新生儿窒息血清BNP、s100水平表达的临床意义

目的:分析新生儿窒息血清脑钠肽(BNP)、中枢神经特异性蛋白(s100)水平变化的临床意义。方法选取某院收治的109例窒息新生儿为病例组,根据新生儿窒息临床分度标准分为重度窒息组(n=31)、轻度窒息组(n=78),另以1∶3比例选取同期出生的327例健康新生儿为健康组;均于新生儿出生后12、24、48、72 h内进行血清BNP、s100水平检测,比较病例组与健康组血清BNP、s100水平,于出生后7、14、28 d采用新生儿行为测定能力评分(NBNA)评估病例组预后,比较不同病情程度新生儿窒息血清BNP、s100水平及NBNA评分,采用Spearman相关性分析评估NBNA评分与血清BNP、s100水平的关联性,采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析BNP、s100对新生儿窒息神经系统损伤的预测价值。结果:重度窒息组出生后12、24、48、72h血清BNP水平[(2.86±0.82) ng/L、(2.69±0.78) ng/L、(2.47±0.72) ng/L、(2.13±0.68) ng/L]、s100水平[(0.76±0.21)ng/L、(0.71±0.18) ng/L、(0.63...     

危重病患者应用血乳酸及乳酸清除率测定的效果及对患者预后评估影响

目的探究血乳酸及乳酸清除率测定用于评估危重病患者预后的效果。方法回顾性分析120例危重病患者的临床资料,根据入院7 d内的转归情况分为死亡组(30例)和存活组(90例)。入院后及治疗6 h后检查患者的动脉血乳酸、动脉血气分析,比较不同乳酸水平患者的急性生理与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、死亡率、全血乳酸、碱缺失、HCO^-3、pH水平。结果乳酸水平≥10 mmol/L患者的APACHEⅡ评分、死亡率、全血乳酸水平均高于2 mmol/L≤乳酸水平<4 mmol/L患者和4 mmol/L≤乳酸水平<10 mmol/L患者,碱缺失、HCO^-3、pH值均低于2 mmol/L≤乳酸水平<4 mmol/L患者和4 mmol/L≤乳酸水平<10 mmol/L患者;4 mmol/L≤乳酸水平<10 mmol/L患者的APACHEⅡ评分、死亡率、全血乳酸水平均高于2 mmol/L≤乳酸水平<4 mmol/L患者,碱缺失、HCO^-3、pH值均低于2 mmol/L≤乳酸水平<4 mmol/L患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。存活组APACHEⅡ评分(17.37±3.89)分、全血乳酸(3.57±2.22)mmol/L均低于死亡组的(23.11±4.02)分、(7.47±2.33)mmol/L,碱缺失(-1.49±2.33)mmol/L、HCO3-(22.89±5.41)mmol/L及pH(7.42±0.15)水平均高于死亡组的(-8.36±3.36)mmol/L、(16.98±5.44)mmol/L、(7.28±0.20),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。24例严重高乳酸血症患者中,存活组APACHEⅡ评分、全血乳酸均低于死亡组,碱缺失、HCO^-3、pH、乳酸清除率高于死亡组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。低乳酸清除率患者入院6 h的APACHEⅡ评分、死亡率高于高乳酸清除率患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论危重病患者的预后可通过早期乳酸清除率和乳酸分层进行评估,同时联合APACHEⅡ评分可为患者临床诊治提供参考。     

重症手足口病患儿血乳酸浓度和清除率与疾病预后的相关性

[摘要]目的:探讨重症手足口病患儿血乳酸浓度和清除率及其与疾病预后的相关性。方法:选取2016 年10 月至2018 年3 月 我院收治的重症手足口病患儿120 例,根据患儿病情严重程度分为非危重组(n =24)、危重组(n =49)、极危重组(n =47),采集 动脉血检测血乳酸浓度,计算6 h 乳酸清除率,观察血乳酸浓度和乳酸清除率变化与病情严重程度及预后的相关性。结果:危 重组、极危重组患儿血乳酸浓度高于非危重组,乳酸清除率低于非危重组(P<0.05);治疗后血乳酸浓度为2.0 ~3.9 mmol/ L 组 和≥4.0 mmol/ L 组病死率高于血乳酸浓度<2.0 mmol/ L 组,且小儿危重病例评分法( PCIS) 评分低于<2.0 mmol/ L 组( P < 0.05)。高乳酸清除率组的病死率和PCIS 评分低于低乳酸清除率组(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,动脉血乳酸浓度与PCIS 评分呈正相关(r =0.68,P<0.01);乳酸清除率与PCIS 评分呈负相关(r =-0.69,P<0.01)。结论:重症手足口病患儿血乳酸浓度 越高,病情越严重,乳酸清除率越低,预后效果越差,病死率越高。血乳酸浓度和清除率变化可作为判断重症手足口病患儿病情 危重程度以及预后的重要参考。     

