乳腺癌伴腋窝淋巴结转移术后放射治疗研究(附78例≥8个淋巴结转移的乳腺癌临床观察)

目的　探讨放射治疗对腋窝淋巴结转移数≥8 个、T1 ～3 期乳腺癌的作用。方法　回顾性分析78 例行根治术的浸润性乳腺癌。术后均接受辅助化疗,疗程0.5 ～4.0 个;38 例兼接受了术后放射治疗,放射治疗部位为同侧锁骨上、下及内乳淋巴引流区,且29 例加胸壁、25 例加腋窝,放射治疗剂量45 Gy 以上占89.5 % 。结果　放射治疗组和未放射治疗组的5 年局部复发率分别为30 .8%和57.4 %( P= 0.010) ;5 年无瘤生存率分别为47 .7% 和15.7% ( P= 0 .002) ;5 年总生存率分别为64.4% 和40.6% (P= 0.083) 。做和未做胸壁足量放射治疗的胸壁复发率为7 .7 % (2/26) 和3/9 (P<0 .05)。做和未做腋窝放射治疗的腋窝复发率为4 .0% (1/25)和7 .7 % (1/13)(P> 0.05)。结论　对腋窝淋巴结转移数≥8 个、T1～3 期乳腺癌,除术后化疗外,应常规行术后放射治疗,胸壁应列为常规的照射部位之一,腋窝可不必照射     

206例成人早期霍奇金病的放射治疗

目的：探讨成人早期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）霍奇金病（HD）放射治疗野的规范使用。方法：回顾性分析1984年1月至1997年12月中国肿瘤收治的206例初治的膈上型早期霍奇金病成人患者（≥15岁）,其中130例单纯放射治疗（称为单放组,76例行放射治疗＋化疗（称为综合治疗组）。放射治疗采用累及野（IF）照射7例、斗蓬野（MF）照射34例、次全淋巴结照射（STNI）140例、全淋巴结照射（TNI）25例。Kaplan-Meier法行生存分析、Logrank法行显著性检验。结果：①全组5、10年总生存率分别为85．1％和73．2％,5、10年无瘤生存率分别为68．0％和63．6％。②单放组中接受MF、STNI和TNI照射的5年生存率分别为69．2％、93．3％、和94．4％;5年无瘤生存率分别为54．2％、79．2％、79．9％（P＜0．05）。③综合治疗组中接受IF（MF）照射和STNI（TNI）和5年总生存率分别为75．7％和90．6％,5年无瘤生存率分别为43．1％,和73．3％,P＜0．05）。结论：除了少数预后极好的IA期患者可给予单纯MF照射外,其它期别的患者在采用单纯放射治疗时宜选用STNI,盲目缩小放射治疗野将会导致无瘤生存率甚至总生存率的下降,预后不利的患者应给予放射治疗＋化疗综合治疗。     

Ⅱ～ⅢA期乳腺癌术后胸壁电子束弧形照射的临床观察

应用电子束实施乳腺癌根治术后辅助放射治疗 ,是 80年代以来临床广为采用的放射治疗技术。为了使有胸廓曲度的胸壁照射野靶区剂量均匀、合理的分布 ,从 1993年开始摸索应用电子束弧形照射技术进行乳腺癌改良根治术后胸壁或内乳区 胸壁照射的研究 ,笔者主要分析应用该技术对Ⅱ～ⅢA期乳腺癌根治术后放射治疗的临床结果及其影响因素。一、材料与方法1.病例资料 :自 1993年 2月至 2 0 0 1年 10月对 10 1例接受乳腺癌改良根治术的Ⅱ～ⅢA期患者实施了胸壁或胸壁加内乳区放射治疗。此组可供分析的病例为 99例 ,患者年龄 2 8～ 6 7岁 (中位值 4 …     

10例放射性肺炎临床分析

198 7年 1月～ 1988年 12月放射治疗 2 30例肺癌、乳腺癌患者。其中肺癌 135例 ,乳腺癌 95例。发生放射性肺炎分别为 5 .1% (7/ 135 )、3.1% (3/ 95 )。并胸水患者行全胸移动条野照射 16例 ,发生放射性肺炎 31.2 % (5 / 16 )。而常规照射野占 2 .3% (5 / 2 14)。放射性肺炎的发生与靶区剂量、照射面积为正比关系 ,化疗后再放疗发生率明显增高。     

