05)与慢性乙型肝炎重度患者HBV DNA含量(105.73±1.90)相比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),且不同HBV DNA水平患者的ALT差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论随着肝损害程度的加重,慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA基因含量未发生显著变化,同时血清HBV DNA含量与ALT水平无明显关系。     

HBeAg阴性轻、中度慢性乙型肝炎临床特征初步分析

目的分析HBeAg阴性轻、中度慢性乙型肝炎临床特征。方法比较HBeAg阳性(119例)和阴性(21例)两组慢性乙型肝炎的HBV DNA载量、HBVM异常持续时间、年龄、ALT及AST水平,探讨两组患者临床特征的差异。结果 HBeAg阴性组年龄较阳性组平均高11.2岁(P<0.01);HBeAg阴性组HBVM异常持续时间较阳性组平均长4.1年(P<0.01)。HBeAg阳性组ALT和AST水平较阴性组略有增高。HBeAg阴性组血清HBV DNA载量较阳性组平均低1.86log10copies/ml(P<0.01)。结论 HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者感染HBV时间长、年龄大,血清HBV DNA载量较阳性组低。血清HBV DNA载量的变化影响到每次发病的程度,HBeAg阳性组患者ALT水平及AST水平较阴性组有增高的趋势,发病的轻重与血清HBV DNA载量的高低有关。     

乙型肝炎感染者血清e抗原模式与HBV DNA及肝功能指标关系研究

目的 研究乙型肝炎感染者血清e抗原(HBeAg)模式与血清HBV DNA载量及肝功能指标的关系.方法 对1407例乙肝感染者分别检测血清样本中HBVDNA载量及HBV-M,并同步检测肝功能.根据HBeAg不同模式分组探讨与HBVDNA载量及ALT、AST、CHE关系.结果 HBeAg阴性与阳性组间HBVDNA阳性率及平均含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),血清ALT、AST、CHE水平不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),不同HBeAg模式中都存在有病毒复制组ALT、AST、CHE水平显著高于无病毒复制(P<0.01).结论肝损害与HBeAg模式无关,而与乙肝病毒复制有一定关系.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV低水平复制状态与临床的相关性研究

目的 探讨HBV低水平复制状态下慢性乙型肝炎(慢乙肝)患者的临床表现.方法 采用荧光定量PCR方法 检测180例各型慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA含量,按照HBV DNA水平的高低进行分组,对不同组别患者的临床表现进行分析,探讨HBV低水平复制对病情的影响.结果 HBVDNA含量≤103 copy/ml组的总胆红素(TBil)为(43.00&#177;57.79)μmol/L,与其他各组比较无明显差异(P＞0.05);丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)为(223&#177;344)U/L、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)为(138&#177;221)U/L,均低于HBV DNA含量为108组(P＜0.05),而且HBV DNA含量≤103 copy/ml组中慢性乙型肝炎轻、中、重度患者的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 慢性乙型肝炎患者的病情轻重与血清中HBV DNA含量无明显相关性,HBV的低水平复制也不能代表患者的病情较轻.     

HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA含量与ALT的关系

目的探讨HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA含量与ALT的关系。方法回顾性分析269例乙型肝炎患者的临床资料和实验室检测数据,HBeAg阴性组148例和阳性组121例,对比分析两组患者HBV DNA含量及ALT水平的关系。结果 148例HBeAg阴性乙型肝炎患者中血清HBV DNA阳性者107例(72.3%),其均值为(5.4±1.3)log10copies.ml-1,血清ALT水平为49(129.0)IU.L-1(中位数,四分位数间距),肝硬化比例为51.4%(55/107)。121例HBeAg阳性乙型肝炎患者中血清HBV DNA阳性118例(97.5%),其均值为(6.8±1.2)log10copies.ml-1,ALT水平为105(139.5)IU.L-1(中位数,四分位数间距),肝硬化比例为13.6%(16/118)。HBV DNA阳性率及含量和ALT水平HBeAg阳性组高于HBeAg阴性组(P0.01)。ALT水平在HBeAg阴性伴HBV DNA阳性组与HBeAg阳性伴HBV DNA阳性组比较无统计学意义(Z=-1.43,P=0.150.05)。肝硬化在HBeAg阴性伴HBV DNA阳性组所占比例最高。HBeAg阴性组较HBeAg阳性组患者的年龄较大(t=7.046,P0.01)。结论 HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者年龄偏大,肝硬化比例偏高,尤其是HBV DNA阳性者,肝脏炎性损伤程度与HBeAg阳性患者相似。     