乳酸清除率对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的预后评估价值

目的探讨乳酸清除率与ARDS患者预后的相关性。方法回顾性分析45例ARDS患者入院后24h内的急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分,根据入院初始和入院后6h、24h测定的血乳酸值计算乳酸清除率。按照预后分为存活组和死亡组,按照6h乳酸清除率≥10%、24h乳酸清除率≥50%分为高乳酸清除率组和低乳酸清除率组。结果存活组与死亡组的年龄、性别构成比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。存活组与死亡组APACHEⅡ评分分别为16.5±4.60、31.0±8.87;初始血乳酸浓度分别为(5.48±1.88)、(9.56±4.35)mmol/L,6h乳酸清除率分别为(47.02±27.47)、(6.15±8.68)%,24h乳酸清除率分别为(71.21±22.31)、(12.68±22.83)%,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。并且,高乳酸清除率组死亡率也明显低于低乳酸清除率组(P<0.01)。结论乳酸清除率联合APACHEⅡ评分可用于ARDS患者预后的评估。     

脓毒症休克患儿血乳酸水平与预后的关系

目的：探讨脓毒症休克患儿血乳酸水平变化和病情进展的关系。方法回顾分析52例脓毒症休克患儿的临床资料。结果两组患儿确立诊断时血乳酸水平差异无统计学意义,而治愈组治疗6h和12h血乳酸水平分别为（3.84±0.52）mmol/L、（3.12±0.31）mmol/L;死亡组治疗6h和12h血乳酸水平分别为（5.26±0.64）mmol/L、（5.73±0.51）mmol/L,两组患儿治疗6h和12h的血乳酸水平经统计学处理其P<0.05。结论治疗12h后患儿血乳酸水平仍高于4mmol/L预后差,治疗12h血乳酸水平高低对患儿预后有重要意义。     

动脉血乳酸水平及乳酸清除率评估感染性休克预后的意义

目的 评价动脉血乳酸及乳酸清除率评估感染性休克患者预后的意义.方法 记录64例急诊重症监护室(EICU)的感染性休克患者入住重症监护室(ICU)1h内、6h、12 h、24h、48 h的血乳酸浓度,并计算12 h时的乳酸清除率,根据治疗后的转归分成两组,存活组和死亡组.比较两组血乳酸水平及乳酸清除率.结果 存活组和死亡组人ICU时血乳酸浓度分别为(7.2±5.4) mmol/L和(9.2±5.6) mmoL/L,均大于正常.存活组6h后开始下降,24h为(2.2±1.3) mmol/L,基本正常;而死亡组48 h血乳酸浓度为(8.0±3.8) mmol/L,仍明显大于正常,直至死亡,两组差异有统计学意义(t=3.7816,3.8257,7.5263,4.5875,5.8765,P＜0.05).死亡组患者12 h时乳酸清除率[(5.83±3.92) mmol/L]明显低于存活组[(14.32±2.68) mmol/L](t=6.2565,P＜0.05).结论 动脉血乳酸浓度与感染性休克患者预后呈正相关,乳酸清除率动态反应病情进展,是判断危重病严重程度的早期、敏感、定量的指标.     

血乳酸动态监测评估感染性休克病情的价值

目的探讨动态监测血乳酸对感染性休克患者治疗和预后的评价作用。方法对32例感染性休克患者,按早期目标指导治疗(EGDT)开始前(0h)测得的动脉血乳酸值,分为A组(<2mmol/L,8例)、B组(2-4mmol/L,11例)和C组(≥4mmol/L,13例)。测定EGDT开始后2、6、12、24及48h血乳酸,比较各组血乳酸和乳酸清除率的变化及APACHEⅡ评分情况。结果与EGDT开始前血乳酸比较,A组血乳酸无明显下降,B组24及48h明显下降(P<0.05),C组在12、24及48h均有明显下降(P<0.05)。与A组比较,B组、C组6h乳酸清除率均明显下降,病死率升高(P<0.05)。各组APACHEⅡ评分在EGDT开始后都呈进行性下降,C组APACHEⅡ分值均高于A、B组。结论血乳酸动态监测对感染性休克患者具有早期评估治疗及预后的作用;EGDT开始前血乳酸越高则预后越差。     