食管癌根治术后放射治疗临床疗效分析

为探讨食管癌根治术后放射治疗的疗效 ,笔者自 1993年 5月至 1997年 11月对 178例患者进行术后放射治疗和单纯手术治疗的分组研究 ,现将结果报道如下。一、材料与方法1.一般资料 :入组条件为经病理组织学或细胞学证实为食管癌患者 ,行根治术后切缘无残留病灶 ,卡氏评分≥ 70 ,放射治疗前血象正常 ,无放射治疗禁忌证。术后放射治疗组85例 ,单纯手术组 93例。病理诊断均为鳞癌 ,余详见表 1。　　 2 .治疗方法 :采用 4MVX射线于术后 4～ 8周开始行纵隔前后对穿放射治疗。常规放射治疗 4 0Gy后改用双斜野或水平野避开脊髓照射 ,照射野上界位于…     

243例早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的效果分析

目的：分析总结早期乳腺癌保留乳房综合治疗的效果，观察5年无瘤生存率、总生存率和美容效果。方法：选择符合保留乳房标准的早期乳腺癌患者243例，实施保留乳房的局部广泛肿瘤切除手术及腋窝Ⅰ、Ⅱ水平淋巴结清扫或腋窝前哨淋巴结活检，对术中病理报告标本切缘阳性者实施再切除检验，保证切缘阴性后乳腺切除残腔放置银夹标记切除范围和深度。根据术后病理报告确定个体化的综合治疗。根据临床分期需要化疗患者常规行术后辅助全身化疗6个周期；常规放射治疗于术后或化疗2～3个周期后开始，患侧乳房放射剂量50Gy，瘤床部位根据肿瘤大小、所在部位和肿瘤标本切缘状况电子线补充照射10～20Gy。腋窝淋巴结有转移者预防性照射患侧锁骨上淋巴区域50Gy。放疗结束后继续化疗，化疗结束后开始三苯氧胺内分泌治疗5年。定期随访患者局部和全身情况。生命表法计算5年无瘤生存率和总生存率；按Harris标准评估美容效果；按RTOG标准评估急性和晚期放射性损伤。结果：243例早期乳腺癌符合保留乳房治疗标准，实施了保乳治疗并且能够接受定期随访，随访中位时间56个月（12～84个月）。7例患者出现局部区域复发；2例患者非肿瘤猝死。5年无瘤生存率93%，5年总生存率98%。美容效果及患者满意度均超过94%。所有患者均未出现严重的急性和晚期放射性损伤。结论：符合保乳治疗标准的早期乳腺癌施行保留乳房的综合治疗是可行的，绝大多数患者可以获得满意的美容效果，提高了早期乳腺癌患者的生存质量。     

乳腺癌术后锁骨腋窝照射野改进的临床价值

目的　改进乳腺癌术后锁骨腋窝照射野的技术,减少肺部放射性损伤的发生。方法　对乳腺癌术后放射治疗的50例患者锁骨腋窝野下界进行改进,并与常规野放射治疗的111例患者进行对比,观察并分析两者对肺损伤的影响。结果　改进后减少肺照射面积22.49 cm     

乳腺癌保乳术后放化疗５２例临床观察

目的　观察乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗的疗效及毒副反应。方法　对可行保乳术的５２例患者行肿瘤切除或加腋窝淋巴结清扫,术后采用放疗联合辅助化疗。６ＭＶ-Ｘ线全乳腺双切线半野照射,照射剂量４５～５０Ｇｙ,局部瘤床采用１０～１５ＭｅＶβ线加量１０～２０Ｇｙ,总剂量５６～６６Ｇｙ;化疗采用ＣＡＦ或ＴＥ方案。结果　５２例患者均获随访,其１、２和３年生存率分别为９８.１％、９２.３％和９０.４％,３年局部复发率为５.７7％,乳房美容满意率达９０.４％。４０例（７６.９％）患者发生了１、２级放化疗毒副反应,主要为白细胞减少。结论　早期乳腺癌采用保乳手术加放化疗可取得满意疗效,且保留乳房的美容效果佳。     

