胸舌骨肌瓣或舌骨-胸舌骨肌瓣用于垂直喉部分切除术后声带重建

目的：探讨垂直喉部分切除术后改善发声，恢复喉功能的修复手段，以提高喉癌患者术后的生存质量。方法：垂直喉部分切除术后，用患侧甲状软骨外膜修复上半喉腔缺损，取健侧胸舌骨肌瓣（或舌骨－胸舌骨肌瓣）修复下半喉腔缺损并重建声带。结果：修复的新喉腔呈三角形，重建的声带具有一定的张力并参与发声，恰似一侧居于正中位麻痹的声带，发声时由健侧声带代偿运动与新声带前2／3相互靠近。93．4％的患者发声近乎正常或自觉发声质量较术前明显好转。结论：垂直喉部分切除术后采用患侧甲状软骨外膜和健侧胸舌骨肌瓣（或舌骨－胸舌骨肌瓣）修复缺损并重建声带，方法简单，取材方便，创伤小，效果满意，可作为垂直喉部分切除术后声带重建的首选方法。     

同侧杓状软骨切除半喉切除术后半环状软骨切除术发音重建术

本文介绍了同侧杓状软骨切除半喉切除术后的一种发音重建方法。传统的垂直部分喉切除术最初用来治疗单侧声带癌 ,现已推广到累及前联合和 /或同侧杓状软骨粘膜的肿瘤。切除杓状软骨造成声门后端缺损扩大 ,术后因声门后端关闭不全可能出现失声或误吸。因此对于一期半喉切除术中切除同侧杓状软骨的患者 ,可行二期半环状软骨切除发音重建术。手术方法 :1于甲状软骨板上缘沿皮纹做水平切口 ,切开皮下组织 ,于中线处暴露环状软骨 ,游离同侧环状软骨表面软组织 ,自中线由前后暴露软骨。钝性切除一侧环状软骨 ,保留内层软骨膜及声门下粘膜。切除不…     

杓状软骨内移联合喉返神经修复术治疗单侧声带麻痹

目的 探讨杓状软骨内移联合颈袢喉返神经吻合术治疗长期喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹的疗效.方法 病程3～22年外伤性喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹患者12例,行患侧杓状软骨内移的同时,作颈袢喉返神经吻合术.治疗前后以电子喉镜、频闪喉镜、声音评估、嗓音声学参数分析和喉肌电图检查等评价治疗效果.结果 所有患者杓状软骨内移术后即刻声嘶均明显好转,但无恢复正常者,声学四参数频率微扰、振幅微扰、标化噪音能量和最长发声时间分析均明显好转,差异均有显著性意义(P值均＜0.05);喉镜检查见杓状软骨明显内移,声门后裂隙消失9例,缩小3例.术后12个月时声音恢复正常、明显好转、好转、无改善分别为9、3、0、0例;声学四参数较术后即刻又有明显好转,差异均有显著性意义(P值均＜0.05);术侧声带虽未恢复运动,但肌张力和肌体积与健侧基本对称.肌电图检查显示术后12个月声带肌恢复与健侧同步的密集型自发电位.结论 杓状软骨内移联合颈袢喉返神经吻合治疗长期喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹能恢复患者的正常发音功能.     

胸骨舌骨肌瓣在喉部分切除术中的应用

目的探讨胸骨舌骨肌瓣在喉部分切除术后修复喉缺损的效果。方法回顾性分析98例患者胸骨舌骨肌瓣修复喉部分切除术后缺损的临床资料,其中喉垂直部分或扩大垂直部分切除术修复51例,喉额侧部分切除术修复12例,喉额前位部分切除术修复11例,喉水平切除或水平垂直切除术后修复24例。结果全部病例喉部分切除术后均行一期胸骨舌骨肌瓣修复,术后无1例发生肌瓣坏死,术后15天内均恢复了吞咽功能,发声良好者59例(60.20%),术后拔管率96.94%(95/98)。结论胸骨舌骨肌瓣是喉部分切除术缺损修复的理想方法,简便,可靠,并发症少。     

胸骨舌骨肌瓣在垂直喉部分切除声带重建中的应用

目的评价胸骨舌骨肌瓣在垂直喉部分切除声带重建中的应用效果.方法21例声门癌患者,行垂直喉部分切除术,并应用单蒂胸骨舌骨肌瓣行声带重建.结果21例患者术后均发声质量较好,喉功能得到较好的保留.结论垂直喉部分切除术后应用单蒂胸骨舌骨肌瓣行声带重建,术后发声质量良好.     