血乳酸水平对重症手足口病患儿病情及预后评估的意义

目的:探讨早期血乳酸水平监测对重症手足口病患儿病情及预后评估的意义。方法:选取2012年1月至2013年12月湖南省儿童医院收治的重症手足口病住院患儿362例,按是否发生脑干脑炎分为危重症组68例和非危重症组294例,按不同预后分为死亡组25例和非死亡组337例。入院时检测血乳酸水平,观察脑干脑炎、肺水肿、肺出血和循环衰竭并发症发生情况,比较不同预后患儿血乳酸水平的差异并分析血乳酸水平对诊断各类并发症的影响。结果:危重症组患儿血乳酸水平为(3.97±3.77)mmol/L,非危重症组为(1.46±0.80)mmol/L,死亡组血乳酸水平为(5.67±4.10)mmol/L,非死亡组为(1.47±0.86)mmol/L,危重症组及死亡组均明显高于非危重症组及非死亡组(P<0.05)。以血乳酸3.2 mmol/L为界值,>3.2 mmol/L组脑干脑炎、肺水肿、循环衰竭、肺出血发生率和病死率较≤3.2 mmol/L组升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血乳酸水平诊断肺出血、循环衰竭、预后是否死亡的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.81(0.70,0.92)、0.82(0.74,0.94)、0.85(0.74,0.96);血乳酸水平以3.2 mmol/L为界值时,最大约登指数为1.69,对预测发生肺水肿、肺出血、循环衰竭和死亡具有较高的敏感度和特异度。结论:血乳酸水平可反映重症手足口病患儿病情严重程度。入院血乳酸水平>3.2 mmol/L的重症手足口病患儿可能发生肺水肿、肺出血和循环衰竭等严重并发症,甚至死亡。     

胎心监护重度变异减速、脐血乳酸监测、血气分析联合检测对新生儿窒息预后评估

目的 探讨重度变异减速、脐血乳酸监测、血气分析联合检测对新生儿窒息预后评估价值。方法 采用回顾性研究,选取河源市妇幼保健院2019年6月至2020年9月收治的60例新生儿窒息患儿为研究对象,根据新生儿出生1 min内的Apgar评分标准将窒息患儿分为轻度窒息组(Apgar 4～7分,30例)与重度窒息组(Apgar 0～3分,30例),另外选取我院同期收治的正常患儿为对照组(Apgar 8～10分,30例),分析不同三组患儿变异减速程度、血乳酸及血气相关指标。随访3个月,根据窒息患儿短期内是否发生不良结局分为预后良好组和预后不良组,单因素和多因素logistic分析窒息患儿发生不良预后的独立影响因素,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析上述指标对窒息患儿预后的评估价值。结果 轻度与重度窒息组变异减速程度、血乳酸水平均高于对照组,pH值和BE水平低于对照组(P 0.05),随着窒息严重程度的增加,重度窒息组变异减速程度及血乳酸水平均显著高于轻度窒息组,pH值和BE水平则低于轻度窒息组(P 0.05);单因素显示,预后不良组与预后良好组患儿在变异减速程度、血乳酸、血pH值和BE水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);多因素分析显示,重度变异减速、血乳酸水平 3.33 mmol/L,pH值7.30和BE水平-10 mmol/L均是患儿预后不良的独立危险因素(P 0.05);变异减速程度、乳酸及血气指标联合检测的敏感度为84.00%,特异性为87.60%,均大于单项指标检测。结论 重度变异减速、血乳酸浓度、血气指标联合检测在窒息患儿预后评估中具有一定的预测价值。     

脐动脉血气分析与乳酸水平对新生儿窒息的诊断价值

目的分析脐动脉血气分析与乳酸水平对新生儿窒息的诊断价值。方法选取我院收治的620例足月分娩的新生儿作为研究对象,新生儿出生后1min取脐动脉血,测定Apgar评分、动脉血PCO_2、p H值和乳酸水平。以缺氧缺血性脏器损伤表现等确诊新生儿窒息者,其余为非窒息者。比较窒息者与非窒息者Apgar评分、PCO_2、p H值和乳酸水平的差异,并使用ROC曲线分析Apgar评分、PCO_2、p H值和乳酸水平对诊断新生儿窒息的敏感性和特异性。结果根据缺氧缺血性脏器损伤表现确诊新生儿窒息者34例,其余新生儿为非窒息者。窒息新生儿PCO_2值和乳酸水平比非窒息新生儿高(P 0.05),窒息新生儿Apgar评分、p H值比非窒息新生儿低(P 0.05)。不同诊断指标对新生儿窒息诊断的ROC曲线显示,应用Apgar评分、PCO_2、p H值、血乳酸水平诊断新生儿窒息均具有较高的诊断效能,其AUC分别为0.688、0.698、0.731、0.866;乳酸水平诊断新生儿窒息AUC值显著高于Apgar评分、PCO_2和p H值(P 0.05)。乳酸水平诊断新生儿窒息的cut-off值为4.47mmol/L,敏感性为91.2%,特异性为71.2%。结论新生儿窒息者脐动脉PCO_2和乳酸水平高于非窒息新生儿,而p H值较高。乳酸水平诊断新生儿窒息的价值较动脉血气分析高,其最佳截止点为4.47mmol/L。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.