正常国人脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列拟合关系研究

目的:建立国人腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)与骨盆矢状位序列间的拟合关系。方法:采用影像学分析,对171例正常青年志愿者进行影像学研究,男94例,女77例,年龄23.0±1.8岁(18~28岁)。均行全脊柱正侧位X线片检查,利用院内影像归档与通信系统测量脊柱与骨盆矢状位参数,包括骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、LL、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、颈椎前凸角(cervical lordosis,CL)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。利用Pearson检验进行LL与其他各参数间相关性分析,利用线性回归分析建立LL与其他各参数间线性拟合关系。根据既往研究LL=PI+9,以PI测量值为基础,运用配对样本t检验进行LL预测值与实际测量值间对比。结果:PI为44.6°±9.5°,LL为48.4°±10.8°,SS为34.4°±8.0°,TK为24.2°±9.6°,CL为7.9°±9.6°,SVA为-20.5±30.1mm;LL与PI、SS、TK、CL、SVA呈显著相关(P0.05)。运用多元线性回归分析,LL=2.958+0.760 SS+0.323 TK+0.198 PI+0.122 CL-0.118 SVA;运用简单线性回归分析,LL=0.623 PI+20.611。根据既往文献报道LL=PI+9,以此计算出的LL预测值53.7°±9.5°与实际测量值差异显著(t=7.025,P10-6)。结论:以PI为自变量的简单线性回归LL=0.623 PI+20.611能准确估计个体的LL,在西方人群中得到的LL=PI+9结果并不适用于国人LL的估计。     

中老年人从站立位到坐位的脊柱矢状位序列变化

目的:探究中老年人脊柱矢状位序列从站立位到坐位的变化,比较中老年人与青年人在体位改变时矢状位序列的变化差异。方法:回顾性分析在北京大学第三医院行健康检查的53例中老年人资料[男性17人,女性36人,年龄60.7±9.3(45～81)岁]和145例青年人资料[男性51人,女性94人,年龄23.1±2.3(19～29)岁]。所有人均有站立位和坐位时的全脊柱X线检查结果,通过院内影像归档与通信(PACS)系统,测量骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、脊柱骶骨角(SSA)、腰椎倾斜角(LT)、脊柱矢状轴(SVA)、T1骨盆角(TPA)等参数。采用配对样本t检验比较中老年组站立位-坐位时矢状位序列的不同,通过独立样本t检验比较中老年组与青年组从站立位到坐位时矢状位序列变化。结果:中老年组站立位SVA为3.9±27.7mm,TPA为8.5°±6.9°,PT为12.7°±7.2°,SSA为124.3°±9.0°,LL为47.2°±12.1°,LT为-6.0°±6.9°,TK为33.2°±8.7°,SS为32.8°±8.2°,坐位时SVA为25.9±26.0mm,TPA为18.1°±8.5°,PT为21.1°±9.5°,SSA为113.6°±10.3°,LL为33.8°±12.9°,LT为-4.4°±5.7°,TK为28.5°±9.7°,SS为25.1°±9.2°,除LT外均存在统计学差异(P0.05)。站立位到坐位时,其SVA增加22.0±32.6mm,TPA增加9.6°±6.2°,PT增加8.4°±7.3°,LT增加1.5°±6.2°,LL减小13.4°±8.8°,TK减小4.6°±5.0°,SS减少7.6°±7.2°,SSA减小10.7°±8.1°,变化程度均小于青年组(P0.05)。结论:中老年人从站立位到坐位脊柱-骨盆矢状位形态表现为骨盆后倾,脊柱生理曲度变浅,矢状轴前移,脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列受体位影响变化程度明显小于青年人。     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点

目的 :观察退变性腰椎侧凸(DLS)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,探讨脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化对DLS发生的影响。方法:回顾性分析103例DLS患者术前资料,男36例,女67例,年龄62.6±7.4(43~78)岁,并选取139例正常青年人群作为正常青年对照组,145例单纯颈椎病患者作为成年对照组,在脊柱全长正侧位X线片上测量各组冠状位、矢状位参数,包括L3倾斜角、侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(CVA)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)等,采用独立样本t检验比较DLS组与两对照组的各矢状位参数,并用Pearson相关分析DLS组各参数间相关性。结果:DLS组PI为50.4°±10.2°,显著高于正常青年对照组(45.1°±9.6°,P0.01)和成年对照组(46.9°±9.1°,P0.01)。与青年及成年对照组相比,DLS组LL、SS较小(P0.01),PT、SVA较大(P0.01);TK小于成年对照组(P0.01)。DLS组中合并退变性腰椎滑脱者37例(占35.9%),PI为53.1°±8.8°;无退变性腰椎滑脱者66例,PI为48.9°±10.6°,二者相比有统计学差异且均显著高于正常青年对照组(P0.05)。DLS组侧凸Cobb角与PT显著相关(P0.05),余冠状位参数与矢状位参数间未发现相关性;LL、PI、SS、PT两两之间显著相关(P0.01),LL、PT与TK显著相关(P0.01),SS与TK显著相关(P0.05),LL与SVA显著相关(P0.01)。结论 :DLS患者PI高于正常青年及颈椎病患者,高PI可能参与了DLS的发病机制;DLS患者退变、侧凸的腰椎仍存在调节矢状位平衡的能力。     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆参数测量及临床意义