喉癌垂直切除和喉功能重建三种术式的探讨

目的:研究喉癌垂直切除及喉功能重建的术式.方法:依据患者病变的范围,为25例喉癌患者分别用3种术式行喉垂直切除术.(1)垂直侧前位喉大部切除术;(2)垂直前位喉大部切除术;(3)垂直式喉次全切除术.喉重建取材为(1)带蒂颈阔肌皮瓣或胸骨舌骨肌甲状软骨衣;(2)带蒂舌骨或会厌复合组织;(3)利用健侧的披裂软骨与下咽粘膜再造喉发音管.结果:术后23例发音吞咽满意,3年生存率为92%.结论:在彻底切除喉癌的同时应保存或重建喉功能,喉大部切除后修复喉内创面对整复缺损恢复喉功能有重要作用.     

030.半喉切除术后的重建技术

部分喉切除术包括声带切除术、半喉切除术、声门上喉切除术及广泛声门上部分喉切除术等。半喉切除术Gluck与Soerensen 1912年首次报导,本世纪50年代以来,很多作者报导了半喉切除术后喉声门重建技术。对垂直半喉切除术后的重建术有三种方法:(1)双蒂肌瓣移植:即在半喉切除术完成后,分离胸舌骨肌腹并移植于患侧甲状软骨外软骨膜的内侧,也可将已分离的甲状舌骨肌端与胸舌骨肌腹缝在一起移植,再将梨状窝粘膜部分分离覆盖于肌腹的内面。作者用此法作35例并同时切除杓状软骨,术后语音虽嘶但清晰,并无呼吸困难     

环状软骨上喉部分切除术嗓音的演化

目的：研究环状软骨上喉部分切除术后的嗓音声学特征。方法应用计算机言语实验室言语系统对５是否 状软骨上喉部分切除术的患者术后１８个月中嗓音及言语的演化过程进行前性研究。结果：环状软骨上部分切除术后患者发音参烽不稳定，而言语参数一直保持稳定。结论：在喉癌环状软骨上喉部分切除术中只保留一侧的杓状软骨，发音功能仍能保留。     

喉癌喉部分切除术的扩展：Ⅱ.声门型喉癌——扩大喉垂直部分切除术

声门型喉癌T3病变的常规治疗为喉全切除术，使病人丧失语言功能。本文报道50例喉癌声门型T3病变，用扩大垂直喉部分切除术来治疗，修复主要用舌骨肌瓣。3、5年生存率为76.7%、73.0%。除管率87.2%，语音近乎正常者87.5%。全部恢复经口进食。喉癌声门型T3病例，对侧声及杓状软骨完好者应考虑喉扩大垂直部分切除术，即常规喉垂直部分切除加杓状软骨切除，必要时环状软骨部分切除，以扩大喉后下切缘，用以根治肿瘤，保存喉功能。     

声带不同CO2激光术式对嗓音功能的影响

目的 :探讨在喉部支架完整保留状态下 ,以CO2 激光手术对声带多种疾病行不同术式治疗后的嗓音功能改变。方法 :以CO2 激光对 5 0例喉角化症及白斑病患者行局部病变粘膜切除 ;对 90例声门癌行声带粘膜剥脱 30例 ,声带切除 6 0例。比较不同术式的嗓音声学、气流动力学及频闪喉镜下嗓音功能特点。结果 :局部病变粘膜切除术后 ,嗓音声学检测接近正常 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,声带剥脱术后 ,基频、基频微扰、振幅微扰与正常比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,谐噪比与正常比较差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;声带切除术后 ,嗓音声学参数与正常比较差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :随着CO2 激光治疗深度的渐进 ,声带体层受累加重时 ,声带振动功能逐渐丧失 ,但代偿机制逐渐发挥作用 ,嗓音功能发生本质变化。     