乳腺癌术后放疗诱发放射性肺炎的探讨

目的：分析乳腺癌术后放疗诱发放射性肺炎的临床资料,探讨放疗设野的临床意义。方法：1997年至1999年122例乳腺癌患者行胸壁切线、锁骨上野照射,部分行内乳野、腋锁野照射。结果：放射性肺炎多发生在行腋锁野的患者。结论：放射性肺炎的发生与腋锁野照射和照射的体积有关,放射时应尽量减少肺的照射体积。     

乳腺癌术后放疗诱发放射性肺炎的探讨

目的:分析乳腺癌术后放疗诱发放射性肺炎的临床资料,探讨放疗设野的临床意义.方法:1997至1999年122例乳腺癌患者行胸壁切线、锁骨上野照射,部分行内乳野、腋锁野照射.结果:放射性肺炎多发生在行腋锁野照射的患者.结论:放射性肺炎的发生与腋锁野照射和照射的体积有关,放射时应尽量减少肺的照射体积.     

Radiation-induced sarcomas after breast cancer: experience of Institute Curie and review of literature]

Adjuvant radiotherapy to the breast plays a significant role in preventing local failure in women treated for early stage breast cancer. This fact is supported by multiple clinical trials demonstrating that adjuvant radiotherapy decreases the risk of local recurrence and increases the rate of breast preservation, and actually the rules of adjuvant breast irradiation are clearly established. Sarcomas are a rare but recognized complication of radiation therapy for breast carcinoma, and are associated with poor prognosis. The first case of a bone sarcoma after radiation therapy of breast cancer was described by Beck in 1922. In 1948, Cahan et al. defined the criteria for diagnosis of radiation-induced sarcoma. Since then, some studies have reported the incidence of radiation-induced sarcoma after radiotherapy for different cancers. This article reports and discusses the incidence, management and treatment outcome of radiation-induced sarcomas occurring after radiotherapy for breast cancer in our institute. The incidence, histology, latency of appearance, genesis, their treatment and the prognostic factors of these rare tumors are discussed and the literature is reviewed.     

Sarcoma as a second malignancy after treatment for breast cancer

: Second malignant neoplasms may be a consequence of radiotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Prior studies evaluating sarcomas as second malignant neoplasms in breast cancer patients have been limited by the numbers of patients and relatively low incidence of sarcoma. Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registries, we evaluated the influence of radiation therapy on the development of subsequent sarcomas in cases with primary breast cancer.

: Cases with primary invasive breast cancer (n = 274,572) were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Cancer Incidence Public-Use Database (1973–1997). The database was then queried to determine the cases developing subsequent sarcomas (n = 263). Eighty-seven of these cases received radiation therapy, and 176 had no radiation therapy. The cumulative incidence of developing secondary sarcoma and the survival post developing secondary sarcoma were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method.

: The occurrence of sarcoma was low, regardless of whether cases received or did not receive radiation therapy: 3.2 per 1,000 (SE [standard error] = 0.4) and 2.3 per 1,000 (SE = 0.2) cumulative incidence at 15 years post diagnosis, respectively (p = 0.001). Of the sarcomas occurring within the field of radiation, angiosarcoma accounted for 56.8%, compared to only 5.7% of angiosarcomas occurring in cases not receiving radiotherapy. The cumulative incidence of angiosarcoma at 15 years post diagnosis was 0.9 per 1,000 for cases receiving radiation (SE = 0.2) and 0.1 per 1,000 for cases not receiving radiation (SE < 0.1). Overall survival was poor for cases of sarcoma after breast cancer (27–35% at 5 years), but not significantly different between patients receiving or not receiving radiation therapy for their primary breast cancer.

: Radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer is associated with an increased risk of subsequent sarcoma, but the magnitude of this risk is small. Angiosarcoma is significantly more prevalent in cases treated with radiotherapy, occurring especially in or adjacent to the radiation field. The small difference in risk of subsequent sarcoma for breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy does not supersede the benefit of radiotherapy.     