目的测量退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)患者骨盆-脊柱参数并分析其临床意义。方法选取2006年3月—2014年3月在本院脊柱外科就诊的DLS且有完整影像学资料的患者30例(DLS组)及影像学资料完整的无DLS者30例(对照组),测量2组的骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacrum slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。结果 DLS组的LL值明显小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);PT、SVA值明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组的SS、PI及TK值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组的SS与LL、PT与SVA均有相关性。对照组骨盆参数之间(PI、SS及PT)均有相关性,但DLS组骨盆参数之间均无相关性。对照组中LL与SVA显著相关,但DLS组中LL与SVA无相关性。结论骨盆形态的变化与脊柱的矢状位序列密切相关,DLS患者表现为更小的LL以及更大的SVA。     

胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的研究

目的 :分析胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCFs)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,为临床该病的治疗提供理论依据。方法:分析116例胸腰椎OVCFs患者资料(胸腰椎OVCFs组),选取102例骨质疏松症非骨折患者作为单纯骨质疏松对照组(单纯OP组),46例骨量正常健康体检者作为骨量正常对照组(骨量正常组)。统计胸腰椎OVCFs组骨折椎体分布情况。在脊柱全长侧位X线片上测量各组矢状位参数:胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰后凸角(TLK)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、T1骨盆角(TPA)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS),并行Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评分问卷调查,分析3组间参数差异及各组内参数间的相关性。以脊柱矢状位平衡判定标准作为分组依据,将3组再分为失衡亚组、平衡亚组,分别统计3组失衡亚组人数所占比例。分析胸腰椎OVCFs组的失衡亚组与平衡亚组矢状位参数、ODI评分、骨折椎体分布差异和两亚组内参数间的相关性。结果:(1)3组间TK、PI差异无统计学意义(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组TLK、SVA、TPA、PT、ODI均大于单纯OP组,单纯OP组均大于骨量正常组(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组LL、SS均小于单纯OP组,单纯OP组均小于骨量正常组(P0.05)。骨量正常组TPA与SVA、PI、PT、SS相关,LL与TK、PI、SS相关,PI与PT、SS相关(P0.05);单纯OP组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与SVA、TPA、TLK相关,LL与TK、TLK、PI、SS相关,PI与PT、SS相关(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与SVA、TLK相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05)。(2)单纯OP组、胸腰椎OVCFs组失衡亚组人数所占比例分别为29.41%、44.83%,骨量正常组未发现脊柱矢状位失平衡者。(3)胸腰椎OVCFs组的平衡亚组、失衡亚组多节段椎体骨折人数所占比例分别为37.5%、67.31%,骨折椎体分布无统计学差异(P0.05);平衡亚组TK、TLK、SVA、TPA、PT、ODI均小于失衡亚组,LL、SS均大于失衡亚组(P0.05),两组间PI差异无统计学意义(P0.05);平衡亚组SVA与TPA、TK、TLK、LL、PI、PT相关,TPA与TK、TLK、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与TLK、LL、PT、SS相关,TLK与LL、PI、PT相关,LL与PT、SS相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05);失衡亚组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05)。结论 :胸腰椎OVCFs患者胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸及骨盆参数间相关性丧失,易发生矢状位失平衡,应积极手术治疗,根据矢状位平衡状况采用不同的手术方法。     