Study on vibration mode of different phonatory source and compensation after partial laryngectomy]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the nature of pathological voice production and compensatory mechanism after partial laryngectomy. METHODS: Vocal function of 93 cases following partial laryngectomy (28 cases of horizontal partial laryngectomy, 35 vertical partial laryngectomy, 30 horizontal-vertical partial laryngectomy) were examined by acoustic analysis, aerodynamic analysis and videostroboscopic examination. RESULTS: Horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy(HL) resulted in slight dysphonia after operation. The cover of vocal fold was hypertrophic and edematous. Mucosa wave was increased. Acoustic analysis showed significant difference between normal and horizontal laryngectomy groups(P < 0.05). Vertical laryngectomy(VL) resulted in moderate-severe dysphonia. Acoustic analysis was significantly worse in VL than in normal group(P < 0.01). The nonglottic phonatory source was the contralateral ventricular fold or contralateral vestibular mucosa (arytenoid mucosa, root mucosa of glottis) to approximate the reconstructed flap. It was noted that contralateral vocal fold did not participate in vibration. Horizontal-vertical partial laryngectomy (HVL) resulted in moderate-severe dysphonia. Acoustic analysis of HVL was significantly worse than that of normal phonation(P < 0.01). The site of compensatory mucosa vibration upon phonation was the contralateral vocal fold or contralateral hypertrophic arytenoid mucosa. The thinner the flap, the better the vocal quality was. Vocal quality of VL was worse than that of HVL in regard to shimmer, jitter, normalized noise energy, maximal phonation time and harmonic-noise ratio, but there was no significant difference between them. CONCLUSIONS: Partial laryngectomy has different vibrating compensatory modes: Voice function of horizontal partial laryngectomy was the best as it preserved the normal vibration mode; vertical partial laryngectomy was the worst with the nonglottic vibrating source of reconstructed flap-ventricular fold. The reconstructed flap, ventricular fold, mucosa of epiglottis and arytenoid take predominantly part in neoglottal vibration. The situation, volume and pliability characteristic of reconstructed flap was also important to vocal quality.     

Vocal function following hemilaryngectomy

Vocal function following hemilaryngectomy was investigated in 54 cases in which a superiorly based sternohyoid muscle flap was used for glottic reconstruction. Four types of material were employed for covering the muscle flap: hypopharyngeal mucosa, lip mucosa, thyroid perichondrium, and island cervical skin flap. The vocal function varied greatly from individual to individual; however, the following tendencies were observed in many cases: 1) the glottis did not close completely; 2) supraglottic structures (false fold, arytenoid region, and epiglottis) were hyperfunctional and vibrated instead of or together with the unaffected vocal fold; 3) vibrations of the laryngeal structures were irregular; 4) maximum phonation time was short; 5) mean airflow rate was high; 6) fundamental frequency and intensity ranges of phonation were limited; 7) the voice was rough, breathy, and/or strained; and 8) cases with poor vocal function were most frequent in the skin flap group and least frequent in the lip mucosa group.     

Comparative study of vocal function after near-total laryngectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess vocal function after near-total laryngectomy (NTL) and to compare that with after vertical hemilaryngectomy (VHL), both of which use the laryngeal mucosa as the vibratory tissue. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively evaluated 29 patients, 11 of whom underwent NTL and 18 of whom underwent VHL. However, 2 patients failed to speak and 1 patient's voice sample was lost following NTL, so we analyzed the voices of 8 patients who underwent NTL and 18 patients who underwent VHL. METHODS: Vocal function was examined by acoustic and aerodynamic analysis. Acoustic analysis involved the evaluation of pitch, intensity, pitch perturbation quotient, amplitude perturbation quotient, and normalized noise energy. In aerodynamic analysis, we studied the mean airflow rate, vocal efficiency index (alternating current/direct current [AC/DC]), and maximum phonation time. RESULTS: Vocal function except pitch after either NTL or VHL had much variability, but the results following each procedure did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: There are no significant differences between vocal function following NTL and VHL. Fiberscopic examination of the mucosa of the arytenoid was observed to vibrate in patients who underwent NTL, so that the phonatory mechanism after NTL resembled that after VHL.     

切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术中的残喉修复

目的探讨切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术残喉的修复方法。方法总结1991年1月—2000年12月87例(T1、12和，13分别有7、54和26例)声门型喉癌的疗效。因杓区或杓状软骨声带突受累，行切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术，术中利用局部组织修复残喉，重建喉功能。全部病例均未行填充物加高患侧杓区或利用皮瓣等其他组织重建声门。结果全部病例术后8～19d内恢复正常饮食。全部病例恢复了发音功能。86例患者拔除气管套管，拔管率为98，9％(86／87)。术后无咽瘘和肺部并发症，3例局部感染者7d内治愈。术后局部复发率为8，0％(7／87)，颈部淋巴结转移率为6．9％(6／87)。失访患者均按死亡计算，用直接法计算生存率，术后满3年者87例，3年内死亡5例、失访3例，3年生存率为90，8％(79／87)；术后满5年者63例，5年内死亡10例、失访2例，5年生存率为81．0％(51／63)。结论利用局部组织修复切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术的残喉，术后无严重误咽，发音效果良好，此修复方法既节约了手术时间，又避免了过度修复可能带来的负面影响。     