Long-term risk of sarcoma following radiation treatment for breast cancer.

Between 1954 and 1983, 7620 patients were treated for breast carcinoma at Institut Gustave Roussy (France). Of these patients, 6919 were followed for at least 1 year. Out of these, 11 presented with sarcomas thought to be induced by irradiation, 2 of which were Steward-Treves Syndrome, and 9 of which were sarcomas within the irradiated fields. All histological slides were reviewed and a comparison with those of breast cancer was done. The sites of these sarcomas were: parietal wall, 1 case; second costal cartilage, 1 case; infraclavicular region, 1 case; supraclavicular region, 2 cases; internal third of the clavicle, 2 cases; axillary region 2 cases; and the internal side of the upper arm (Stewart-Treves syndrome), 2 cases. The median age of these 11 patients at the diagnosis of sarcomas was 65.8 (49-83). The mean latent period was 9.5 years (4-24). Three patients underwent radical mastectomy and nine modified radical mastectomy. Only one patient received chemotherapy. The radiation doses received at the site of the sarcoma were 45 Gy/18 fr. for 10 cases and 90-100 Gy for 1 case (due to overlapping between two fields). The histology was as follows: malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 5 cases; fibrosarcoma, 3 cases; lymphangiosarcoma, 2 cases; and osteochondrosarcoma, 1 case. The median survival following diagnosis of sarcoma was 2.4 years (4 months-9 years). Two patients are still alive: one with recurrence of her breast cancer, the other in complete remission, with 7 and 3 years follow-up, respectively. All other patients died from their sarcomas. The cumulative incidence of sarcoma following irradiation of breast cancer was 0.2% (0.09-0.47) at 10 years. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of sarcoma (observed n# of cases (Obs)/expected n# of cases (Exp) computed from the Danish Cancer Registry for the same period) was 1.81 (CI 0.91-3.23). This is significantly higher than one, with a p = 0.03 (One Tailed Exact Test). The mean annual excess (Obs-Exp)/100.000 person-years at risk during the same period/(100,000) was 9.92. This study suggests that patients treated by radiation for breast cancer have a risk of subsequent sarcomas that is higher than the general population. However, the benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy in the treatment of breast cancer exceeds the risk of second cancer; therefore, the potential of radiation-induced sarcomas should not be a factor in the selection of treatment for patients with breast cancer.     

Long-term outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, and fluorouracil in women with breast cancer

The aim of the study is to report the long-term outcome and secondary tumours of early breast cancer patients of adjuvant CNF (cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, and 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy. One hundred and ninety four patients, 185 primary early breast cancer and nine locoregionally recurrent breast cancer patients, were entered onto the trial between May 1986 and November 1993. The therapies included surgery, radiation therapy, adjuvant CNF chemotherapy, and tamoxifen according to hormonal status. Some of patients were treated twice with CMF (methotrexate). The median follow-up time was 12.9 years. Eighty nine (48%) primary breast cancers relapsed, and six locoregional breast cancers relapsed. After 5-10 years the relapse incidence decreased notably. Eighty three patients died of breast cancer, and nine of other causes. Two cases of leukemia, six cases of skin cancer, two cases of Hodgkin's disease, two cases of meningioma, and two cases of endometrial cancer were observed. This article confirms the feasibility of adjuvant CNF for early breast cancer patients. Questions of possible causability of secondary cancer have yet to be explored.     