青少年L5滑脱患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态的特征及临床意义

目的:研究青少年L5滑脱患者的脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态,分析不同类型滑脱的矢状面参数特征及临床意义。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月～2019年12月在我院就诊的资料完整的青少年L5滑脱患者36例,男、女各18例,平均年龄14.1±2.5岁(10～18岁);按照Wiltse滑脱分型分为峡部裂组28例和发育不良组8例;按照Meyerding分度标准分为轻度滑脱组32例(Ⅰ度29例、Ⅱ度3例)和重度滑脱组4例(Ⅲ度2例、Ⅳ度2例)。在站立位全长脊柱侧位片上测量脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数。其中滑移参数包括:滑脱率(slip rate,SR)、滑脱角(slip angle,SA);骨盆矢状面参数包括:骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、腰骶角(lumbosacral angle,LSA)、骶骨平台角(sacral table angle,STA);脊柱矢状面参数包括:胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)和矢状垂直偏距(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。对比研究峡部裂组和发育不良组以及轻度和重度滑脱患者的脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数特点和相关临床意义。结果:峡部裂组SR=(13.7±8.1)%,PT=15.7°±8.3°,LSA=105.9°±11.8°,STA=102.8°±6.5°;发育不良组SR=(42.4±27.8)%,PT=34.2°±9.6°,LSA=78.7°±11.2°,STA=76.4°±9.5°;两组相比具有显著的统计学差异(P0.05)。轻度滑脱组SR=(14.4±7.8)%,PT=18.1°±10.4°,LSA=102.1°±15.5°,STA=99.9°±10.8°;重度滑脱组SR=(65.0±19.6)%,PT=33.9°±11.1°,LSA=77.4°±6.7°,STA=77.7°±8.8°,两组相比具有显著的统计学差异(P0.05)。峡部裂组SA=2.6°±13.1°,PI=54.6°±9.0°,TK=23.5°±15.5°,LL=-53.0°±18.3°;发育不良组SA=11.2°±10.5°,PI=60.8°±14.5°,TK=21.5°±14.3°,LL=-45.3°±15.9°;两组相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。轻度滑脱组SA=3.3°±12.6°,PI=55.3°±10.4°,TK=24.0°±13.1°,LL=-52.7°±17.4°;重度滑脱组SA=14.5°±12.8°,PI=61.0°±12.2°,TK=14.8°±3.7°,LL=-40.0°±20.0°,两组相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:青少年L5滑脱中,发育不良性多为重度滑脱,而峡部裂性多为轻度滑脱。发育不良性重度滑脱容易出现矢状面失衡和滑脱进展,其脊柱-骨盆矢状面呈现躯干前倾,骶骨垂直和骨盆后倾的形态。     

35岁以下腰椎间盘突出症患者的脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列特征

目的 探讨我国35岁以下青年腰椎间盘突出症患者的脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列的特征。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月～2019年1月我院骨科及疼痛科治疗74例35岁以下腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床影像学资料，描述患者的脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数，与我院既往无症状健康青年人的脊柱-骨盆矢状位序列的结果进行比较。结果 35岁以下青年腰椎间盘突出症患者较无症状健康青年人骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence, PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt, PT)显著增加(P=0.003,P=0.000),腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis, LL)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope, SS)显著减少(均P=0.000),胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis, TK)无统计学差异(P=0.062),18例出现矢状位轴向距离(sagittal vertical axis, SVA)>5 cm。患者LL与TK、SS、脊柱骶骨角(spinal sacral angle, SSA)高度相关，与PT、SVA、骶-股距离(sacrofemoral distance, SFD)中度相关，与PI...     

成人脊柱-骨盆矢状面分型的初步研究

目的 探讨以腰椎前凸角(LL)及胸腰椎转折椎间隙(IP)为基础对成人脊柱-骨盆矢状面分型的可行性.方法 2011年7月至8月对223名志愿者进行脊柱全长正位X线检查,符合纳入标准的研究对象111名,女性56名,男性55名.测量脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数值,包括胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰段后凸角(TLK)、LL、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、骨盆指数(PI)、各椎体间终板夹角、脊柱骶骨角(SSA)、矢状面垂轴(SVA)、IP.根据LL、IP将成人脊柱-骨盆矢状面分为3型,Ⅰ型:LL＞-40.,IP为L2～3以下;Ⅱ型:-60.≤LL≤-40.,IP为L1～2或T12 ～L1;Ⅲ型:LL＜-60.,IP为T11～12以上.采用Pearson相关分析对各变量间的相关性进行分析,Ⅰ～Ⅲ型组间各参数分别进行单因素方差分析及多重比较.结果 经测量LL为-49.±10.,TK为36.±7.,TLK为6.±7.,PT为11.±7.,SS为34.±8.,PI为45.±9°,SSA为127.±9.,SVA为(-2.7±22.8)mm.仅LL与其他参数的相关性均有统计学意义,与TK、PI、SS、SSA呈负相关(r=-0.387、-0.536、-0.858、-0.801,P＜0.05),与TLK、SVA、PT呈正相关(r=0.319、0.296、0.262,P＜0.05).入选志愿者均可纳入分型:Ⅰ型19例,Ⅱ型75例,Ⅲ型17例.各型间LL、TK、TLK、PT、SS、PI、SSA、SVA差异均有统计学意义(F=164.559、7.431、14.099、4.217、53.856、6.252、35.995、8.626,P＜0.05).进一步多重比较示LL、SS、SSA、PI组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 LL是脊柱矢状面平衡的核心参数,以腰椎前凸角及胸腰椎转折椎间隙为基础可将成人脊柱-骨盆矢状面分为3型.该分型系统可较好反映脊柱-骨盆矢状面的形态差异及平衡.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术前后矢状位脊柱骨盆参数的研究及意义