Histopathologic investigations of the unphonated human vocal fold mucosa

CONCLUSION: Vocal fold vibration (phonation) after birth is one of the important factors in the growth and development of the human vocal fold mucosa. OBJECTIVES: Stellate cells in the maculae flavae located at both ends of the vocal fold mucosa are inferred to be involved in the metabolism of extracellular matrices. Maculae flavae are also considered to be an important structure in the growth and development of the human vocal fold mucosa. Tension caused by phonation (vocal fold vibration) is hypothesized to stimulate stellate cells to accelerate production of extracellular matrices. Vocal fold mucosae unphonated since birth were investigated histologically. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Vocal fold mucosae, which were unphonated since birth, of three younger adults (17, 24, 28 years old) were investigated by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Vocal fold mucosae were hypoplastic and rudimentary and did not have a vocal ligament, Reinke's space or a layered structure. The lamina propria appeared as a uniform structure. Some stellate cells in the maculae flavae showed degeneration. Not many vesicles were present at the periphery of the cytoplasm. The stellate cells synthesized fewer extracellular matrices, such as fibrous protein and glycosaminoglycan. Cytoplasmic processes of the stellate cells were short and shrinking. The stellate cells appeared to have decreased activity.     

Histopathologic investigations of the unphonated human vocal fold mucosa

Conclusion. Vocal fold vibration (phonation) after birth is one of the important factors in the growth and development of the human vocal fold mucosa. Objectives. Stellate cells in the maculae flavae located at both ends of the vocal fold mucosa are inferred to be involved in the metabolism of extracellular matrices. Maculae flavae are also considered to be an important structure in the growth and development of the human vocal fold mucosa. Tension caused by phonation (vocal fold vibration) is hypothesized to stimulate stellate cells to accelerate production of extracellular matrices. Vocal fold mucosae unphonated since birth were investigated histologically. Subjects and methods. Vocal fold mucosae, which were unphonated since birth, of three younger adults (17, 24, 28 years old) were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Results. Vocal fold mucosae were hypoplastic and rudimentary and did not have a vocal ligament, Reinke's space or a layered structure. The lamina propria appeared as a uniform structure. Some stellate cells in the maculae flavae showed degeneration. Not many vesicles were present at the periphery of the cytoplasm. The stellate cells synthesized fewer extracellular matrices, such as fibrous protein and glycosaminoglycan. Cytoplasmic processes of the stellate cells were short and shrinking. The stellate cells appeared to have decreased activity.     

Vocal fold fixation in laryngeal carcinomas

The mechanisms of vocal fold fixation were determined by means of a whole-organ serial section study. A total of 80 laryngectomy specimens, 36 supraglottic and 44 glottic carcinomas, was investigated. In the supraglottic carcinomas, the most frequent cause of fixation of the ipsilateral vocal fold was a deep massive tumor invasion in the arytenoid eminence and the second most frequent cause was an extensive involvement of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle. Fixation of the contralateral vocal fold resulted from a deep tumor invasion in the contralateral arytenoid eminence. In the glottic carcinomas, fixation of the ipsilateral vocal fold resulted from an extensive invasion into the TA muscle. Fixation of the contralateral vocal fold was caused chiefly by an invasion into the contralateral TA muscle through the anterior commissure region. It resulted occasionally from an invasion into the interarytenoid muscle and contralateral arytenoid cartilage and cricoarytenoid joint via the posterior part of the larynx.     

Vocal fold injury following endotracheal intubation

Vocal fold scarring results in the formation of fibrous tissue which disturbs the vibratory pattern of the fold during phonation. However, vocal fold scarring in humans is poorly understood because of the lack of clear case reports focusing on voice quality. The authors present a case of vocal fold scarring with changes in voice quality. At the time of injury the pedicle mucosa was cemented with fibrin glue. Phonation was inhibited for two weeks and tranilast (300 mg/day) was given for 3 months. Sixty-nine days later, perceptual evaluation showed a normal result and the phonation time became better, but the mucosal vibration was still lacking. Ninety-seven days later, mucosal vibration was finally restored. We suggest that characterization of vocal fold scarring in humans may be different from that in animals, and recommend that surgical management should be avoided for at least three months after injury.