Radiation therapy in the treatment of endometrial stromal sarcoma

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of radiation therapy in the treatment of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is still not clear. We report our results over an 18-year period in comparison to data from literature concerning adjuvant radiation therapy and other treatment modalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During 1981-1998, 21 patients with ESS were treated at General Hospital Vienna. The age of the patients ranged between 44-76 years (median: 65 yr). The 1989 FIGO classification for endometrial carcinoma was used in this study retrospectively. Eleven patients presented in Stage I, 1 in Stage II and 5 in Stage III. Four patients had Stage IV tumors or recurrences. The majority of patients (66.7%) had a Grade 3 tumor. Seventeen patients were treated in a curative intent. Fifteen patients were referred for postoperative radiotherapy after hysterectomy. Thirteen of them received a combined radiotherapy. Two patients were referred for primary radiotherapy. They received a combined radiotherapy. Four patients were referred for radiotherapy with a palliative intent. Twenty patients received external beam therapy (EBT) in daily fractions of 1.6-2.0 Gy up to a total dose of 27-57 Gy to the pelvis. Seventeen patients received brachytherapy. RESULTS: Follow-up was 8 to 170 months (mean: 70.3 months, median: 64 months). Eleven patients are still alive, 10 without tumor and 1 with tumor. Ten patients are dead, 6 due to ESS, 1 due to breast cancer, and 3 due to intercurrent diseases. After adjuvant radiotherapy, 3 patients had tumor recurrences. All had distant metastases, and 1 had local failure additionally. Two patients with primary treatment died due to intercurrent disease without tumor. The overall actuarial survival and the disease-specific survival rates were 63.4% and 80.9% after 5 years and 52.8% and 80.9% after 10 years. The overall local control rate was 93.8% after 5 years. Four patients treated with a palliative intent showed partial response. Three patients died rapidly due to tumor. One patient with a Grade 1 tumor is still alive 12 months after treatment. CONCLUSION: In our experience, surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy are most effective treatments for patients with ESS due to the excellent local control in all stages and the good disease-specific survival in early stages.     

Sarcoma of the Breast: Outcome and Reconstructive Options

IntroductionSurgery is the mainstay of treatment for all breast sarcomas. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy has not been clearly defined. The aim of this single-center retrospective study was to analyze prognostic factors, outcome, and recent advances.Materials and MethodsData from 203 patients with all breast sarcomas treated in a single center were collected from 1996 to 2010. Phyllodes tumors and metastatic disease at presentation were excluded from the population. Thirty-six women and 1 man were included in the analysis. Local recurrence, metastatic disease, survival, and reconstructive outcome were evaluated.ResultsThirty-four patients out of 37 (91.9%) had an angiosarcoma and 3 had a stromal sarcoma (8.1%). Twenty-one patients (56.8%) had previously undergone breast radiation therapy for breast carcinoma or lymphoma. Twenty-six patients (70.3%) underwent mastectomy, 14 of whom (53.8%) with breast reconstruction. Thirty-six patients (97.3%) had free margins, 1 (2.7%) had a microscopically focally involved margin after surgery. Five patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 6 received adjuvant radiation therapy. Median follow-up was 58 months (range, 4-146 months). Twelve sarcoma-related deaths were observed with a 5-year cumulative incidence of 43.4%. Twenty-four sarcoma-related events were observed with a 5-year cumulative incidence of 70.8%. The same figure was 49.7% in patients affected by primary sarcoma and 85.7% in patients with secondary sarcoma (P = .06).ConclusionSecondary sarcomas were associated with a higher risk of events. Patients undergoing breast conservative surgery or reconstruction after mastectomy did not show a worse prognosis compared with patients undergoing mastectomy.     

Second cancers after breast cancer treatment

Breast irradiation, adjuvant chemotherapy, and tamoxifen are associated with an increased risk of second cancers that may manifest decades after treatment. Although very small, it is nonetheless important for clinicians and women to be aware of and to recognize the risk. Postmastectomy irradiation is associated with a slight increase in the risk of developing a sarcoma or lung cancer after a latency period of more than 10 years. However, the majority of information on radiation-associated cancers is derived from large tumor registries, which reflect outdated radiation treatment practices. Modern treatment approaches, which use lower fraction size (or dose) and limit the exposure of surrounding normal tissue to radiation, are less likely to cause radiation-associated cancers. Adjuvant chemotherapy is not associated with any detectable increased risk of solid tumors beyond that which occurs as the population ages. However, alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide, and the topoisomerase II inhibitors, doxorubicin and epirubicin, are associated with two types of cytogenetically distinct leukemias after adjuvant chemotherapy. The absolute risk of developing leukemia is lower by orders of magnitude than the improvement in breast cancer mortality that results from adjuvant chemotherapy. Tamoxifen is associated with a two- to threefold increase in the risk of developing endometrial cancer, or about 80 excess cases per 10,000 treated women at 10 years. The benefits of adjuvant therapy outweigh the risks of developing second cancers. Additional studies are needed to more precisely identify patients who are or are not likely to benefit from adjuvant therapy, and individual host and treatment factors that influence the development of second cancer.     