[目的]青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者术前后矢状位的脊柱骨盆参数做相关性研究,并比较术前、后脊柱骨盆参数的改变。[方法]回顾性分析39例经后路椎弓根螺钉固定融合的AIS患者。在脊柱全长侧位X线片上测量术前后的骨盆参数,包括:骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI),骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT),骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS);脊柱参数包括:腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL),胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK),腰椎融合节段以下前凸角(lumbar lordosis below fusion,LL below fusion),腰椎融合节段内前凸角(lumbar lordosis within fusion,LL within fusion)等参数。用Pearson法分析各个参数术前、术后的相关系数。对各个参数术前后的改变经正态检验后,使用t检验或非参数检验。[结果]相关系数分析中P0.01为差异有统计学意义。PI与SS、LL术前后强烈相关(r0.5),与PT术前中度相关(0.3r0.5),术后强烈相关(r0.5)。TK无论是术前还是术后均与其他参数无相关性。依据TK大小分组(TK20°21例;20°TK40°16例)比较各参数术前后变化(P0.05差异具有统计学意义),低TK组中,术前后PI、PT、SS、TK的变化差异均有统计学意义;正常TK组中术前后PI、PT变化差异有统计学意义。PT在整组病例及分组后的病例中均显示增加,且差异有统计学意义。而根据LIV(lowest instrumented vertebra)分组中各组LL、LL within fusion、LL below fusion无差异。[结论]PI无论在术前或术后对LL的大小有决定性作用。外科矫形手术[直接作用于TK和(或)LL]激发了一系列脊柱参数的变化,而这种变化通过PT的补偿(后倾),以维持脊柱骨盆的平衡。腰椎的融合水平以及融合水平以下是否能够匹配适宜的LL是至关重要的。     

退变性腰椎侧凸矫形术后腰椎前凸角变化对临床疗效的影响

目的 :评估退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)患者行长节段固定矫形术后腰椎前凸角与脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数匹配与否对临床疗效的影响。方法:对我院2015年6月~2016年6月行腰椎长节段矫形固定术(至少4个椎体)的DLS患者,参照理想腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)=0.6PI+0.4TK+10°,根据出院时LL分为两组,A组(匹配组,术后LL在理想LL±10°范围内)和B组(非匹配组,术后LL在理想LL±10°范围外),利用院内影像归档与通信系统(picture archiving and communication system,PACS)在全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(coronal vertical axis,CVA)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumber lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)等,采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评价患者术后生活质量,随访至少12个月。使用独立样本t检验比较两组影像参数和生活质量评分。结果:共纳入患者100例(A组53例,B组47例),其中男性43例,女性57例,平均侧凸Cobb角为17.5°±7.8°。两组患者随访时间、手术节段、术前侧凸Cobb角、术前的CVA、LL、SS、SVA均无明显差异性(P0.05);术后两组患者的LL、SS、SVA、PT具有明显差异性(P0.01),A组患者LL(42.2°±10.2°)较术前(31.6°±15.5°)明显改善,TK、SS增大,PT减小,术后SVA(17.9±28.5mm)较术前(46.0±37.9mm)明显改善。B组患者术后相关矢状位参数较术前均无明显变化。两组患者术后VAS评分、ODI评分较术前均有明显改善,经3~6个月的短期随访两组患者术后症状评分无明显差异性;经12个月以上随访,A组患者较B组患者腰腿痛VAS评分明显改善(P0.05),ODI评分无明显差异(P=0.08)。结论:退变性腰椎侧凸患者根据公式0.6PI+0.4TK+10°重建腰椎前凸,可以获得满意的脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡,有助于提高DLS患者术后生活质量。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。