重型乙型肝炎血清HBV DNA水平与肝功能及免疫指标的关系研究

目的 探讨重型乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA水平与肝损害程度以及血清免疫指标之间的关系.方法 应用荧光定量聚合酶链反应法和酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）分别检测197例乙肝患者血清HBVDNA水平与乙型肝炎病毒血清标志物（HBVM）.结果 重型乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA水平显著低于慢乙肝重度,慢乙肝轻、中度及急性乙肝（P＜0.01）;重型乙型肝炎患者HBeAg阴性率最高（P＜0.05）;重型乙肝患者血清HBV DNA水平与ALT、TBil无相关性,与C3、C4呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与PT、IgG、IgA、IgM呈显著负相关（P＜0.05～0.01）;重型乙型肝炎死亡患者血清HBV DNA水平显著低于存活者（P＜0.05）.结论 重型乙型肝炎血清HBV DNA复制水平低,HBeAg阴性率高,与病毒变异有关;重型乙型肝炎血清HBV DNA水平与肝功能及免疫指标有良好相关性;定量检测重型乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA对判断病情危重程度、指导抗病毒治疗和估计预后有重要意义.     

慢性乙肝患者体内HBeAg、HBV DNA和肝功能指标检测结果分析

目的检测慢性乙肝患者血清HBV DNA、HBeAg及ALT、AST的水平及相关性分析,为临床乙肝的诊断和治疗提供参考依据。方法化学发光法检测530例我院HBsAg阳性患者的HBeAg,荧光定量PCR检测HBV-DNA的水平,速率法检测血清ALT和AST的水平。结果 HBeAg阳性组中患者体内HBV DNA水平、ALT异常率、AST异常率显著高于HBeAg阴性组;两组患者血清ALT、AST水平相比较没有统计学差异;在HBeAg阳性组中,当HBV DNA水平大于103时HBeAg水平与HBV DNA水平呈正相关;HBV DNA水平与ALT及AST水平均没有相关性。结论同时检测HBeAg、HBV DNA和ALT水平,才能准确反映患者HBV感染、复制及肝功能损伤程度,从而为临床诊断及治疗提供有价值的依据。     

长效干扰素对HBeAg阳性CHB患者肝功能指标及QLS-CHB评分的影响

目的 研究长效干扰素对乙型肝炎E抗原(HBeAg)阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者肝功能以及慢性乙型肝炎患者特异性生活质量量表(QLS-CHB)评分的影响。方法 42例HBeAg阳性CHB患者为研究对象,以随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各21例。对照组使用恩替卡韦分散片治疗,观察组使用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b注射液治疗。比较两组治疗效果,乙型肝炎病毒脱氧核糖核酸(HBV DNA)、乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)水平及HBeAg、HBV DNA转阴情况,肝功能指标[血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、血清白蛋白(ALB)],生活质量,不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗后,观察组治疗总有效率90.48%高于对照组的47.62%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组HBV DNA、HBsAg水平均低于本组治疗前,且观察组HBV DNA(2.48±0.37)U/ml、HBsAg(56.56±8.59)U/L均低于对照组的(3.55±0.44)U/ml、(98.43±12.87)U/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组HBeAg、HBV DNA转阴率...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.