Long-term survival after radical operations for cancer treatment-induced sarcomas: how two survivors invite reflection on oncologic treatment concepts

Extent and radicality of surgical oncologic treatment has changed in the past 30 years. Two patients with node-positive breast cancer are presented, who underwent (total or radical) mastectomy with lymphadenectomy and postoperative radiation 24 and 40 years ago. A radiation-associated sarcoma of the parascapular soft tissue developed in one patient 9 years after treatment; the other one sought treatment for a lymphedema-associated Stewart-Treves lymphangiosarcoma 16 years after initial therapy. Both patients underwent a forequarter amputation for their treatment-associated high-grade sarcoma. Both are currently alive and cancer-free 15 and 24 years after amputation. These reports remind us that radical locoregional treatment can cure some solid cancers in the absence of systemic therapy; that such extensive treatment may induce significant disability or secondary malignancies long-term; that even advanced treatment-associated sarcomas can be cured with aggressive resection; that today's multimodality therapy approaches and appropriate patient selection have rendered such extensive locoregional treatment for many tumors obsolete or unnecessary; and that if no effective alternative treatment exists and organ or limb preservation is not feasible, an aggressive resection approach for high-grade cancer should not be discounted unless systemic failure is certain or imminent.     

Therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia caused by hormonal therapy and radiation in a patient with recurrent breast cancer

We report a patient with therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) that may have been caused by regional radiation or hormonal therapy after surgery. A 36-year-old Japanese woman developed right breast cancer and underwent breast-conserving surgery and regional radiation to the right breast without adjuvant systemic therapy because she wished to preserve her fertility. Two years later, she developed multiple bone metastases of breast cancer and received hormonal therapy. During the second line hormonal therapy, she developed APL and received induction and consolidation chemotherapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and a combination of anthracycline and cytarabine. After she achieved a complete remission (CR) of the APL, her bone metastases of breast cancer progressed. She received weekly paclitaxel treatments and her bone marrow function recovered. However, 9 months later, her APL relapsed; she achieved a second CR after undergoing ATRA therapy again. This patient is thought to be a rare case of secondary leukemia, since the leukemia might have been caused by hormonal therapy and regional radiation without chemotherapy.     

Angiosarcoma associated with radiation therapy after treatment of breast cancer. Retrospective study on ten years

PurposeThe breast sarcoma induced by radiation therapy is rare but increasing, given the increased long-term survival of patients receiving radiation therapy. Fibrosarcoma, histiocytofibroma and angiosarcoma are the most common breast sarcoma. Angiosarcoma is the most common after breast cancer treated by radiation therapy, often diagnosed too late, with a severe prognosis and a high rate of recurrence. However, because of the low incidence of angiosarcoma associated with radiation therapy (AAR), the benefit of radiation therapy in breast cancer treatment outweighs the risk to develop angiosarcoma. The aim of this study is to evaluate these rare cases of AAR diagnosed in eastern Belgium in comparison to the data from the literature.Patients and methodsNine cases of AAR after radiation for breast ductal carcinoma were included in this retrospective study. AAR was diagnosed according to Cahan criteria between January 2007 and December 2016. Latency, incidence, management and prognosis are comparable to the literature.Results, conclusionThe median latency was 10 (4–24) years, the incidence of AAR in the East Belgian area was 0.09% of the patients irradiated on the same period. Patients were treated by surgery with wide local excision with or without reconstructive surgery, without radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed median overall survival of 61.8 months, patient survival of 55.6% at one year and 29.6% at five years. With the constant progress of medicine and its technologies, it would be possible to limit the occurrence of AAR or to diagnose it at an earlier stage.